INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (IRDP) DODOMA
DEPERTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN TRACKING DOMESTIC WATER CUSTOMERS: A CASE OF MURUSI WARD BY AZIZ MSHAMU A DISSERTATION SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOMENT PLANNING, DODOMA, TANZANIA
SEPTEMBER, 2016
ABSTRACT This research examines application of Geographical Information System (GIS) in tracking domestic water customers. Specific objective where to examine the situation of water supply, to map water distribution services and Kasulu Water Supply and Sanitation Authority
(KUWSSA) customers, and to identify
potential customers who are not connected by Kasulu Water Supply and Sanitation authority in the study area. Primary and secondary data were collected, in which primary data were collected through questionnaire survey, key informant interview and field observation. Geographical coordinates were collected through Global Positioning System device on the actual ground where pipes and customers are found. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistic and spatial analysis. The results show that situation of water supply in the study area depend on rain water, rivers, wells, water supplied by KUWSSA and buying from venders. Also water users pipe lines and water tanks as water infrastructures. Customers are distributed and service lines plus water distribution points are not distributed in the whole area, from the main distribution line and geographical location of the water uses houses. Potential customers who are not connected by KUWSSA are faced with the challenges like bureaucratic, hills and valleys. Also KUWSSA fails to use and apply GIS in locating the infrastructures and customers because of absence of GIS expert who can manage that program and facilities at their. In minimizing these challenges like absence of GIS expertise and software program, the organization and government should employ GIS technician who will assist the organization
i
concern the GIS issues, alternatively can use the existing workers to train this program instead of employing new person in the organization. GIS is not applied for assisting the organization to tract customers because the Organization has no GIS expertise who can work for GIS. Water supply is a challenge in Kasulu Town; this is caused by geographical location like hills and valleys, far distance from the main distribution lines. Organization must use the present staffs to train GIS Program to solve the existing problem.
ii
RESEARCHER’S DECLARATION I, Mshamu Aziz, declare to the Institute of Rutal Development Planning that the dissertation entitled “Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) in tracking water customers in Kasulu town” is my original work carried out by me under the guidance of Mr Gerald S. Temu. It has not been previously submitted for the award of any academic qualification.
Signature …………………… Aziz Mshamu Date ………………………..
iii
COPYRIGHT No part of this paper may be produced or transmitted in any form and by any means without permission of the writer or the Institute of Rural Development Planning (IRDP), Dodoma.
iv
RESEARCHER SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION I certify that, this dissertation entitled “Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) in tracking water customers in Kasulu town” submitted to the Institute of Rural Development Planning for the award of Bachelor Degree in Environmental Planning and Management, is an independent research work carried out by Aziz Mshamu a student in Bachelar Degree in Environmental Planning and Management under my supervision and guidance
Signature …………………. Mr. Gerald S. Temu Date………………………
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed towards successful accomplishment of this work. I wish to mention all of them, however, due to limitation of space, few with be mentioned. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Mr. Gerald S. Temu who tirelessly gave me excellent advice and constructive criticisms right from the initial preparation of the research proposal to the final completion of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. Christina who tireless gave me valuable support and guidance in data management. Also my thanks goes to my wife Swaibath Abas Kabakama, she gave me much support financially and spiritually as well as advices during the whole period of my studies. Without for getting to thank all respondent for the good cooperation they provided during data collection. I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the leaders from Kasulu Water Urban Supply and Sanitation Authority for allowing me to conduct this study in their District for assistance during the process of data collection. My friends course mates and IRDP fellows and staff for encouraging me during course of my programme.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. i RESEARCHER’S DECLARATION ...................................................................... iii COPYRIGHT ........................................................................................................... iv RESEARCHER SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION ..........................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xii LIST OF PLATES .................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................ xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xv DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS ........................................................................... xvi CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Back Ground Information. ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 5 1.3 Significance of the Study ................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research Objectives ........................................................................................... 6 1.4.1General objectives ............................................................................................ 6 1.4.2 Specific objectives .......................................................................................... 6 1.5. Research Questions ........................................................................................... 6 1.6 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................... 9 vii
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 9 2.1 Theoretical Literature Review ........................................................................... 9 2.2 Empirical Literature Review ........................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Application of GIS in management of Water Infrastructures .................... 10 2.2.2 Reasons for Applying GIS in Management of Water Infrastructure ........ 11 2.2.3 Effects of Application of GIS in Management of Water Infrastructures .. 14 2.3 Information Gap ............................................................................................... 14 2.4 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................ 17 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 17 3.1 The Study Area................................................................................................. 17 3.1.1 Location ......................................................................................................... 17 3.1.2 Specific Area for the Study .......................................................................... 18 3.2 Research Design ............................................................................................... 19 3.3 Data Types and Sources ................................................................................... 19 3.3.1 Primary Data .................................................................................................. 19 3.3.2 Secondary Data ............................................................................................. 19 3.4 Data Collection Methods/ Tools for Collecting Data .................................... 20 3.4.1 Field Survey .................................................................................................. 20 3.4.2 Checklist ........................................................................................................ 20 3.4.3 Interview ........................................................................................................ 20 3.4.4 Document Review ......................................................................................... 21 3.5 Sampling Design .............................................................................................. 21 3.5.1 Sampling frame ............................................................................................. 21 viii
3.5.2 Sampling unit ................................................................................................ 21 3.5.3 Sample size .................................................................................................... 21 3.5.4 Sampling Procedure ...................................................................................... 22 3.6 Detailed Field Work ......................................................................................... 23 3.7 Data Handling (Processing, Analysis and Presentation) ................................ 23 3.7.1 Data processing ............................................................................................. 23 3.7.2 Data analysis.................................................................................................. 24 3.7.3 Data presentation ........................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................. 25 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................... 25 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Characteristics of Respondents ....................................................................... 25 4.2.1 Sex.................................................................................................................. 25 4.2.2 Level of education ......................................................................................... 27 4.2.3 Marital status ................................................................................................. 28 4.2.4 Occupation..................................................................................................... 29 4.3 Water supply in Kasulu town and customers distribution ............................. 30 4.3.1 Sources of water in the study area ............................................................... 33 4.4 Challenges affecting water supply in Kasulu Town ...................................... 34 4.4.1 Bureaucratic................................................................................................... 34 4.4.2 Corruption...................................................................................................... 35 4.4.3 Distance from the main distribution line ..................................................... 35 4.4.4 Geographical location ................................................................................... 35 4.5 Strategies adopted by people to overcome the challenges ............................ 36 ix
4.5.1 Harvesting rain water .................................................................................... 37 4.5.2 Buying water ................................................................................................. 37 4.5.4 Fetching water from the river ....................................................................... 39 4.5.1 Geographical information System (GIS) database creation which facilitate the process of tracking water customers ............................................................... 40 CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................... 43 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ 43 5.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 43 5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................ 43 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 45 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 47
x
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Distribution of respondent by age and sex .......................................... 26 Table 2: Distribution of respondent by marital status ....................................... 28 Table 3: Distribution of respondent by occupation and source of income ......... 30 Table 4: Challenges faced people in Kasulu town to access water connection and water supply services ................................................................................ 36 Table 5: Strategies adopted by people to cope with water shortage .................. 40 Table 6: Shows customer database................................................................... 42
xi
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Conceptual framework ...................................................................... 16 Figure 2: Map showing the location of the study area ....................................... 18 Figure 3: Distribution of respondent by level of education ................................ 27 Figure 4: Map showing water pipes network in the study area ......................... 32 Figure 5: Map showing the distribution of KUWSSA customers and pipes network in the Study area ................................................................................. 33
xii
LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: A motorcycle truck carrying water containers by water venders ..................... 38 Plate 2: Traditionally established well for domestic water ............................................ 38
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Household questionnaire ............................................................. 47 Appendix 2: A key informant questionaire ...................................................... 51
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CMMS
Computerized Maintenance Management System
DWE
District Water Engineer
ESRI
Environmental Systems Research Institute
GIS
Geographical Information System
GPS
Global Positioning System
IRUWASSA
Iringa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority
KILUWASSA
Kilwa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority
KUWSSA
Kasulu Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority
LIUWASSA
Liwale Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority
NMEFC
New Mexico Environmental Finance Center.
SPSS
Statistical Package for Social Science
USEPA
United State Environmental Protection Agency
WIN
Water Infrastructure Network
ESRI
Environmental System Research Institute
xv
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Geographical Information System: Is an Information System designed to work with data referenced by spatial geographical coordinates. In other word GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially referenced data as well as set of operations for working with the data. It may also be considered as higher order map or an intelligent map on which computer analysis can be performed (Bhatta, 2011). Global Positioning System: Global Positioning System (GPS) is a United States space-based radio navigation system that helps pinpoint a three dimensional position to about a meter of accuracy (for example latitude, longitude and altitude) and provide non-second precise time anywhere on Earth (Mai, 2015). Customer: In general terms, a customer is a person or organization that a marketer believes will benefit from the goods and services offered by the marketer’s organization or is a person who brings his wants to the organization or business firm or is an individual or business that purchases the goods or services produced by a business (Sonneveld, 2009).
xvi
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information Even though Geographical Information System (GIS) technology began in the 1960s, GIS applications for the water industry did not evolve until the late 1980s. In the early 1990s, the water industry started to use GIS in mapping, modeling, facilities management and work- order management plans. By the end of 2000, approximately 90% of the water utilities in the United States were using GIS technology in some form (Shamsi, 2005). The use of GIS as a management tool has grown since the 20th century and the number of users has increased substantially. Utilities that are using GIS successfully have seen increased productivity and increased efficiency which saves time and money. The Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), the leading GIS software company in the world, has been a significant contributor to GIS applications in the water industry. In 2009, Esri started a Water Utility Resource
Center
for
the
utility
needs
of
over
300,000
worldwide users (Baird, 2011). The website is: (http://resources.arcgis.com/content/water-utilities). All water utilities are made up of assets. The physical assets of a water distribution system include pipelines, storage reservoirs, pump stations, hydrants, valves, meters, manholes, and any other components that make up the system. Assets can be categorized as either horizontal or vertical. Vertical 1
assets are those that are primarily above the ground, such as pumps, reservoirs, and treatment facilities. The horizontal assets are usually the buried assets such as the water mains that form the backbone of the water distribution and wastewater collection systems (NMEFC, 2006). Assets can contain other assets. For example, a pump station can house important assets such as motors and an electrical system that support the pumps (Zhao and Stevens, 2011). As the United State of America water distribution system ages and deteriorates, the assets of the system generally lose value and costs of operation and maintenance increase. Asset management is concerned with strategic approaches to optimize cost effectiveness with decisions that balance new investment and maintenance activities. In 2008, the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) referred to asset management as maintaining a desired level of service for a given set of assets at the lowest cycle cost. Lowest cycle cost is the least cost for rehabilitating, repairing, or replacing an asset over a given amount of time (USEPA, 2008a). For a water utility, the management of assets plays a significant role in overall financial performance. An effective asset management system must include an effective maintenance management system which is focused on reducing the maintenance cost while extending the useful life of the asset. Many utilities use a react- to-crisis management approach in dealing with infrastructure problems. This is usually not the best approach given the additional costs of emergency crews and 2
property damage. With the use of effective asset management, it is possible to reduce overall infrastructure costs instead of waiting until the assets fail incurring higher than necessary costs. In 2001, the Water Infrastructure Network (WIN), a consortium of industry, municipal and non-profit associations, reported that the use of innovations in technology and management by utility companies has cut operations and maintenance costs by 15% to 40% (WIN, 2001). One of these innovative technologies is GIS which helps to analyze and communicate geographic or spatial information associated with physical assets (Shamsi, 2005). Another innovation is a Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS). It can be implemented for the more efficient maintenance of a utility because it accurately tracks problems within the utility network. GIS and CMMS integration can facilitate maintenance. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a key technology because it is used to increase the accuracy of existing maps by verifying and correcting locations of system components. Also maps for new water systems can be created if they do not exist and water system attributes can be collected for populating a GIS databases. These will be considered in making utilities develop comprehensive plans as a condition for future funding. In South Africa at Buffalo city municipality apply GIS in organization for water service delivery and managing infrastructure, plans on sharing of spatial information with other units in their corporations and setting of spatial data 3
standards. The advanced spatial analysis Effective utilization of GIS in municipalities in South Africa with reference to free basic services policy 2011 to address GIS to organize and manage water services and infrastructure and utilizes advanced spatial analysis for planning of routine maintenance and improvement of management of water infrastructure and service delivery. South Africa has a proper structure and qualified GIS officials to maintain the GIS systems in their corporations which facilitate continuous capturing, collection and maintenance of up to date spatial data to address service delivery and managing infrastructure. The most parts of Tanzania organizations need to manage their data in the system of GIS but the main challenges are, the organization which applying this system. Some government organizations which are applying this system are Liwale Urban water Sapply and Sanitation Authority (LIUWASSA), Iringa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (IRUWASSA) and Kilwa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (KILUWASSA). The aims of Developed countries and developing countries are to use GIS system is to improve planning and monitoring of water service delivery and managing water infrastructure at district and sub-district level. GIS does not work alone, actually use secondary and primary data for information gathering, are using GPS device is using so as to acquire primary. The mapping process is only marginally participatory in the sense that a small number of local government staffs are involved in data collection. GIS system now is more emphasized in Tanzania, so as to improve planning monitoring of service delivery and 4
controlling water facilities. In order to increase efficiency in keeping proper Customer and Plumbing records, the Authority acquire the Geographical Information System (GIS) Software. The use of GIS will ensure proper and accurate Customer Mappings including their distribution lines. Census for all customers to validate the accuracy of their records. Additionally, with these of GIS, the efficiency in locating customers will increase, especially during the site visits (DUWASA, 2005). 1.2 Statement of the Problem Many researchers have conducted research about the application of GIS in water infrastructure management for instance South Africa, Botswana as well as Tanzania researched about the use of GIS in managing water infrastructures such as water tanks, pipes generators, gate valves. GIS is a valuable contribution in terms of planning, managing and maintenance of utility infrastructure such as water resources and services (ESRI, 2011). However little has been done to explain application of GIS in locating customers. For example (Schultz, 2012) revealed that GIS has a logical solution for a number of reasons, the most important being can create a customer model which can locate inform of spatial and non spatial. This research is going to explore in detail about application of GIS in trucking water customers. Instead of using only zonal managers who are assigned to read customer meters, and when they are absence the task will be hard to be accomplished by others who are not familiar with that place. 5
1.3 Significance of the Study The significance of this study will enable KUWSSA management in locating exactly infrastructure breakdown; meter reading and water bills distribution also enable easy exchange or replacement of staff and facilitating to get elevation data. 1.4 Research Objectives 1.4.1General objectives The overall objective of this study is to examine application of Geographical Information System (GIS) in managing water customers. 1.4.2 Specific objectives
To examine the situation of water supply.
To map water distribution services and KUWSSA customers.
To identify potential customers who are not connected by KUWSSA.
1.5. Research Questions In line with the objectives of the study the following research questions and variables guided the study: (i) What is the situation of water supply in the study area? Variables a. Water source
6
b. Services capacity c. Type of infrastructure used (ii) How water services and KUWSSA customers are distributed in the study area? Variables a. Water user b. Location c. Distance d. Service line e. Water Domestic Point (DP) (iii) Why potential customers are not connected by KUWSSA? Variables a. Opportunity to connect new customers b. Challenges faces KUWSSA
1.6 Scope of the Study This study will be conducted within Kigoma region. The study will be carried in Kasulu Town which is located in Kasulu District situated on the western 7
part of Tanzania. This study will cover only wards which are potential customers are connected and none connected of KUWSSA. A case of Murusi ward at Kasulu Town.
8
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter analysis literature concerned with the application of Geographical Information System (GIS) in controlling water infrastructure. The documents reviewed include books, national and international policies and various texts found on the website, journals and other relevant documents regarding GIS application. 2.1 Theoretical Literature Review GIS is among of Management Information Systems (MIS) and part of the Geo information technology (GIT) adopted in water infrastructure management in many countries. Experiences obtained from developed countries such as the USA, France, Britain, etc. and other countries such as Mexico, China, Ghana, South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria. GIS has demonstrated to strengthen the functioning of infrastructure service delivery and to enhance sustainable development in the cities. This technology works for spatial and attributes data acquisition, storage, analysis and visualization. It has proved success in assisting planners to give suitable location for water supply and storage, designing short routes for water supply, creating databases for the whole network which also assisting the planners in budget projection and estimated. GIS is a general purpose technology for handling geographic data in digital form. Its abilities include: preprocessing data into a form suitable for analysis, supporting spatial analysis and modeling directly, and post-processing results 9
(Goodchild, 1993). GISs offer a spatial representation of water resource systems. A GIS can bring spatial dimensions into the traditional water resource data base, and it has the ability to present an integrated view of the world. This is accomplished by combining various social, economic and environmental factors related to spatial entities of a water resources problem and making them available for use in adecision-making process (Csillag, 1996). In particular, the visual display capacity of GISs compliments the user interface of water resources models, allowing the user to take more complete control of data input and manipulation. Sophisticated graphical user interfaces can provide user-defined triggers, which allow the user to dictate how features will respond to environmental changes, and to construct rules to control the modeling process (Crosbie, 1996). 2.2 Empirical Literature Review 2.2.1 Application of GIS in management of Water Infrastructures Water is a critical resource, so is GIS, and geospatial professionals with advanced
expertise
in
GIS
are
at
the
forefront
of
the water
management industry. Through the use of GIS, all types of data related to water could be integrated into single, authoritative data structure in which relationships and patterns can be discerned. By the use of mapping and visualization efforts, new insights can be gleaned about the intertwined nature of the hydrologic system.
Through a holistic examination of the entire
dynamic system, improvements can be made to water management strategies. 10
The GIS offers a common platform for managing water resources. Water urban Authorities can map and monitor water mains and pipes. Knowing where leaks are happening as well as tracking water flow can help management strategically deploy repair services to best save and improve the availability of water. Pipe maps and conditions of the surrounding terrain can also make it easier to clear digging for construction. GIS is used effectively to integrate disparate data sources at various scales in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the hydrological dynamics of this complex and the related public policy issues. Although using GIS to analyze an organization or community’s use and management of water has practical benefits, it is best done by integrating a broader strategic view. GIS provides the context by which an individual can begin to understand the relationships among all the moving parts of a project and can distill the critical inputs and outputs. That is why advanced GIS courses are necessary to gain perspective and the knowledge of how to make the technology and data work in a larger context in order to develop effective water resource management strategies (McElroy, 2013). 2.2.2 Reasons for Applying GIS in Management of Water Infrastructure (a). Facilities Management Locating of underground pipes, gate valves, water tanks and other water equipment which are facilitate in water supply system, planning facility
11
management and network services planning and trucking water facilities and customer’s location. (b). Street Network Large or medium scale maps and spatial analysis are used for determining routing locating water network around the streets site location. So GIS is seems to be very important tool nowadays on creating spatial references and attribute information. (c). Planning and Engineering. Large or medium scale maps and Engineering models are used mainly in civil engineering which enables budget approximation for expanding and maintenance of infrastructures. For instance dealing and trucking leakage of water from pipes. (d). Decision Making In a private and government departments, or local authority, can bank on two things: a lot of information will be geographically referenced, and the more information can have, the harder it becomes to manage and interpret. It is a fact that up to 70% of all information in circulation possesses a common denominator: geography. In this case, GIS is important to an organization because it helps in making decisions based upon geographical information. Unlike any other type of information handling tool, GIS can understand the concept of location. 12
(e). Research and Studies The concept of place in water and wellness has often been considered at the population level. Public water use and water services research account for distance or travel time to water facilities, and more advanced spatial analytic techniques allow for explorations of “hot spots” or clusters of water points and water bodies. The rapid advancements in geographic information science and GIS allow more researchers and water supplier organizations to better understand the spatial associations between a population and availability of water.
(f). Hydrologic Modeling GIS has influenced the development and implementation of hydrologic models at several different levels. The examples that follow also illustrate how GIS has been used to address water supply, water quality, and storm-water management problems in several different contexts also GIS have provided new opportunities to develop and run fully distributed models efficiently. These models take into account and predict the values of studied phenomena at any point within the. This is very important from the point of view of management, as it allows users, for example, to identify the location of possible sources of pollution.
13
2.2.3 Effects of Application of GIS in Management of Water Infrastructures A GIS create a center of spatial and non spatial data which it can be used in various aspect concerned water infrastructure management. GIS integrates all kinds of information from disparate sources into one manageable system so better and informed decisions can be based on all relevant factors. This can reduce risk and help in maintaining the quality and standard of the infrastructures. For example, water main failure could be caused not only by age, but also by pipe material, surrounding soil, water pressure, and street traffic. By analyzing these factors and other related factors, it would be possible to determine which assets in the areas and constitute a priority for maintenance activities. 2.3 Information Gap Uses of GIS in water management or development In Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority have increased speed of receiving and processing new water connection request due to the presence of map showing areas with and without water connection. In additional to that it helps to reduce field costs for customer’s estimations because distance to new connection can be calculated at the office apart from the initial success state, many Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities are not achieved all its objectives of incorporating GIS in its daily operations, as its managing infrastructure,
14
billing system and identification of non payments is still done in traditional way. Partly this is due to lack of enough GIS personnel. 2.4 Conceptual Framework Assessing the contribution of Geographical Information System (GIS) on managing water infrastructures of Kasulu Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority in Kasulu Town, Organization needs some specific variables to be considered into the study. The following variables are some of key and interdependent elements that will be used in assessing the contribution of GIS on managing water facilities of Kasulu Urban Water Supply and Authority.
15
Independent Variables
Intermediate Variables
Dependent Variable
Training Supply
Types of Services
Maintenance
Mobilization and Training Water supply
Strategies
Paying interest on maintenance of infrastructure
Roles of other actors
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
16
Policy Knowledge Facilities Services
Improving water supply and managing water facilities
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 The Study Area 3.1.1 Location The study was carried in Kasulu District, Kigoma Region at Kasulu Town. Kasulu district is selected because this is among of the district which a GIS is mostly needed to facilitate management of water infrastructure. The Kasulu has a total area of 913.447 km2, situated in the western part of Tanzania and lies between 9472958 – 9512580 South of the Equator and Easting start from 158287 – 195634. The district has bimodal rainfall that starts in September to December (short rains) and March to May (heavy rainfall). It is located altitude range 1200 - 1500 meters above sea level. This zone receives an average annual rainfall of 1000 – 1600 mm and average annual temperature is between 25oC and 28oC per year.
17
Figure 2: Map showing the location of the study area 3.1.2 Specific Area for the Study A Kasulu Town Council is among of eight (8) councils in Kigoma region. According to population and housing census of 2012, Kasulu Town had the population of 208,244 people whereby 99,368 males and 108,876 females (Census 2012). The nature of my study will involve technical personnel from 18
the government agency and key informants and household members who will be represented by head of household. The case study was at Murusi ward. 3.2 Research Design The study was focus on assessment of how Geographical Information System (GIS) enabling tracking of water customers in Kasulu Town. The design of this study is experimental, non experimental and cross-sectional survey which was consisting of discussions and asking questions with a representative sample, using a checklist, physical observation and questionnaire will be used to get both quantitative and qualitative data and coordinates location were collected through using GPS device. 3.3
Data Types and Sources
3.3.1 Primary Data The primary data were obtained from respondents, head of household heads and key informants and also spatial data were obtained direct from field survey by using Global Positioning System (GPS) device and Remote sensing Emerge from the Google Earth.
3.3.2 Secondary Data Secondary data were obtained in Local Government offices such District Water Engineer (DWE) office. Map and Survey plan.
19
3.4 Data Collection Methods/ Tools for Collecting Data During data collection various method were used so as to obtain valid data as planned. After reaching to the study area, coordinate of customers and water infrastructures were collected and uploaded into computer to link with GIS program to create customer database. 3.4.1 Field Survey Data were collected direct from the field by using GIS/ GPS devise which was enabling to determine position and location of the study area. Questionnaire Survey A questionnaire used in this study and was administered in Swahili to the heads of household to probe information about opportunity and challenges faced potential customers who are not connected in KUWSSA network. 3.4.2 Checklist Checklist was used as data collection tool instead of using questionnaires. Specific questions were formulated accordingly so as to get required information from key informants as a part of respondent of the study. 3.4.3 Interview Structured interview were used to ask questions which were guided by questionnaire so as to get the required information needed for the study. Both respondents key informants and head of household were asked questions and respond to questions to obtain primary and secondary data. 20
3.4.4 Document Review The main supplementary and complimenting information for this study was obtained from government offices and, other key informants, for instance KUWSSA office, Land and Natural Resource department office. 3.5 Sampling Design 3.5.1 Sampling frame The sampling frame of the study was consisting of workers from Land and Natural Resource Department, Kasulu Water Supply and Sanitation Authority and head household member. 3.5.2 Sampling unit The sampling unit for this study is, key informants from Land and natural Resource Department and Kasulu Water Supply and Sanitation Authority and household. 3.5.3 Sample size According to the nature of the study, the sample size was determined by using statistical formula here below to obtain the number of respondent from the household.
21
Kothari (2004) Where; Z= 1.64, q= 0.5, p= 0.5 and e= 0.1
n= 67.2 Sample size was 68 of head of household and 6 key informants. Therefore sample size were 74 A sample size of respondents were selected purposefully, workers from KUWSSA, Land and Natural Resource Department which was involving Six (6) key informants those are; District Water Engineer (DWE), KUWSSA Manager, KUWSSA Technical Manager, Meter Readers (2 ), Town Planner and head of household. 3.5.4 Sampling Procedure Probability sampling and non-probability procedure/techniques were used. The simple randomly sampling was used to select households for the study while Purposive sampling were used to select key informants such as District Water Engineer
(DWE), KUWASSA Manager, KUWASA Technical
Manager, Meter Readers (2 ), Town Planner and head of household.
22
3.6 Detailed Field Work Pre visit of the study area was conducted so as to arrange modality of conducting interviews where by key informants, officers were informed about the purpose of the study and to get permission from them. Setting of research logistic; the objectives of the study were precisely explained to every respondent prior to interview in order to make them willing to cooperate. Respondents were interviewed by means of personal interview method. The self administered questionnaires written in English and translated in Swahili were used for easy understanding. 3.7
Data Handling (Processing, Analysis and Presentation)
3.7.1 Data processing The collected data were processed and verified prior to analysis. Data were edited to detect errors and omissions, classified before coded into numeral to make them agreeable for statistical analysis, and then entered into the computer using Social Package for Social Science (SPSS) Programme version 20. Database development, the collected data were processed and verified prior to analysis. Data were edited to and classified before further steps to be taken, so GIS ArcMap version 10.2 were used for Spatial and Attribute Data Analysis.
23
3.7.2 Data analysis Data were analyzed through Remote Sensing and GIS computer program ArcMap version 10.2 for determining Spatial Data and Attribute Data and SPSS version 20. 3.7.3 Data presentation Analyzed data were presented through percentages, tables, maps, statistical charts, and graphs, for more explanation descriptive statistic used to analyze qualitative information collected through verbal discussion with different respondent.
24
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction Chapter four is directed to presentation, interpretation of results and discussion of major findings for the study. Study findings and results were from the collected, analyzed data in the study area Muruasi na Ruturi mtaa fount in Murusi ward. The discussion of results goes hand in hand with research specific objective namely to identify potential customers who are not connected by KUWASSA. This discussion involved other important variables for the study such as characteristics of respondents in relation to the subject of the study. 4.2 Characteristics of Respondents Respondents in the study area intended by the study were all dwellers in Murusi and Ruturi Mtaa. Characteristics of respondents were included; sex, age, marital status, occupation, level of education and sources of income. All these have been comprised in discussions. 4.2.1 Sex Gender balance was considered during research, in which enabled to obtain the reliable information from both sex whereby 63.2% were male while 36.8 % female respondents, as shown in the Table 1 below. On the other hand
25
respondents were grouped from18 to 25 and 26 to 45 as shown in the table below, whereby majority of them range between 26 -45 contribute 47.1%. Table 1: Distribution of respondent by age and sex Sex
Number of
Percentages
respondents Male
43
63.2
Female
25
36.8
18-25
2
2.9
26-45
32
46-60
28
41.2
61+ and above
6
8.8
Age
26
47.1
4.2.2 Level of education Figure 2 shows that 23% of the interviewed respondents have attained primary education where as 8% have attended secondary education (O-Level and ALevel education), 29 % have attended tertiary education and 8% never gone to school (non-formal education). This implies that respondents with tertiary education were the most respondent who managed to give out answers about the opportunity and challenges faced potential customer who are not connected by KUWSSA in the study area, which means majority of households have high education a sign of literacy.
30 25 20 15
Percent
10 5 0 Informal
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Figure 3: Distribution of respondent by level of education
27
4.2.3 Marital status Based on the findings obtained from the field out of 68 respondents who were interviewed 7.4% were single, meanwhile 44% respondents were married, 5.9% were divorced, 13.2 % were widow and 8.8% were separated This indicates that majority of respondents in that study areas were in their marriage and hence a sign of stability in the society which is important element in utilization of safe and clean water as shown in table 3. Table 2: Distribution of respondent by marital status Marital status
Single
Number of respondents
Percentage
5
7.4
Married
44
64.7
Divorced
4
5.9
Widow
9
13.2
Separated
Total
8.8
6
68
100
28
4.2.4 Occupation About 39.7% of the total populations in Murusi and Ruturi are Peasants, 20.6% are civil servants, while 16.2% are business men/women (table 4). The remaining 23.5% is employed in the private organization. This shows that peasants 39.7% are mostly affected by shortage of water in Mususi and Ruturi since most of respondents are peasant who depends on agriculture as their source of income. Since agriculture depends much on water from irrigation and feeding livestock, shortage of it impacts more on peasant’s production potential. This implies that majority of households are farmers and depend on agriculture.
29
Table 3: Distribution of respondent by occupation and source of income Occupation
Number of
Percentages
respondents Peasant
27
39.7
Civil servant
14
20.6
Business man/ woman
11
26.2
Private employee
16
23.5
Business
37
19.0
Employment
31
15.9
Cultivation
47
24.1
Rent
37
19.0
Livestock keeping
43
22.1
Income
4.3 Water supply in Kasulu town and customers distribution The sustainable growth of any human settlement depends much on the availability of water. Water is vital for agricultural production, industrial development, domestic use and many other social, economic and ecological uses. A town without adequate supply of water its growth is uncertain. Kasulu town, like any other settlement depend on water for its growth. Since majority 39.7% of its residents are peasants shown on table 3, who grow crops besides keeping livestock, their livelihood is entirely depending on the adequate 30
supply of water. However, findings show that the town is characterized by inadequate access to improved water supply and sanitation services, (most) of the people the study areas depend on water from water vendors from which they pay 300 to 400 Tshs which is higher price than public rates that is not more than 50 Tshs, also people depend water from the Bogwe rivers, well and harvesting rain water during the rainy season. The study show that 72.2% of households which are connected by KUWSSA access water from KUWSSA while 27.8% depends from other sources. Due to urban sprawl revealed that geographical location affects them in the sense that hills and valleys not all household access water within 400 meters from public tape out of 68 respondents because of geographical location 27.5%, distance from the main distribution line 68.1% those who are being far about 400 to 500 meters fail to access water distribution services from KUWSSA, bureaucratic 2.9% and corruption 1.5%, even if 1 respondents during the interview said that one among the challenges
means that they depend from others sources like
shallow wells and bottled water, fetching from the river and harvesting rain water. This implies that the majority depend on public tapes that are supplied by KUWSSA. Water source in this organization depends from the river, Services capacity is 72.2% and type of infrastructure used are water r tanks, water DP and pipes line as shown bellow also shows water user or customer distribution, location of infrastructures like pipes gate valves water tanks and service lines and distance.
31
Figure 4: Map showing water pipes network in the study area
32
Figure 5: Map showing the distribution of KUWSSA customers and pipes network in the Study area 4.3.1 Sources of water in the study area The field survey revealed that, the main sources of water in Murusi and Ruturi Mtaa are water Domestic Points (DP) and service line pipes and some few depends on shallow wells and constructed deep wells. It has been observed that the community depends much on water vendors that supply water which 33
is not enough to the community. On the other hand it was observed that most of households buy water in high price since, buy water as per 300 to 400 Tshs per container and some are fetching from the river Bogwe and during the rainy season they harvest rain water for domestic use. 4.4 Challenges affecting water supply in Kasulu Town Today water stress is a major challenge concern in many urban areas. The core aspect of urbanization is the rapid urban population growth together with inadequate planning, pollution, poverty, competing demands on the resource, all contribute to water stress: and consequently the urban water consumption is likely to double by 2025. Climate change is expected to cause significant changes as well in precipitation patterns which will affect the availability of water and induce water related disasters (URT, 2011) The study shows that there are various factors which lead to poor water supply in the study area. The biggest challenge is the distance from the main distribution line is 68.2% and geographical location is 27.5% indicates that distance from main distribution line is a big challenge for water connection in the household member. 4.4.1 Bureaucratic Bureaucratic is one of the challenges which affect water supply in Kasulu town, according to respondents during the study were reported that, and during the discussion I made with KUWSSA technical Manager he was agree and explain that there is a short bureaucratic which involves fillings of 34
registration form and paying fee also areas where are not authorized for residential are prohibited by KUWSSA to connect and supply water in that area. 4.4.2 Corruption Even though the corruption is reported as a challenge in the study areas by respondents but due to the discussion made with the KUWSSA manager said that there is no corruption issues were reported from customers and even from PCCB office. Actually there is no real evidence shows that there is corruption. 4.4.3 Distance from the main distribution line Distance from the main distribution line, some of the respondents fails to be connected from the main distribution lines because of the distance, KUWSSA set the standard distance 400 meters and those who are found far from 400 meters are not connected with KUWSSA network. This is because the supply of water depends much on the force of gravity so some time fail to supply water accordingly. 4.4.4 Geographical location Geographical location especially hills and valleys, water does not reach to the required areas because of system that used by KUWSSA to supply water, the organization fail to supply water to the customers who stay nearby the water pipe line due to the fact that an organization does not use pumping system to supply water still using gravity as a system of water supply so those who are living at the hills even though pipe line across nearby but they do not access water. 35
Table 4: Challenges faced people in Kasulu town to access water connection and water supply services Challenges
Number of respondents Percentage
Bureaucratic
2
2.9
Corruption
1
1.4
Distance
from
the
47
68.1
19
27.7
68
100.0
main distribution line
Geographical location
Total
4.5 Strategies adopted by people to overcome the challenges Water is very much important to human life and other living things for driving their daily life, the community must adopt strategies which it can ensure the quality and availability of water in the living area so as to satisfy daily use of water.
36
The community members use various techniques of harvesting rain water, construction of wells, buying water and fetching water from the river, it’s due to the fact that community members need much water for different uses. The table 7 below summarizes that 44.7% of households harvesting rain water, 27.6% buying water, 26.3% well constructed and 1.3% fetching from the river. This implies that household’s members use much rain water. 4.5.1 Harvesting rain water During the study and discussion made with the respondents from the head of household members and managers of KUWSSA, findings shows that the majority use rain water for domestic uses like washing and cooking, so during the rainy season 44.7% of community in Kasulu Town harvest rain water to satisfy their daily uses, this is common method whereby people of Kasulu Town use as the one of the strategies of adopting with the challenge of inadequate of water supply in the study area. 4.5.2 Buying water Buying of water, also during the study finding shows that 27.6% of community or member of household who are not connected by KUWSSA water network buying water as a means of solving challenge of shortage of water facing them, community buy water from water venders, the problem is, community buying water from water venders 300 Tshs to 400 Tshs per bucket of 20 liters, the price is higher than the normal price which is not more than 50 Tshs per bucket of 20 liters. This information obtained during the study after 37
making discussion with household members and KUWSSA technical manager and KUWSSA manager.
Plate 1: A motorcycle truck carrying water containers by water venders
Plate 2: Traditionally established well for domestic water
4.5.3 Digging wells Digging wells, many households which are not be connected by KUWSSA water network people are constructed deep wells for accessing water, the information obtain during the study especially in Murusi and Ruturi Mtaa, 38
according to Village Executive officers of Murusi said that the households reported that they own wells are 231 and Ruturi are 302 wells, which are provide water throughout the year. 4.5.4 Fetching water from the river Some of the household members depends water from the river Bogwe as means of water supply to the household which are not connected by KUWSSA network, during the study findings shows that 1.4% of respondents from the house hold depends water for satisfy their daily use of water from the river Bogwe which is found in Kasulu Town. Also KUWSSA adopted various methods as a means of strategies to alleviate the challenges, such as use of GIS which can help in determining elevation or height above from the sea level, to keep records of customers and locating KUWSSA infrastructures all these are being done so as to ensure sustainable water supply. Increasing KUWSSA total annual budget, during the study findings shows that more money is needed for expanding water network to meet demand of the entire population
39
Table 5: Strategies adopted by people to cope with water shortage Strategies
Number
of
Percentage
respondents Harvesting
rain
68
44.7
Buying
42
27.6
Well construction
40
26.3
2
1.4
152
100
water
Fetching from the river
Total
4.5.1 Geographical information System (GIS) database creation which facilitate the process of tracking water customers During the study the GIS database was created, actually the system needs both primary data and secondary data during the creation of database system for instance survey plans, topographical maps as well as standard top sheets and coordinates were collected direct from the ground truth which collected by Global positioning System (GPS) devices. But during the study standard top sheets, GPS and Google earth program were used to verify the location of 40
the study area and locating customers, finally data were exported to GIS program and customer database was created and it can be link to the GPS for tracking KUWSSA customers. Also during the study it was observe that the KUWSSA stuffs they lack GIS skills so it was difficult for them to apply this system in managing their customers and even in managing their infrastructures and other equipments like water tanks, gate valves, water DP as well as water sources the organization failed to locate in a single map which can provide specific location and can help organization to understand exactly point where customers found. In the GIS database can stored the name of customer, phone number and any other information concern. So the data base which was created as shown bellow.
41
Table 6: Shows customer database FID 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Shape * Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point
X
Y
17815 17812 17815 17812 17809 17806 17803 17801 17801 17799 17797 17810 17815 17816 17817 17873 17870 17871 17857 17787 17831 17830 17828 17825 17826 17824 17823 17824 17821 17816 17816
949412 949415 949416 949424 949421 949419 949421 949423 949423 949427 949427 949407 949404 949409 949407 949437 949437 949431 949427 949417 949418 949418 949417 949418 949413 949427 949415 949412 949414 949414 949417
Dis criptio Hamis Bakar Wilium Mpenda John Mw aka Athman Said Juma Mbugita Jonathan Bujiji Amos Mathayo Chales Muguyez Daudi Lumanzi Meshack Shinje Naf tar Mtika Fares Pulinje John Ndaleluse Gelard Kaliega Elia Meshak Grasia Mpolikile Jainos Noa Kigano P/S gelard Mkona UTAMADUNI samuel Kitekela Gota Samw el Elison Kalabw e Robert Pamula Feruzi Mbaya Shem Tankw a TRA Sada Kilongozi Kimomo Japhet Jelas Ntiluhungo Robert Naingo
42
Ward_Nam e Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi
M taa_Nam e Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Ruturi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi Murusi
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions Based on the findings the followings are recommendations Findings shows that the GIS are not applied for assisting organization to track customers and even to locate infrastructures. The challenges faced people in Kasulu Town for accessing water connection and supply especially in Murusi and Ruturi, has been caused mostly by Distance from the main distribution line to the customer and geographical location of an area does not support the connection because the they use the system of gravity to supply water. Findings show that the organization (KUWSSA) has no GIS expertise who can work for GIS. 5.2 Recommendations The researcher recommends the following in order to improve the efficient of water supply and GIS domestic water customer database. The Geographical Information System must be applied because this system enables organization to know where customers are found and enable to allocate the whole infrastructures. The government should increase its budget for increasing KUWSSA annual budget which facilitate buying modern pumping machines and not stopping
43
using system of gravity as means of water supply to insure availability of water in the study area. KUWSSA management need to facilitate in-service training on for Geographical Information System to its workers who deal with GIS because by doing so the KUWSSA its self may create and own GIS expert who will perform all GIS duties. Government should supply more tape to increase accessibility of water to the household
44
REFERENCES Allen, D. (2011). Getting to Know ArcGIS: ModelBuilder. Redlands, CA: Esri Press. Baird, G. (2011). Building a Solid Foundation during an Enterprise Asset Management Revolution n Water Utility Infrastructure Management. http://www.uimonline.com/index/webapp-stories-action=511 (Accessed: March. 27, 2016). Bhatta, B. (2011). Remote Sensing and GIS,2 Ed. Oxford University Press Crosbie, P. (1996). Object-oriented design of GIS: a new approach to environmental modeling. In: GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues. GIS World Book, Goodchild M.F. (Eds.), Fort Collins, 383-386. Csillag, F. (1996). Variation on hierarchies: toward linking and integrating structures. In: Goodchild, M.F. et al. (Eds.), GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues. GIS World Publication, Fort Collins, CO, pp. 433–437. DUWASA, (2005). Annual report and Account for the year Ended 30 th June 2005. Dodoma Edwards, S (2009). Customer Services Professional, Customer 1st Internationl Ltd, Longbridge Deverill 45
ESRI (2011). GIS Data Quality Best Practices for Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Utilities. New York St., Redlands Goodchild, M.F. (1993). Data models and data quality: problems and prospects. In: Goodchild, M.F., Parks, B.O., Steyaert, L.T. (Eds.), Environmental Modeling with GIS. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 8–15. Mai, T. (2015). Utilization of Global Positioning System, National Aeronautics and space Administration, NMEFCN. (2006). Asset Management: A Guide for Water and Wastewater Systems. http://www.nmenv.state.nm/us/dwb/assistance/documents/AssetManag ementGuide.pdf. (Accessed: April 5, 2016). Schultz.A.J. (2012). The Role of GIS Asset Management Integration at The Otay water Distribution. University of Southern Calfonia, Calfonia Shamsi, U. (2005). GIS Applications for Water, Wastewater and Stormwater Systems. New York: Taylor and Frances. Zhao, M. and Stevens, G. (2011). GIS and Asset Management: A Cost Effective Enterprise Solution. 2011 Annual ESRI International Users Conference, San Diego, CA. July, 2003. http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc11/papers/2088_200. pdf. (Accessed April, 2016). 46
APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE SECTION A: Background information 1. Name of respondent………………………………. 2. Date of interview……………………………… 3. Ward name ………………. 4. Mtaa name 1= Murusi ( 5. Sex 1= Female (
)
)
2= Ruturi (
2= Male (
)
)
6. Age of respondent (in years). 1= (18-25) (
)
2= (26 – 45) (
7. Marital status 1= Single ( 4=Widow/ Widower (
)
)
9.
)
4= Tertiary (
3= (46 – 60) (
2= Married (
5= Separated (
8. Education level 1= Informal ( (
)
)
)
Occupation 1. Peasant 2. Civil servant 3. Businessman 47
)
)
3= Divorced (
)
)
2= Primary (
)
3= Secondary
4. Private sector employee 5. Other specify 10. What are the main sources of income of your household? 1. Business 2. Employment 3. Cultivation 4. Rent 5. Live stock keeping SECTION B; Potential customers not yet connected in the KUWSSA supply system 11. (a) Do you have an ability to pay for customer’s cost services? 1= Yes
2=No
(b) If Yes which cost among the following you have an ability to pay for accessing water supply service? 1. Customer connection fee 2. Bill payment 3.
Cost for buying an equipment
4. Customer connection fee and Bill payment 5. Customer connection and Cost of buying and equipment 48
6. Bill payment and cost for buying an equipment 7. All cost 12. (a) What are the procedures required for one to be qualified for accessing water connection and supply in the level of household? (b) Are the procedures set assist easily access to water connection and service? 1= YES (c)
If
NO
2=NO what
are
the
alternatives
do
people
opt?
..................................... SECTION C; Challenges faced people in Kasulu Town to be connected in water supply service by KUWSSA. 13. Is there any challenge faced people in Kasulu town to access water connection and water supply servicer? 1=YES
2= NO
14. If YES, mention the reason behind 1.
Bureaucratic
2. Corruption 3.
inadequate number of stuffs
49
4.
Distance from the main distribution service line
15. What have been done to overcome the above challenges? …………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………….. SECTION D; Suggestion/ opinion of the respondent 16. What do you think the government needed to do in order to improve water service in Kasulu town? 1.……………………………………………………………………… 2.……………………………………………………………………… 3…………………………………………………………………………
50
APPENDIX 2: A KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONAIRE SECTION A: Background information 1. Name of respondent………………………………. 2. Date of interview……………………………… 3. Occupation………………………….. 4. Mtaa name 1= Murusi ( 5. Sex 1= Female (
)
)
2= Ruturi (
2= Male (
)
)
6. Age of respondent (in years). 1= (18-25) (
)
2= (26 – 45) (
7. Marital status 1= Single ( 4=Widow/ Widower (
)
)
)
4= Tertiary (
3= (46 – 60) (
2= Married (
5= Separated (
8. Education level 1= Informal ( (
)
)
)
3= Divorced (
)
)
SECTION B: Situation of water supply in the study area 9. What are the main sources of water? 1=River 2= Dame 3= Borehole 4=Lake 5= Springs
11. What are types of infrastructure used
51
)
)
2= Primary (
10. Services capacity………………………….
)
3= Secondary
1= Storage tank 2= Water Domestic point (DP) 3= Pipes 4 = Hand pump SECTION C: How water services and KUWSSA customers are distributed in the study area? 12. What Types of water users in the study area (a) Domestic users (b). Commercial users 13. Are all household in Kasulu Town access water to the Distance (400M) which as insisted by the water policy 2002? 1=Yes 2= No 14. If No, give the reason………………………………. 15. All areas in Kasulu town are covered by water Service line? 1= yes 2.No 16. If No, give the reason……………………………….. SECTION D: Reasons for potential customers to be unconnected by KUWSSA 17. What are opportunities Having KUWSSA for connecting potential customers? (a) Availability of water
( b) Man Power
52
(c) Fund
18. What are challenges faces KUWSSA organization to fail to connect potential customer? ………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… SECTION E: Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) by the Organization 19. Is the organization apply GIS in locating its
infrastructures and
customer 1=Yes 2=No 20. If No, giive the reason……………………………………. SECTION F: Suggestions from Respondent 21. Suggestion/ recommendation from respondent………………………
53
