Collections of Gaihōzu in Japan and in the United States 日本とアメリカ合衆国の外邦図コレ クション 小林 茂 大阪大学 Shigeru Kobayashi Osaka University 1

Secret Japanese Military Maps Could Open a New Window on Asia‘s Past The recovered maps provided valuable intelligence for the United States after World War II. By Greg Miller PUBLISHED August 1, 2016 This detail from a Japanese map depicts an area near Pyongyang, North Korea.

Photograph from Stanford University

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Gaihōzu 外邦図 Many maps of Asia-Pacific areas were produced by Japanese military and colonial governments up to August, 1945. 日本軍とその植民地政府が1945年8月までアジア 太平洋地域で作製した地図 After the surrender of Japan, many maps were sent to U.S. and distributed to major libraries. 日本の敗戦後多くがアメリカ軍に接収され、各地 の図書館に収蔵 The library of MU also has several thousand copies of Gaihōzu ミシガン大学図書館にも数千枚 3

The diversity of Gaihōzu 外邦図の多様性 A Map of Kunming 中国の昆明の地図。中 国の重要な施設は赤 で、外国の施設は青で 書かれている。昆明は 第二次大戦中米国の 主要な空軍基地となっ ており、日本軍が数度 にわたって爆撃を行っ た。(Photograph by Shigeru Kobayashi) 4

International Settlement in Shanghai 上海の共同租界

This Japanese map of Shanghai is color-coded to indicate who lived and worked there. Green indicates Japanese residential districts, for example, and light blue indicates areas with American-registered companies. [October 1941] Photograph from Stanford University

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A map of Saipan, Norther Mariana Islands with detailed notes 北マリアナ諸島、サイパンの地図。食料源や衛生施設など、環境や 住民についての細かな注釈が記されている。 (Photograph from Stanford University)

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This map of southern Yunnan Province depicts areas of high risk of infectious diseases [of domestic animals], including rinderpest, hog cholera, fowl cholera, and influenza.

中国、雲南省 の 南部の地図。 牛疫、豚コレラ、 家禽コレラ、 インフルエンザ など、 危険性の高い 伝染病に ついて記載 されている。 Photograph from Shigeru Kobayashi

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学術的資源としての外邦図 Gaihōzu as an academic resource 近代の歴史:軍事史・外交史・植民地統治 Modern history: military affairs, foreign policy, colonial administration 景観変化:開発・都市化・森林破壊 Landscape change: reclamation, urbanization, deforestation 空間・環境データとして、他にかけがえのない 資料となっている Irreplaceable resources as materials on spatial and environmental changes

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Gaihōzu as an underutilized resource 活用されていない外邦図 No government office in Japan is responsible for preservation and maintenance of Gaihōzu after 1945. 戦後は外邦図を保管する官庁がなくなる Negative view regarding Gaihōzu as tools for war and colonial administration 戦争と植民地統治の道具としての外邦図に対する否定的な 見方 Unsorted and uncatalogued Gaihōzu 未分類で目録の整備されていない外邦図 Researchers have to search and catalogue Gaihōzu before their study 外邦図を素材とする研究は、開始の前に外邦図の探索と目 録作りから始めねばならない 9

The study of Gaihōzu 外邦図の研究 Maps of colonies (Taiwan, Korean Peninsula, Karafuto [Sakhalin] ) were reprinted and studied since 1970s. From 1990s, study was extended to maps of China, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia and Pacific areas. 日本では植民地(台湾・朝鮮半島・樺太など)の地図の 研究は1970年代にはじまったが、1990年代に なって、それ以外の地域の外邦図の研究が開 始された 10

Excavation of buried materials 死蔵から活用へ Sorting and cataloguing Gaihōzu 分類と目録づくり Approaches to the preparation process of Gaihōzu 作製過程の研究 The development of organizations in charge of mapmaking in foreign countries 外国で地図作製を行う機関の整備 Technical progress 技術的進歩 Facilities for researchers: Databases of images of Gaihōzu 研究者の利便を考えた画像公開が必要 11

http://chiri.es.tohoku.ac.jp/~gaihozu/index.php?lang=en-US

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Gaihōzu Digital Archives 外邦図デジタルアーカイブ World Map Search (GIS) ワールドマップ検索 Index Map Search インデックスマップ検索 Keyword Search キーワード検索 Magnification and reduction of images of maps 画像の拡大・縮小が自在にできることが不可欠 13

Collections of Gaihōzu in Japan 日本の外邦図コレクション Collections in Universities 大学のコレクション Source: Maps accumulated at the General Staff Office in Tokyo for current military use 1945年9月に東京の陸軍参謀本部に集積されてい た当時現用の地図 ・・・Newer maps 古い外邦図に欠ける Collection of former Land Survey Department 旧陸地測量部のコレクション ・・・Old and new maps, but not the oldest ones 古 い地図もあるが、とくに古いものはない 14

Collections in U.S. アメリカ合衆国のコレクション Source: maps at the Land Survey Department evacuated from Tokyo (Nagano Prefecture) 長野県に疎開していた陸地測量部の地図 Original maps including manuscript were targeted. 手描き図を含む原図類を優先 →Finally they were sent to the Library of Congress 原図はとくにワシントンの議会図書館へ

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Early Japanese Imperial Maps of China and Korea: A Database (Osaka University)

初ア 期メ 外リ 邦カ 測議 量会 原図 図書 デ館 ー蔵 タ ベ ー ス

http://www.let.osaka-u.ac.jp/geography/gaihouzu/earlymap/index.php

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Survey routes in Korea by army officers as staffs of Japanese legation and consulate, 1880s 日本の陸軍将校が公使館員・ 領事館員として朝鮮半島を測 量したルート(1880年代) According to the additional provision of the Kanghwa Treaty in 1882, army officers traveled under the escort of Korean officers. 日朝修好条規続約(1882)にもとづき、 統理衙門にコースを申請し許可を受け、 陸軍将校が朝鮮側地方官の護衛のも とで旅行 Manuscript maps are now in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. 手描き原図がアメリカ議会図書館に収 蔵

Map of the vicinity of Peking compiled with manuscript maps of Japanese officers (The first edition) 日本軍将校の手描き原図を編集した北京周辺図

Library of Congress アメリカ議会図書館蔵

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Old Gaihōzu maps of Stanford University

http://library.stanford.edu/guides/gaihozu-japanese-imperial-maps

Map of the vicinity of Peking compiled from manuscript maps by Japanese officers (The second edition, Stanford University)

https://purl.stanford.edu/jr178ws4012

The symposium on Gaihōzu in Stanford スタンフォード大学での外邦図シンポ The first chance to discuss about the research of Gaihōzu in the United States

October 2011

アメリカ合衆国 での最初の外 邦図に関する 会議 21

Old Gaihōzu of University of Michigan ミシガン大学の古い外邦図 1:5,000 maps of Port Arthur 1905 五千分一旅順要塞近傍圖 1:20,000 maps of Taiwan ca1905 2万分の1、台湾堡圖 Maps of Karafuto (Sakhalin) ca1910 初期の樺太地形図 Maps produced at the Siberian Intervention 1910s シベリア出兵時作製地図 Duplication of Russian map ロシア製図の複製 Maps prepared by Japanese surveyors 日本製図 22

1:5000 maps of Port Arthur 1905 五千分一旅順要塞近傍圖

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A manuscript map (1:5,000) of Port Arthur 東鶏冠山北堡塁図(500分の1) 1905 This group of maps were prepared for the memory of the RussoJapanese War この種の図 は戦史用 Library of Congress 24

1:20,000 map of Taiwan 臺灣堡圖

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Early maps of Karafuto 樺太図

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Reprinted early maps of Karafuto

Reprinted in Feb. 1947 for the use of American military

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日本軍

Duplication of Russian maps of Siberia シベリアで 接収したロ シア製図の 複製 28

Maps of Siberia prepared by Japanese surveyors

日本の臨時測図部作製シベリア図

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A map of Siberia duplicated by American Army シベリアで接収した地図のアメリカ軍による複製 Library of Congress

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A tentative view on the Gaihōzu of UM ミシガン大学の外邦図の印象 Older Gaihōzu maps 古い時期につくられた外邦図でよくそろっているもの がある(日本にはほとんどない) Gaihōzu maps of Siberia, Sakhalin and Manchuria 北方地域の図が多い(日本には少ない) Complete record on the accession of maps from the Army Map Service AMSからの外邦図の受け入れ記録が完備 UM sccessioned at the same time maps captured from German military 接収したドイツ製図の受け 入れもわかる 31

Map accession records of UM ミシガン大学の地図の受け入れ記録

Map accession records note the date of accession, number given at AMS, and UM number in addition to map title and region. 受け入れ記録は、地図のタイトルや図示する地域だけでなく、 受け入れ時期や、AMSの番号、UMの番号を記載する 32

Viewpoints concerning Gaihōzu 外邦図の見方 Gaihōzu as military intelligence 軍事情報としての外邦図 The preparation of Gaihōzu 測量・製図・製版 Military use of Gaihōzu 外邦図の軍事的使用 Duplication of foreign military maps→ Gaihōzu 海外作製地図の複製 Duplication of Gaihōzu for military intelligence 外国軍(たとえばU.S.)による外邦図の複製 Gaihōzu as materials for historical studies 歴史研究の素材としての外邦図 Political history etc. 政治史・軍事史 Gaihōzu as materials for the study of landscape/ environment change 景観・環境資料としての外邦図 33

Databases of images of Gaihōzu 外邦図画像のデータベース Maps as academic materials→Map library 学術資料としての地図の特性→地図室 Digital Archives of maps based on GIS GISに支えられた地図のデジタル・アーカイブ Digital Archives for modern maps of East Asia 東アジアの近代地図のデジタル・アーカイブ National maps, Gaihōzu, AMS maps etc. 各国の地図・外邦図・AMSの地図 The role of Gaihōzu maps in U.S. in the digital archives of modern maps of East Asia to be constructed 東アジア近代地図画像DBにおけるアメリカ所在の外邦図な らびにAMS地図の役割 34

Kobayashi Gaihozu presentation 10272016.pdf

Many maps of Asia-Pacific areas were produced by. Japanese military and colonial governments up to. August, 1945. 日本軍とその植民地政府が1945å¹´8月まで ...

6MB Sizes 3 Downloads 138 Views

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