30 Notes
LOCAL AREA PLANNING
Local area planning is a process of planning that is concerned with resolving local level problems and issues. Its priorities include over all welfare of the people and development of the local area. Maintenance of social services and amenities, promotion in the quality and quantity of local products and services and keeping surroundings and local environment clean and green are some of its continuous concerns. In terms of size, it is the smallest planning unit with reference to people and places. A planning which is carried out through people’s participation turns out to be a dream of real situation reflecting continuous growth and development in the local area. You will learn in more details about meaning and concepts of local area planning, different approaches of local area planning adopted in India’s Five Year Plans and a few success stories of local area planning efforts.
OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: z
recall the terms like local area planning, ecological and socio-economic basis of development;
z
explain how planning helps in using resources to meet the local needs;
z
compare different approaches and their objectives which have evolved to undertake local area development over the different Five Year Plans;
z
identify on a map different planning areas in India and their unique needs;
z
explain using maps how ecology, environment and resource utilisation are related to each other and managed for local area planning.
30.1 CONCEPT OF LOCAL AREA AND PLANNING In order to understand the concepts and approaches related to local area planning, we need to understand the terms that constitute the entire idea. The term local area is used variously in ecology, economy and society. It is a site specific issue, GEOGRAPHY
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commodity or community. In terms of attributes, local area is both a physical as well as cultural attribute like landscape of an area, surroundings of a locality, local products, folk dances, handicrafts etc.
Notes
Fig. 30.1 Local Area: Products, Forms and Sites
The attributes of a local area reflect strong bonds of association with the location and people. With regard to non local area and people it reflects weakening bonds of association and growing variations. For example sea breeze, a local wind, exercises considerable effect along sea shore and it gets weakened away from the sea. Some times local area product or identity becomes so popular and specialized that it becomes demanding across places and regions. Sandles of kolhapur, sandal sticks of Mysore, fireworks of Shivakashi, Naga Shawls, Kashmiri Pashmina, Varanasi silk sarees, Madhubani art, Kuchipuri dance etc. are some of 2
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the local area products or specialities that are in great demand both from national as well as international markets. A well maintained locality with its clean and green environments acts as a source of attraction to the non local people and acts as an ideal for other places to follow. For example Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar), Mughal Garden (Delhi), Valley of Flowers (Uttaranchal), Rockgarden (Chandigarh), Nagarjun Konda (Andhra Pradesh), Rajgir (Bihar), Kanya Kumari (Tamilnadu) etc. are the local area sites that present a sound balance of ecological and aesthetic significance. A sense of pride and attachment to the local product, area and people is a source of unity and activity. It also leads to common understanding and identity. Ecologically, local areas may be mountainous, plateaus, plains, coastal, desert or wetlands. Functionally local areas may be pastoral agricultural, industrial, institutional or service areas. In terms of habitations, local areas may be rural, urban, nomadic or tribal. Local areas could be modern or traditional with regard to their social setup. Similarly, in terms of economic development local areas could be developed or less developed.
Notes
An effort to devise ways and means to solve the problems of places and people is termed as “planning”. As a student we plan for studies, examinations and even for other routine works. We also get ourselves associated in finding solutions to the common problems at the local level where we work and live. Maintenance of amenities and public utility services, sanitation, general health and education are some of the most common problems faced by the local people. Since local areas are the smallest units of planning, it is rather easier to find solutions to their problems which are also smaller and manageable in dimension. Most of the problems that seek planning and solutions are related to the ecological imbalances, economic depressions and social tensions. To improve the general conditions of the people in a local area, provisions for basic social amenties and facilities need to be planned. The participation of local people helps in utilizing local materials, indigenous knowledge and maintaining infrastructure that are planned. Planning also aims at improving the quality of local environment through tree plantation, maintaining the local water pools like rivers, tanks, lakes etc. and managing the depletion of rocks and soils. People’s participations in the local area planning and continued cooperation in their maintenance results in developing healthy local environment. “Planning is thus, defined as conceiving, initiating, regulating and controlling environment as well as socio-economic activities by the local people and authority according to set priorities with a view to achieving objectives within a given time frame” 30.2 LEVELS OF PLANNING Planning is carried out at various levels. Beginning from a small local area to as large area as the world planning is an integral part of human progress and area development. People have been planning their affairs, activities, habitats, etc. from early times. It is, thus a continuous process across time and areas and is aimed at the welfare of people and the environment. At the global level, planning for the GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
whole world is taken up by the United Nations and countries provide cooperation in the implementation of the planning schemes. Various programmes such as UNEP, UNDP, etc. are initiated to deal with the global issues of environment, poverty, development, and so on. At the country level, national plans are formulated for the welfare and development of the nation. In our country, Planning Commission is the central agency to design plans for various sectors of economy such as agriculture, industry, etc; different ecological zones like mountains, deserts, coastal areas etc. and different segments of society such as women, children, tribal groups, youths, aged persons, etc. Prime Minister is the Chairman of the Planning Commission. Nation is further subdivided into several sub-units for administrative and planning purposes. It varies from country to country with different nonenclature. In our country, the nation is sub divided into states, districts and blocks. At the state level there is a State Planning Board that develops plan for the entire state. This is also known as a regional plan. Chief Minister of the state is the Chairman of the State Planning Board. Districts are the third order planning units after nation and the states. At the district level, planning and development agencies work together and District Magistrate coordinates the plan implementation. Community Development Blocks are the fourth (micro) level planning units. Each C.D. Block consists of about 50 villages. These blocks are responsible for plan implementation down to the village and household levels. Block Development Officer (B.D.O.) is the coordinator of the plan at this level of planning. Local area planning is meant for small localities like a village, a Basti or Mohalla. The entire community, living and working at the place, is responsible for developing plans and seeking assistance and cooperation from the Governmental Organization, Non-Governmental Organization and others. It is not the endeavour of a few people but hardwork of many that makes the local area clean, green and prosperous. A diagrammatic presentation of various planning level is given below: Local Block District State National Global Fig. 30.2 Planning Levels
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Table No. 30.1 Planning Levels Type of planning
Level
Global Planning
I
National Planning
II
State Planning
III
District Planning
IV
Block or Micro Level Planning
V
Local area Planning
VI
Notes
30.3 CHALLENGES TO PLANNING There are serious challenges to the success of a planning scheme. More often planning is initiated without giving adequate thought to its effect on the area and people for whom it is meant. Since a planning scheme moves from top to bottom, it gets obstructed at various levels before it reaches to the target area and people. Inspite of relatively higher economic development, India continues to run behind in terms of social advancement. Our country has the largest concentration of poor, malnutritioned and illiterate persons. These serious challenges can not be managed through governmental or some non-governmental agency level but one requires effective partipation and co-operation of the local people. People wish and plan that roads reach to their door steps, every child studies in a school, they have power and potable water, they have water to irrigate their fields and markets to sell their local products. Thus, infrastructure related to health and education can ensure people’s awareness, effective participation and mobilization for the success of planning scheme. Ecological and economic considerations must be in perfect balance if planning has to succeed and remain sustainable. The following are the basic requirements of local area planning: 1)
Formulation of objectives or goals.
2)
Fixing targets of planning and its priorities to be achieved.
3)
Mobilisation of resources for the execution of plan.
4)
Creating necessary social group or organization for the implementation of the plan.
5)
Regular evaluation and monitoring of the progress made.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 30.1 1.
Define local area and planning. _______________________________________________________
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2.
What are the various levels of planning in India? _______________________________________________________
3.
Enumerate three challenges to planning of an area. _______________________________________________________
Notes
4.
What are the basic expectations of the people from Planning? _______________________________________________________
5.
What are the basic requirements of planning? _______________________________________________________
30.4 BASES OF PLANNING There may be several bases of planning but here we are discussing only the bases of planning i.e. ecological and socio-economics. A.
Ecological Basis of Planning
The study which explains the interrelationships among all natural organisms with their environment is termed as Ecology. All those conditions, circumstances and influences that affect the development of an organism or a group of organisms is the environment. Thus, ecology and environment are closely related with each other in the context of organisms and systems that influence them. Geographically, the exchange of matter between land and sea is set in motion by two main physiogeographical processes. The interaction between man and nature is inseparable. It is the highest form of interaction between life in general and the environment in particular. The diversity of life forms that has evolved over hundreds of millions of years and their adoptation to different, often extreme environmental conditions are amazing. The interaction of human beings with nature began at the time they separated themselves from the natural environment. The relations between man and nature take shape within his habitat. The experience of man-nature interaction is an age old practice of planning. To make the best use of nature, man has been making necessary adjustments in the ecological setup. The domestication of wild animals, selection of useful plants from the natural vegetation, making terraces on the mountain slopes, taming the rivers for irrigation or flood control etc. are a few examples of planning the welfare of people while keeping a balance on the ecological setup. Human habitations were planned in close proximity to water sources, work sites and on the considerations of safety and mobility. Most of the primary persuits like agriculture, horticulture, sericulture, etc. are based on the natural considerations of productivity. Similarly, some of the secondary production systems such as software, paper, many foot loose industries etc. are also designed in a manner that causes minimum 6
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disturbance to the ecological setup. However, growing human needs and commercial considerations have caused serious damages to the ecological setup. Large scale developmental activities, deforestation, structural changes, waste generation, and so on have accelerated desertification, global warming, melting of ice caps, rise in the sea level, natural disasters, etc. B.
Socio-Economic Basis of Planning
Notes
The population of the earth is increasing rapidly and has registered above 6 billion mark. To meet the ever increasing needs of the people, utilisation of natural resources will grow. It is, therefore, necessary to maintain a balance between the scope of resource utilisation in a given ecological setup and human needs. The socio-economic planning has to remain eco-friendly for sustainable development. Besides utilising natural resources, sustained efforts need to be made to develop local surroundings, streets, drains, parks, playgrounds, open spaces, etc. with landscapes and tree plantations. The designs for tree plantations need to be developed based on the geological structure, relief, climatic conditions, soil, drainage system and natural vegetation. Depending upon the available space, growing conditions of plants, local weather and climatic conditions; indigenous varieties of dwarf, medium and large trees need to be planted. For promoting and maintaining the local environment, peoples support is essential. In turn, a healthy local ecological setup satisfies several needs of the local people besides presenting a pleasing view of green surroundings. 30.5 DIMENSIONS OF LOCAL AREA PLANNING A
Basic And Higher Needs
The welfare of “local” community depends upon fulfilling the basic as well as higher needs of the people. The basic needs include food, cloth and shelter besides safe drinking water, basic education and health care, transport and communication facilities and so on. The higher needs include still higher order amenities, services, facilities etc. While basic needs are necessary for survival, higher needs help the society to become efficient, service oriented and dynamic. The process of planning is aimed at making the necessary provisions to meet the demands of people and places. Several schemes of planning are designed to fulfill the general as well as functional needs of the people. However, dynamics of population growth and concentration of activities at specific sites pose a challenge to the planning process. B
Dynamics of Population Growth And Prospects of Planning
In places where growth of population remains normal, functional activities are largely unchanged and scheme of planning records success. For example civil lines, mall roads, cantonment settlements etc. present a striking balance between the provision of amenities and facilities with the growth of local population and concentration of functions and activities. On the contrary, the local areas where
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population growth is high and concentration of activities continues unchecked, the performance of planning usually remains poor. For example busy markets, industrial sites, transport junctions, slum settlements and so on. register a higher population growth and concentration of activities. It leads to the congestion and crowding reflecting the poor planning performances. Notes
In the absence of adequate job opportunities in rural and backward regions, most of the rural youths out migrate towards cities. It leads to poor economic performance in the places of origin and unchecked concentration of population in the places of destination. While it leads to clustering in living spaces due to limited paying capacity of the migrant population, it offers adequate cheap labour to cities. The mismatch between population growth and provision of services, facilities and amenities causes unhygenic sanitary conditions, poor public health and above all degeneration of local environment. Thus, the provisions of planning falls short of the growing local demands in these areas. C
Economic Basis For Stability And Development
The economic development of an area is another dimension of local area planning. It aims at raising the production and service levels, job generation, improved marketing network, favourable price policy, efficient systems of transport and communication, etc. Economically advanced areas are usually capable of making significant investments towards natural conservation and ecological improvements. Similarly, social infrastructure and facilities can also be created if areas have a sound economic base. Almost all areas-rural or urban are endowed with natural potentials. While primary activities dominate in rural areas, secondary and tertiary activities dominate the urban areas. The pace of economic growth is accelerated through technological innovations and institutional backup. Mechanisation of agriculture and modernisation of industries are the examples of technological innovations, while financial, educational and policy backups are the institutional roles in improving the economic base of an area. Issues such as the interests of producers, consumers, service providers and workers be taken care of in the planning. The status of income and employment generation, capcities of savings and investments will increase as a natural outcome of economic package. It has been observed that many of the economic packages turn out to be rewarding in the course of time. Reed works of Shillong, brassware works of Moradabad, silk and zari works of Varanasi and Kanjivaram, bandhani works of Sanganer, embroidery works of Lucknow, etc. are a few examples of success stories that had the backup of economic planning. Thus, the products and services of a local area mark the place identity and people’s prosperity. D
People’s Participation in Planning
Awareness of the people and their participation in the local area planning can safeguard the interest of the community while maintaining the local ecological 8
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situations. The chances of the failure of a planning scheme, that involves local people, remain minimum as corruption, exploitation and mismanagement is greatly checked. Besides, above people being direct beneficiaries, keep a caring attitude towards maintaining the social welfare and area development. When local people develop a plan and set their priorities, it will maximise benefits to the people and minimize the cost of planning. It is more likely that the planning augments the cycle of growth and diversities in developmental activities.
Notes
INTEXT QUESTIONS 30.2 1.
Give two examples of eco-friendly planning. (i)___________________________(ii)_______________________
2.
What is the need for maintaining a balance between resources and human requirements? _______________________________________________________
3.
What basis should be adopted for designing tree plantations in a local area? _______________________________________________________
4.
Give two examples each of basic and higher needs. (a) (i)__________________________(ii)_______________________ (b) (i)__________________________(ii)_______________________
5.
Enlist two effects each of technological innovations and institutional support. (a) (i)__________________________(ii)_______________________ (b) (i)__________________________(ii)_______________________
30.6 NEED BASED UTILISATION OF LOCAL RESOURCES Resources of the area are being utilised by the local people to satisfy their needs. The air, water, food, cloth and shelter are the essential needs for human survival. Both inorganic as well as organic matters of the nature satisfy the basic needs of the local people. Selection of useful plants, animals and natural sites led to the promotion of human activities such as farming, fishing, horticulture and nomadic herding. The local needs of building construction, having of streets, drains, sources of water, scenic landscapes, etc. are fulfilled by local resources. Since most of the materials are the common property of the local people, they have been utilised by all as building materials and means of livelihood. Thus need based utilisation of local resources remained eco-friendly and economically sustainable. A brief discussion about local resources is given below.
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A.
Notes
Land Resources : Rocks And Soils
The most striking feature of a local area is its rocks and soils. These land resources are the basis of human settlements and primary activities besides being the base for scenic landscape. The exposed rock surfaces act as natural platforms while its slopes and steps remained the basis for plant growth. The places in such a setup are developed as sites for picnic, parks and natural beauties. Soils are the basis for a variety of human activities such as agriculture, animal herding, horticulture, etc. The fertile soils have always been a source of attraction for human civilisations and development. However, this rare gift of nature is threatened by massive erosion and degradation, and is fast converted to wastelands. Large scale deforestation and commercial uses of land have caused imbalances in soil setup. Since formation of soil, its renewability and replacements require pretty long period, there is an urgent need for soil conservation and maintenance of its natural fertility. B.
Water Resources
One of the most basic requirement for life to develop and sustain on long term basis is the availability of water. It is central to all ecosystems. Most of the early human civilsations developed near water sources especially along fertile river valleys. Both for human activities and settlements water is an essential element. Water is being used for a variety of purposes like power generation, irrigation, for domestic and industrial uses besides keeping the local area clean and green. Misuse of water has created shortage. Water pollution have caused diseases. Droughts and floods occure in different areas. Therefore, mangement of water is an essential requirement for life. Coordinated efforts need to be made towards water harvesting, reducing wastage of water and making judicious use of water for various purposes. Recharge of water to subsurface layer of soil is essential to check the surface flow of rain water. Use of tanks, lakes, percolation pits, bunds along the sloppy surface, help in the recharge of water. C.
Plantations /Forest Resources
Plants are the basic form of life and act as the source of oxygen. They are means to livelihood and natural attraction. Due to ever increasing pressure of population, forest cover is fast declining causing serious environmental threats. Tree plantations along highways, railway tracts, hill slopes, canals have developed schemes like social forestry, farm forestry and so on. Concerted efforts of the local people are central to plantations and their protection. It is being carried out in the form of rituals and practice of the people. For example, Bisnoi community is known for plant protection especially in parts of Haryana and Rajasthan. Similarly, Maiti is a marriage ritual practiced in Kumaon hills. During marriage ceremony bride plants a sapling and bridegroom puts water on the plant. This practice has converted many villages green in Kumaon. 10
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Since trees provide building materials, fuel and firewood besides, a variety of fruits, flowers and green cover, protection, promotion of tree cover is basic to life support. At the local level, protection and increase of the tree cover is basic to support life. 30.7 ASSESSING THE LOCAL RESOURCES
Notes
An assessment of local resources is essential for planning. For finding solutions to the local problems as well as for the purposes of development we need to have an idea of local resources. Usually land, soil, water, forests, animals, other organisms, minerals and so on form the natural resources of an area. Similarly, human being, their educational levels, human activities, skills, health status, etc form human resources. An inventory of locally available resources need to be prepared with the help of records of the area and by conducting a field survey. For example with regard to land resources an idea of the total area (of the village or an urban locality), nature of rocks and soils, size of the land holdings, number of plots, nature and type of landuse, etc. should to be recorded. Similarly, in case of water resources, a survey of river, drains, ponds, lakes; their appromate length, width and depth of water need to be known to get an idea of water availability, water surplus or deficit positions, major problems linked to consumption water. An estimate of trees, seasonal plants, their specific use for the community in the form of fire wood, fuel, timber, fruits, and flowers need to be worked out. Similarly, human as well as animal resources should to be assessed. A.
Sources of collecting data to assess local resources
Thus for assessing local resources, we can make use of governmental and non governmental sources. Besides collecting information through secondary sources, we can also conduct field survey to collect certain informations or primary data that is not available from secondary sources. B.
Preparing a Plan and Ensuring its Implementation
Based on the assessment of local resources a plan of action need to be prepared. This should broadly cover the aspects of education, health, transport, communication, retail markets etc. The plan should also cover the promotion of agricultural and industrial activities besides community functions. The formulation of the plan must be based on the availability of local resources, requirements of the people, likely expenditures and estimated benefits to the people. The plan should be phased out with regard to time and the targets when the work is to be completed. For ensuring the implementation of Local Area Plan, efforts should to be made to mobilise the support of local people in the form of labour, raw material, skill and guidance. In addition to it, the support of governmental, non-governmental organisations, self help groups etc. need to be obtained in the form of finances, technology and material help. Effective checks and controls should be exercised to ensure the monitoring of the work done. GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
It is usually observed that the maintenance of the structure once created by planning, remains poor due to misuse or careless handling of the operating/services such as buildings, tap water, public toilets etc. The local resources should not be exposed for commercial utilisation by non local people as it leads to excessive exploitation of resources and their subsequent depletion. It is, thus, necessary for the local people to be caring and remain concerned about the maintenance and upkeep of the planned projects. It is, thus, established that need based utilisation of local resources is essential for survival and development of the community. However, balance needs to be maintained between the ecological conditions and socio-economic needs of the community. The process of planning, as such, will vary greatly with the ecological settings and socio-economic needs of the local people. 30.8 DEVELOPMENT OVER DIFFERENT FIVE YEAR PLANS India is making planned efforts to develop its economy, society and areas. Plans are designed for a period of five years. India’s First Five Year Plan began in 1951 and currently it is the Tenth Five Year Plan period. The progress made so far is a record of 55 years of planned effort in India covered through ten Five Year Plans and a few annual plans. A brief idea of different plans, their local area designs and special emphasis of development is explained through a chart given below. Table No. 30.2 Local Area Development over Different Five Year Plans Plan and its Period
Design of Local Area
Special Emphasis on Development
1. First Five Year Plan 1951 – 1956
Community Development Blocks Identified
Developing irrigation networks and increasing agricultural Productions
2. Second Five Year Plan Industrial 1956 – 1961 Estates were established.
Self reliance in industrial development
3. Third Five Year Plan 1961 – 1974
Achieving higher output levels both in agricultural and Industrial sectors of economy.
Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP)
4. Fourth Five Year Plan Balanced Regional Target Area 1969 – 1974 Development (BRD), Target Group Command Area Development (CADP)
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5. Fifth Five Year Plan 1971 – 1979
6. Sixth Five Year Plan 1980 – 1985
Decentrailised Planning Tribal Area, Hill Area Drought Prone Area Development Programme. Multi Sectoral Approach DWCRA TRYCEM, RLEGP
National Programme of Minimum Needs, Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) Removal of Poverty Small Farmers Development Border Areas, Backward (SFDA) Districts
7. Seventh Five Year Plan 1985 – 1990
Agro – climatic zones, Self employment water shed Scheme (SES), Development Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY)
8. Eighth Five Year Plan 1992 – 1997
Panchayati Raj Human Resource Institutions Development, Economic HADP, BADP WGDP Diversification NEC
9. Ninth Five Year Plan 1997 – 2002
Basic Minimum Services (BMS)
Human resource Development, Housing to the people, Health education in remote rural areas.
10. Tenth Five Year Plan 2002 – 2007
Cleaning of major rivers, Rain water harvesting (renewal of traditional methods.) Interlinking of rivers water, Harvesting in drier regions.
Public Delivery system (PDS), Total Literacy compaign, National Literacy Mission (NLM), Provision of urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA), Health for All.
Notes
INTEXT QUESTIONS 30.3 1. What is the role of local people in area planning. ________________________________________________________ 2. What were the special emphasis of development during first and second Five Year Plans? ________________________________________________________ GEOGRAPHY
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3. What are the aims of Tenth Five Year Plan? ________________________________________________________ 4. Match the plans shown in column I with the local area planning recommended in column II. Notes Column I Plan
Column II Local Area Planning Recommended
A IInd Five Year Plan
1.
Balanced Regional Development.
B
IVth Five Year Plan
2.
Industrial estates for self reliance in industrial development.
C
Vth Five Year Plan
3.
Removal of Poverty, DWCRA, TRYCEM, RLEGP
D VIth Five Year Plan
4.
Cleaning of major rivers, TLC, NLM & PURA. Rain water harvesting
E
5.
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
Xth Five Year Plan
30.9 UNIQUE NEEDS OF DIFFERENT PLANNING AREAS Nature has provided some resources to all areas which can help to develop the regions. Different areas have distinct problems and potentials. Hence it present, unique needs for planning. But every area which has problems has also possibilities to solve such problems. As such, there is a need to develop specific plans for the welfare of people and the development of the specific areas. For example mining areas have large mineral deposits. But, by and large, these areas are faced with the problems of health and natural hazards, noise pollution, collapse mine roofs, waterlogging and so on. The problems of mining areas could be specially taken up for planning. A slum locality in a city is usually faced with the problems of poor sanitation, insufficient living space, acute shortage of basic social facilities and amenities. The quality of life is poor and full of health hazards. As such it demands for an urgent provision for essential infrastructures in its local area planning charge. Industrial areas are faced with the problems of pollutions, while market areas are faced with congestion, crowding and poor saintation. As a result industrial areas will have priority of planning for pollution control, while market areas will have priority to develop other centers of marketing to relieve the pressure and reduce congestion and crowding. Agricultural areas have problems of floods and droughts, soil erosion, declining natural fertility and shrinking land-man ratio while pastoral areas suffer from the 14
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problems of range and management, conversion of grasslands into farmlands etc. The diversification in cropping pattern, cropping efficiency and increasing agricultural productivity are the priorities of agricultural planning while controlled grazing and effective range, land management and commercial pastoralism are the planning priorities in pastoral areas. Areas with diverse physical and socio-economic set up have their unique needs. It calls for need based planning solutions. For example hill areas have steep slopes, deep valleys, thin layer of soil and relatively low level of carrying capacity of land. Hill areas, therefore, need afforestation, promotion of horticulture, herbal and medicinal plants, eco-tourism and small hydro-power projects for their development. Similarly, desert areas are characterized by the acute shortage of water leading to the vast expanse of wastelands, sand dunes and barren areas. The desert development requires the provision of water as its top planning priority. Indira Gandhi Canal serves the purpose of need based planning for the desert development in the Thar region of India.
Fig. 30.3 INDIA: Local people: water harvesting and wild life protection GEOGRAPHY
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A brief discussion on need based planning is given below: A. Water Harvesting and Management
Notes
These areas reveal scientific and judicious use of water. from remote cold desert of Leh to hot desert of Thar; from Patha area of central India to far south in Kerala and Tamilnadu, water management techniques have completely changed the lives and landscape in these areas. (Recent examples of Arvari in Rajasthan and Tikaria in Patha area of central India are the initiatives of local people for managing water resources of the area). Traditional water harvesting and management methods are also found in every part of India. B. Protection and Promotion of Forests Plants and animals need protection and promotion for keeping the ecological and biological balance in a locality. People have been partly protecting plants and animals due to religion and partly due to prevailing customs and traditions. Sacred groves are protected due to age old practice and ritual. They signify the judicious use of natural resources in the long term interest of the community. Plants like Pipal, Neem, Tulsi, Beri are sacred in Hindu tradition while Dates, Oak, Bargad are sacred in Islamic, Christian and Buddhist traditions respectively. Depending upon the ecological canditions in different areas, plants are protected. Such as coconut and casurina in coastal areas, Dates and Beri in desert areas and orchards in hill areas are part of the regional practices towards protection and promotion. There is also a similar tradition of protecting sacred animals like cow, goats and sheep, camels, snake and so on. C. Tribal Communities and Protection of Wild Life Tribal communities and wild life both are faced with the problems of survival and development in the face of deforestation. Forest dwellers have protected wildlife, for example Ban Gujars of Rajaji National Park (Uttarnchal), Abujhmars of Bastar and Todas of Nilgiri Hills are known for their skill in wild life protection. However, some of these forest dwellers are now evicted and rehabititated in areas where they have no access to forests. This has happened in Nagarhole National Park in Karnataka and Rajaji National Park in Uttaranchal. Involvement of tribal people and protection of their forest rights has now succeeded in using better methods of wild life protection. D. Power to People : Local Level Environment Management Environmental management at the local level is giving power to the people to manage their natural resources. Even after spending large sums on development and welfare activities, India could not perform too well intackling environmental management. It is, therefore, widely felt that local affairs should to be managed by
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Local Area Planning local people for taking care of their needs and aspirations. The 73rd and 74th amendments to the constitution have made decentralized planning possible in a democracy. A few examples of local level environmental management are shown on the map Fig. No. 30.4.
Local Area Planning
Notes
Fig. 30.4 Village Akbarpur GEOGRAPHY
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Constructing tanks, bunds, mini reservoirs for water harvesting, plantations along sloppy tracks and controlled pastoral activities are some of the local initiatives that have improved the quality of environment. 30.10 RESOURCE UTILISATION AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS Notes
Resources are all the materials and objects that are ready for use or available as needed by people. Utilisation of resource is a situation in which a commodity in nature is used. These should be balanced utilization of reasources. Resources utilised beyond the critical limit or without replacement leads to imbalances in the ecosystems and ultimately in the environment. Thus the rationale use of resources is of utmost importance. It helps human progress in the long run. A. Types and Utilisation of Resources: Primarily, there are two kinds of resources : non renewable (mineral wealth) which exhaust after bearing utilized once and there is a certain fixed amount of such resources in the world; and renewable resources (fresh water in rivers, oxygen in the atmosphere, the forests and the biological mass), which come from natural processes taking place on the earth and are balanced between annual increase and annual consumption, including the utilisation by human beings. Let us see how the environment influences man and in turn what influence society exerts on the nature. Today there is hardly a place where human beings would not be able to live and work. The effect of human intervention is on the increase in nature. For example while extracting mineral wealth, burning fuel, or irrigating crops in arid lands, we extract certain substances from nature. Similarly, while discharging industrial and agricultural waste and other such by products into the atmosphere and hydrosphere, we introduce new components into the environment. By Farming marshlands or piping water for household and industrial needs, we alter some of the elements of the water balance. The fragile ecosystems like mountains and valley areas are threatened by Felling of trees, road constructions, blasting of rocks and constructing mega dam projects. These activities are responsible for changes in the structure of earth surface and imbalances in the ecological set up. The use of soil resources for crop production, commercial plantation and pastures are eco-friendly activities carried out by human beings. However, unscientific practices of high intensily or cropping or overgrazing leads to soil erosion and becomes a challenge to the ecosystem. Similarly, deforestation, slash and burn cultivation, polluting industries etc. cause ecological as well as environmental crisis. Hence, it is important to understand the local resources and their utilisation in a eco-friendly and sustainable manner failing which ecological crisis will be inevitable. B. Depletion of Resources People have drawn quite a lot through their activities from our natural resources both renewable and non renewable. Some of them are depleted to a large extent
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or almost in full and others far a lesser degree. Human activities have increased to the extent that it alters the established patterns of cyclic movement of matter affecting the natural course of various processes on the Earth’s surface. The depletion of resources , the growing impact of humans on nature and above all the pollution of environment are matters of growing concern. This concern is further highlighted by the energy crisis and increasing food shortage. As a consequence, very serious ecological crisis is likely to occur. However, it will be possible to avoid the crisis, if measures are taken up to utilise resources on a rational manner, and a policy to conserve resources is adopted beginning from local to global levels.
Notes
C. Optimal Resource Utilisation The transformation of environment in the course of production by society is inevitable. Not only human society but infact any form of life affects Nature with its activity. Ecologists persist in their belief that the development of society will inevitably have negative effects on humans. These consequences in association with the depletion of resources augments ecological as well as economic crisis. The efforts of local area planning are aimed at maintaining a critical balance between available natural resources and their optimal utilisation in a sustainable manner, while private enterprise is guided solely by the profit motive regardless of social benefits or evils. It has been seen that the public sector development too suffers from a bias towards developing areas for political or commercial reasons. For example production of luxuries on a commercial scale leads to the exhaustion of resources. As a result the masses suffer even for the bare necessities of life. Since both public as well as private sector enterprises suffer from inherent weaknesses in the system, people’s participation in planning and management of resources is of utmost significance. The utilization of resources must be guided by the availability, existing efficiency and current and future needs of the society. The continuous monitoring of conservation practices keeping in mind the cyclic process of resource renewal and search for viable alternatives are some of the measures to meet the challenges of resources depletion.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 30.4 1.
How local needs vary from area to area? _______________________________________________________
2.
How are local resources important for local area planning? _______________________________________________________
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3.
What is a resource depletion? _______________________________________________________
4.
What is optimal resource utilization? _______________________________________________________
Notes 30.11 USE OF MAPS IN MANAGING THE LOCAL AREA PLANNING Knowledge about the local area, where people live and work, is of prime importance. The precise, accurate and comprehensive knowledge helps to manage and plan in an effective manner. Understanding the capacity of land, work efficiency of the people and their belief system is essential to develop a local area plan. The acquired knowledge information needs to be transferred in some presentable form for discussion and interactions on the theme; supervising activities and guidance. The primary data, the issues and problems needs to be organized in a systematic manner reflecting the qualities over the land. For this maps diagrams charts, photographs and sketches are very necessary. Maps act as a shorthand script to planners and geographers and a guide to common people. Local areas vary significantly in their physical set up and socio-economic conditions. There are different techniques to record and display the informations/knowledge. Among various forms of presenting information maps are the most effective tools of knowledge as they use scales and directions for true representation and theme specific focus. Besides the above, maps are easy to handle, comprehend and communicate through. A. Use of Maps, Sketches and Photographs Maps are used for a variety of purposes. They are used for the identification of landforms, resources, human settlements and site specific facilities and amentities. Maps are also used to show designs of buildings, transport routes and planning for the location of various activities such as markets, industries, schools, parks, playgrounds etc.The exercise on the feasibilities and viability of a planning project is also assessed through its maps. A drawing without having a scale, direction and projection is called as a sketch map. Sketches are used as a rough drawing for on the spot representation of facts and a remembrance for the records. These sketch maps and photographs are quite useful for finalizing the blue print of a local area planning. B. Choosing the size and scale of Maps for Local Area Planning Among various factors that have to be considered while preparing a map, the size of map, details to be shown, choice of the scale etc. are quite important. The size of a map will, in its turn, determine the scope of elements to be covered. The details to be shown determine the symbolization and shades for each element. The choice of the scale is guided by the space available for representing facts of the 20
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area on the map. Scale is a ratio between the map distance and the ground distance. Based on the requirement maps could be small or large scales. Small scale maps are used to show large areas with a few details. For example world maps, wall maps, atlas maps etc. are drawn on small scales. On the other hand, large scales are used to represent the plan of a building, agricultural fields/plots of a village locality topographical sheets etc. For local area planning, disaster management, public distribution systems and so on large scale maps are used as they depict many informations of a small area in detail.
Notes
C. Maps in Managing the Local Area Planning Maps are the basic tools for builders, developers, managers and planners. They act as guides to the visitors and ideals of achievements to the participants, planners and the people. Maps are the blue prints of the future plans. A base map is essential for planning the local area. It helps to conduct surveys related to land use, market, traffic consumer, household etc. Base maps help in developing other theme specific maps, diagrams and charts. It is a guide to the locality and the people for whom planning is to be conducted. A draft plan map is prepared based on the results of the field-work. The need based planning proposals, their sites, designs, details of the cost are depicted on the large scale map. The draft map helps in holding discussion and inviting suggestions from the experts and the local people. The discussions and suggestions, finally help in designing the blue print for the planning. Maps act as a base for knowing local area demands like buildings for public use such as schools, hospitals etc. funds, facilities, measurements of different kinds and expected expenditures or costs. Since maps carry detailed informations and are self explanatory also, they become a direct appeal to the funding agencies for their approval. Theme specific maps help in presentations, logical argumentation and step wise implementation of the local area plan. Use of modern technology in mapping like computer cartography, GIS, image processing etc. has made it possible to prepare maps of various kinds on different scales. Similarly, communication technology like internet, online, website etc. present scopes for transferring knowledge to other people and places. Thus mapping and communication technologies have a direct relevance to local area planning. 30.12 A CASE STUDY OF LOCAL AREA PLANNING : VILLAGE AKABARPUR (BANDA, UTTAR PRADESH) The village Akbarpur, district, Banda, the state of Uttar Pradesh. Geographically, the village lies at about 25o 12 ‘North latitude and 80o 47’ East longitude. The village is located in the northern margin of Central Indian plateau and forms the part of Bundelkhand region.
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Notes
Vindhyan hills and Badause forest range forms the southern and south western limits of the village. Towards north the village has common boundary with villages Chhatan and Pahara, while towards the south it has common boundary with Gonda, Kurari and Bharatkup. The general slope of the land is from south-west to northeast. In terms of structural formation, the Vindhyan sandstone forms the upper surface upon which Trans-Yamuna alluvial soil forms the top layer. However, there are mainly three types of soils in the village. The forest and hill soil found along the foothills and is characterized by the pieces of pebbles mixed in the thin soil cover. The black and yellow mixed soils are commonly found in the middle zone, while black alluvial soil dominate in the northern part of the village. Akbarpur experiences a transitional climate between hot moist climate of north east and hot dry climate of Thar desert. It records high temperatures during summer ranging between 400-450C and low temperatures during winter ranging between 50-100C. Most of the rainfall occurs during summer monsoon months. The amount of average annual rainfall ranges between 55-80 centimetres. The village has a mosque towards the west and temple towards the south-east. While majority of the village population belongs to Hindu Community, about one fifth of the population belongs to Muslim Community as well. It is a multi-occupational village having farmers, pastoralists, artesans, transporters, traders and other service providers. Thus village has a harmonious group of people. (i)
Socio-Economic Setup:-
Having an area of 1582 acres and a population of 3952 persons in the year 2005, Akbarpur is a medium size village. There are 382 households in the village. Nearly half of the households (197) belong to farming communities followed by agricultural labourers (106). Thus about 76.7 per cent households are directly engaged in agricultural activities. Nearly 15 percent households belong to the weavers community and remaining about 8 percent households belong to the category of artisans and other service providers. In terms of land holding less than 1 percent (0.94%) are large farmers, nearly 9 percent (8.91%) medium farmers and remaining large majority are the small and marginal farmers. Landless agricultural labourers account for about 37 percent of the total households in the village. Nearly 37 percent of the total population is literate. Of the total population, about 39.52 percent are the workers of which nearly 36 percent are the main workers and about 3 percent are the marginal workers. Main workers are those who remain engaged in specific works throughout the year, whereas marginal workers are employed for some part of the year on supplementary basis. In terms of general land use about 113 acres are not available for cultivation. The cultivable waste and fallow land account for 119 acres. The forest area of the village account for about 20.54 areas while total cultivable land is 646 acres. The actual area under cultivation is 379 acres of which nearly three fourth (287 acres) is reported to be irrigated.
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In terms of connectivity the village is well served by Jhansi-Allahabad highway and Jhansi - Manikpur section of Central railway. Towards the east city of Allahabad lies at a distance of about 135 kilometres and Kowri Town at about 15 Kilometres, while towards west Banda lies at a distance of 55 Kilometres. There is a bus stand in the village and the nearest railway station is at 1½ kilometre. (ii)
Agricultural Landuse
Notes
Agricultural landuse changes from season to season. Nearly 63 percent of the net sown area is devoted to kharif crops, while about 36 percent of the net sown area is devoted to rabi crops and remaining about 1 percent area to zaid crops. An account of kharif crops is presented here. Of the total cultivated land in kharif season rice accounted for about 32 percent, jowar nearby 25 percent and bajra about 24 percent. Thus about 82 percent of the cropped area is devoted to these three crops only. Among other kharif crops cotton accounted for about 8.00 per cent, pulses about 4.68 percent and oil seeds about 2.78 percent. Orchards and fibre crops account for 1 per cent each. (iii) Amenities and Social Facilities An account of amenities and social facilities reflect the level of social infrastructure in the locality. These are the basic requirements for all types of development. There are five personal phone sets besides one public call office in the village. Being located at the road side, there is a request bus stop in the village. Similarly, Bharatkup is the nearest railway station and is at a short distance of one and a half kilometer from the village. In terms of educational facilities the village has one primary as well as one junior high-school. There are two medical practioners and a government dispensary. A small rural market has also developed along the road side. There are nine small shops dealing with sweets and refreshment, tea, betel, general merchandise, stone pieces, firewood, repair shade, medical practitioner etc. The village has a security check post. In terms of drinking water facility, there are five wells in the village, 17 private handpumps and three handpumps installed by the Governments. (iv) Common Property Resources The identification and utilization of common properly resources for the welfare of the community is an important basis of developing a locality. Village Akbarpur has a large stock of common land, water, grasses and trees which need to be managed and maintained for the long term welfare of the local society. In terms of land resources Vindhyan Hills in the south offer stone pieces and blocks of stones, black, yellow and stony soils offer construction material besides acting as basis for all primary activities. In terms of water, village has one large and one small pond. While large pond lies close to the hills, small pond is towards the northeastern side. These ponds are very common sites in platean areas and are the basis for supply of water to animals and wild life. These ponds also serve as a basis for fisheries for local consumption and raising crops like water nuts, lotus etc. Grasslands GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
are the common property resource in the village. They are found as pieces of land along railway and highway tracts, along river, streams and adjacent to hilly tract in the south. Domestic animals of the village like sheeps, goats, cows, baffaloes, oxen ponies etc. graze in these pastures. Trees are yet another important common property resources. These trees provide valuable fruits, flowers, furniture wood and fire woods besides giving green look to the surroundings. Mangoes and Mahua are the large trees and are known for their commercial value in terms of fruits, flowers and furniture wood. Eucalyptus, Babool, Neem etc. are other trees used for furniture and fuel by the local residents. Kadam, Kaner bushes etc. are dwarf trees used by sheep goats for grazing besides being used as flowering plants in the hill slopes. (v) Planning Proposals Based on the above description certain planning proposals can be developed. These proposals could be divided into ecological, social and economic set of planning. A. Ecological Planning The ecological planning aims at improving the general environmental conditions of the locality. This could be planned interms of improving land, water and green cover in the village. The conservation practices of checking soil erosion, land scape sculptures along the hill slopes, bio-manures in the fields could be put into practice for improving the land quality. Similarly, for improving the quality and quantity of water resources to meet the domestic, pastoral and agricultural needs during drought years, deepening of tanks, cleaning the silts from the tanks and digging more sites for water recharge and rainwater harvesting may be properly planned. The availability of water will increase the level of irrigation and waterings in the field and in its turn it will increase the productivity of land besides making water available to the new plantations. The increase in the level of green cover and biomass is essential for sound environmental setup. Ways to increase green cover could include the plantation of medium and large trees along the highways, river banks, railway tracks, around the ponds and on the panchayat lands. Small and dwarf trees along with flowering plants could be planted along the hill slope. It is a planning proposal for which financial and technological help could be availed of from the Departments of Forests, Revenue and district planning office. Once these planning proposals are implemented cooperation and participation of the local people helps in protecting and maintaining these ecological input. B. Social planning Social planning is central to safe guard the interests of ecological as well as economic planning. A sound social setup is an asset to balanced development. The social planning of the village Akbarpur demands for more attention in the fields of health,
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education, training and job generation. The status of health among women, children and aged people is pathetic. It calls for an urgent planning towards opening a mini health centre besides having at least one maternity and child health centre. The trained lady health workers and assured delivery of health care can help in improving the health and controlling the population growth. Similarly, growing population of the village deserves to have an anganwadi and a middle and secondary school. An industrial training institute is also an essential requirement of the village, because weaving, carpentary, gold smithy are still practiced in the village as a family profession. To solve the problem of out migration of rural youths, self employment must be given priority in the village. A rural bank branch can also be established to solve the problem of loans, savings and investments of the people.
Notes
C. Economic Planning A sound economic base is essential for the development of a local area. Village Akbarpur has ponds which could be developed for fisheries and water nuts. The area has a sound base of stone pieces. Hence, mining and quarrying could be initiated as an economic activity. Trees from the forests especially dried ones could be used for timber works. Similarly sand and soils are available in large quantities for construction purposes. Modern handlooms can further upgrade the weaving and spinning works in the village. Introduction of high yielding variety of milk cattles like cows and baffaloes can improve the dairy industry in the village. Similarly, hybrid goats and sheeps can raise the income of pastoralists in the village. These animals can well be used for meat industry. Since the village is located along the highway, it could take up the advantage of selling its products to the markets of nearby towns Chitrakoot (Karwi) and Atarra. Establishing a bank and constructing a panchayat ghar besides constructing village roads can further improve the interaction of rural community with its urban counter parts, where rural products could be sold on regular basis.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 30.5 1.
What factors need to be considered while preparing a map?
2.
What is the geographical location of village Akbarpur? Draw a sketch map using the description given in the text.
3.
What is the agricultural landuse of the village Akbarpur.
4.
What are the planning needs of the village Akbarpur.
5.
Discuss major social and economic plans of the planning in village Akbarpur.
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WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT
Notes
26
Local area planning is a process of planning that is concerned with resolving local level problems and issues. Local area is both a physical as well as a cultural attribute like landscape of an area, local products of folk dances, handicrafts etc. An effort to devise way and means to solve the problems of places and people is termed as planning. Planning is carried out of various levels from small local area to as large area as the world. However, it is the sincere effort of the local people that ensures local area clean, green and prosperous. For local area planning, formulation of objectives fixing targets and priorities to be achieved, mobilization of local and other resources for the execution of plan, creating social group for the implementation of the plan and monitoring of progress are the basic requirements. The success of local area planning largely depends upon the ecological and socioeconomic base of the locality. As such local area plans vary significantly from place to place. The dimensions of local area planning are essentially to fulfill the basic and higher needs of the people besides creating adequate opportunities for employment and income generation to meet the growing needs of local people. Hence, need based utilization of local resources is a precondition for such a planning. Local resources refer to land resources like rocks and soils, water resources, plantations and forest resources. Assessment of local resources helps in data collection and preparation of plan and its implementation. Planning is, thus, a continuous process. India is making planned efforts to develop its economy and areas for the welfare of people. India has designed 10 Five Year Plans based on its priorities so far. Priorities have been changing during different plan periods. However, all of these plans were aimed at achieving higher economic growth rates while keeping general welfare of the people as the main goal. There are distinct problems and potentials of the different regions. Hence, present unique needs for planning. Water harvesting and management, protection and promotion of forest, tribal welfare and protection of wild life, power to the people for managing local environment are some of the planning priorities of different regions based on their unique needs. To improve the quality of local environment, utilization of local resources and initiatives of the local people are important. There is a need for optimal resource utilisation in the light of resource depletion and their renewability. Maps are the basic tools and designs for the development and planning of a local area. As such use of maps, sketches and photographs helps in the identification of local issues, collection of data/information and for finalizing the blue print of local area planning. The case studies need to be conducted to analyse the socio-economic set up, landuse pattern, amenities and social facilities and common property resources in the area. Based on the result of the case studies, planning proposals need to be developed. These proposal must include the issues and specific schemes for environmental, social and economic planning of the area.
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TERMINAL QUESTIONS 1.
Describe any two dimensions of local area planning in brief. _______________________________________________________
2.
Discuss the basic features of developing a local area plan.
Notes
_______________________________________________________ 3.
How can local people help to improve their local area by local self initiative. _______________________________________________________
4.
What is the utility of maps in managing the local area planning. _______________________________________________________
5.
Explain the unique needs of tribal areas. _______________________________________________________
ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS 30.1 1.
Local area is a location site specific issue, commodity or community. It presents both physical as well as cultural landscape, local products like handicrafts and specialties of the locality such as folk dances, art artifacts etc. Local area reflects strong bonds of association with the location and people. Planning is an effort to devise ways and means to solve the problems faced by the people and places. It also aims at improving the local environment and quality of human life.
2.
Various levels of planning in India are: Local area planning, Block or micro level planning, District level planning, State level planning and National level planning.
3.
4.
Three challenges for the planning of an area are: A.
Environmental degradation
B.
Poverty and malnutrition
C.
Unemployment
Basic expectations of people from planning. A.
Provision of basic services and amenities.
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5.
B.
Developmental projects like irrigation, industries for increased agricultural and industrial productions
C.
Job generation and markets to sell their products.
Basic requirements of planning are:
Notes A.
Formation of goals
B.
Fixing targets and priorities.
C.
Mobilization of resources.
D.
Creation of social group.
E.
Evaluation and monitoring of the progress.
30.2 1.
Two examples of eco-friendly planning are: A.
Taming the rivers for irrigation and flood control.
B.
Plantation
2.
There is an apparent need for maintaining a balance between the availability of resources and human requirement because resources have limitations of renewability and depletion. Hence, utilization of resources has to be judicious to meet the human requirements.
3.
The designing of tree plantations in a local area should be based on the following:
4.
A.
Relief
B.
Climatic conditions
C.
Pedological conditions
D.
Natural vegetation
Two examples of basic and higher needs a. basic needs
(i) Safe drinking water (ii) Basic education and health
b. Higher needs
(i) Technical Education (ii) Advanced transport system
5.
Two effects of technological innovation and institutional support. a.
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(ii) Information Revolution b.
Institutional support
(i) Education for all (ii) Public transport system
30.3
Notes
1.
Local people play significant role in area planning through their experiences in designing schemes of development, participation in the implementation and execution of planning schemes and cooperation in maintaining the projects planned.
2.
The special emphasis of development during: A.
First Five Year Plan was on developing irrigation networks.
B.
Second Five Year Plan was on self reliance on industrial development.
3.
The aims of Tenth Five Year Plan are cleaning of major rivers, rainwater harvesting, interlinking of rivers, public delivery system, literacy mission, health for all.
4.
Match the column I with column II. A-2,
B-1,
C-5,
D-3,
E-4.
30.4 1.
Local needs vary from area to area depending upon area specific issues and problems and potentials available for development.
2.
Local resources are important for local area planning because development activities are mostly based on resources. Use of local resources, minimizes the cost of planning and maximises the benefits to local people.
3.
Resource depletion is the decrease in the available stock of resources. Some of the resources have been depleted to a large extent, while others to a lesser degree.
4.
Optimal utilization of resources refers to the judicious use of resources in meeting the human requirements so that it continues to remain sustainable.
30.5 1.
Factors such as size of the map, details to be shown, choice of scale etc. need to be considered while preparing a map.
2.
The geographic location of village Akbarpur is at 25012’ North latitude and 80047’ East longitude.
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Notes
3.
The agricultural land use of village Akbarpur is dominated by rice, jowar and bajra in kharif season and wheat, gram, pulses and oil seeds in rabi season. The kharif crops occupy nearly 63 percent, whereas rabi crops cover about 36 percent and the remaining about 1 percent is devoted to zaid crops.
4.
The planning needs of village Akbarpur are related to the provisions of basic facilities, irrigation facilities and agri-industries for development.
5.
See planning proposal of Akbarpur under the heads of environmental, social and economic planning.
HINTS TO TERMINAL QUESTIONS
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1.
Refer to section 30.3
2.
Refer to section 30.5
3.
Refer to section 30.7
4.
Refer to section 30.9
5.
Refer to section 30.7
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31 Notes
DATA COLLECTION, PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
In the previous lesson we have learnt about the concept and approaches of local area planning for which data is a necessary condition. In this chapter we will discuss about the procedures followed in data collection processing and analysis. In our routine life we come across several information through print, audio and visual media, social gatherings and discussions. But have you ever thought how data for these information is collected, processed and anlaysed? The collection of data refers to a plan for gathering data, information from field situations. A set of procedure is followed to get the desired data/ information from the field work in geography, to process and analyse the facts in a logical and scientific manner.
OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to : identify the steps and issues involved in data collection; describe various tools and techniques of data collection; formulate questionnaire, schedule, rating scales etc.; draw sketch maps of the area to be surveyed; select the samples and collect primary data/information; collect secondary data; make simple tables and diagrams from the collected data; analyse tables, maps, diagrams, photographs and charts, and generalize the results and make suggestions. GEOGRAPHY
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31.1 STEPS IN DATA COLLECTION Broadly speaking there are three major steps in data collection viz.
Notes
1.
One can ask people questions related to the problem being investigated.
2.
One can make observations related to places, people and organizations their products or outcomes.
3.
One can utilize existing records or data already gathered by others for the purpose.
The first two steps relate to the collection of primary data while the third step relates to the collection of secondary data. The information/data collected by a person directly is known as primary data while records or data collected from offices/institutions is known as secondary data. A. Steps in Primary Data Collection: Collection of primary data involves the following steps : 1.
Making oneself ready both mentally as well as physically for collecting primary data from field situations.
2.
Keeping a field book/record book or diary for writing relevant information, doing field sketching or writing records of the occurrence of phenomenon at specific time intervals.
3.
Administering questionnaire schedule to the target groups of area people across sampled sites.
4.
Verifying the facts through cross checks in the answers and ground realties.
5.
Integrating the observations, responses and recorded facts in a systematic and logical framework.
B. Steps in Secondary Data Collection: The collection of secondary data involves the following steps:
32
1.
Knowledge about the offices/institutes etc. keeping the record of relevant data is of prime importance to obtain the secondary data/information.
2.
Get an official letter containing your requirements of data and purpose of data collection from your Principal/Head of the Institute? Your identity card is also an essential requirement to get an entry in the offices.
3.
Keep a note book/record file to transfer data for the purpose. It could also be done with the help of photo copying systems.
4.
The secondary data, thus, collected forms the basis for tabulation and processing as per need. GEOGRAPHY
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C. Identification of Issues: It is very important to identify clearly the issues that are going to be assessed. Depending upon the availability of time, cost, manpower and tools, a frame work of issues to be covered need to be developed. In case of local area planning the following issues need to be considered. 1.
Issues related to environmental conditions like environmental degradation, quality of human life etc.
2.
Social issues like people’s perception, literacy status, health hazards, incidence of crime etc.
3.
Economic issues like employment, expenditure pattern, flow of goods and commodities etc.
4.
Population study for agriculture, industry etc.
5.
Landuse study for agriculture, industry etc.
6.
Facilities and amenities available for social and economic development.
7.
Problems related to growth of economy such as irrigation, means of transportation, availability of power etc.
8.
Focal theme of planning like provision of basic amenities in slum areas, pollution control, clean environment in an industrial area.
Notes
31.2 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION For data collection we make use of certain tools and follow specific techniques. The tools that help in data collection are as under: Observing the phenomenon and recording the details, Inquiring about the facts through questionnaires/schedules Making measurements. Conducting tests. Recording the events. Now let us study some of these tools and techniques of data collection. A. Questionnaires: The questionnaires or interview schedules are the set of questions framed for the specific purpose of data collection through field work. The questionnaire serves two purposes. First, it translates the objectives of the field work into specific questions which help in the collection of necessary data. The data collected through the responses of the questions forms the basis of understanding the problem or explore the idea set by the objective. In order GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
to achieve these objectives, each question must communicate to the respondent the idea or group of ideas required by the objective and obtain a response which can be analysed to fulfill the objectives. The question must perform these functions with minimum distortion of the response it deals. In asking a question to the respondents, we assume that he possesses adequate knowledge, opinion or attitude. Each question should, therefore, be constructed so as to elicit a response which accurately and completely reflects each respondent’s position. The second purpose of questionnaire is to assist interviewer in motivating the respondent to communicate the required information. There are many factors which determine the respondent’s willingness to engage in an interview. The questionnaire itself does much to determine the nature of interviewer-respondent relationship. Thus, the quantity and quality of data collected depends largely on the nature of questionnaire. (a) Contents of Questionnaire: The following two types of information should from the contents of questionnaire: (i) Identity or location specific contents (ii) Respondent centred contents (b) Form of Questionnaire: The form of questionnaire depends upon some of the factors such as willingness of the respondents, usefulness of the information and its level, language, sequence of questions, single idea etc. (c) The Interview The process of conducting interviews starts soon after the formulation of questionnaire is complete. The investigator should have a letter of introduction to explain about himself in the field. The letter of introduction must have a note that the information so collected is going to be used for the purposes of presentations and educational use only. The information will remain anonymous completely. While conducting interviews, we should help in removing the difficulties of the respondents without giving any clue as to the answer required. As far as possible we are not supposed to make any responses or show any expressions to the answers. Finally we should pay regards and express thanks to the respondents for their co-operation. B. The Schedules The schedules are the timed plan for a survey. It reflects time specific recording of the phenomena like traffic survey, consumer behaviour survey, precipitation
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pattern etc. The investigator must record the occurrence of a phenomenon over a specific time interval. The time is an important reference of analysis. It could be in convenient units of hours, minutes or seconds depending upon the frequency of occurrences. Similarly, a phenomenon is more often associated with several elements. Hence, the record book need to have further sub divisions both on X as well as on Y axis. 1.
What phenomenon to be selected and recorded in order to obtain the required information?
2.
Under what conditions are observations to be made? How is the observational situation structured?
3.
Can a score be assigned to the observation and what are the characteristics of that score?
4.
How stable are the observations? Can the same results be obtained under the same conditions?
5.
Whether the phenomenon observed has functional unity with same process?
Notes
C. Rating Scales By the term rating scale, we mean a scale with a set of points, which describe varying degrees of dimension being observed. Rating scales are most often used in either of two ways, 1) to record the pattern at frequent intervals, or 2) to rate the entire event after it has ended. Thus, rating scales, which contain a variety of items at each point on the scale, are more efficient since they can provide more data per observer, more dimensions per unit of area and time. Investigator observes a number of acts throughout the situation, integrates them in his mind, and makes a judgment as to which point on a number of scales best described his interpretation of the varied behavior. The following examples offer an idea of rating scales. Temperature Conditions: Very Cold
Cold
Cool
Moderately Warm
Hot
Very Hot
0
1
2
3
4
5
Medium Level
High Level
Very High Level
3
4
5
Development Level: Under Developed
VeryLow Low Level Level
0
1
2
D. Field Sketches Making of field sketches on the spot is an essential component of field survey
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Notes
in geography. These are simple, rough drawings or design done rapidly to depict the ground truth on a piece of paper. Geographical facts like structure or form of physical landscape, location and site, mobility, intensity of interactions, patterns of level use, distance and directions and interdependence of certain natural or cultural objects can be depicted symbolically in the form of field sketches. E. Photographs Camera is one of the important equipments that is needed during the course of a field work and data collection. It is needed for taking photographs of typical features. Photographs present the view of a landscape in its totality, activity in operation and events in their occurrences. Photographs provide comprehensive data bases for analysis and interpretation. Certain aspects that need more time to record such as conditions in a slum locality, variety of landscapes, plant species, office and factory systems can be photographed and the output can be used for the explanations and analysis. Photographs are used to supplement the results. The formulations of questionnaires serve two purposes: (i) first translate the objectives of the field-work into specific questions which help in collection of data and (ii) the second purpose is to assist the interviewer in motivating the respondents to communicate the required information. Various factors which affect the form of questionnaires are (i) willingness of the respondent, (ii) the frame of reference, (iii) usefulness of the information, (iv) possibility of misunderstanding, (v) type of questions, (vi) the information level (viii) social acceptance (viii) single idea and (ix) sequence of question. Various precautions need to be observed while administering the questionnaire. These precautions are (i) The collection of information need to be done in an atmosphere of permissiveness, (ii) the respondent should not be kept in dark about the purpose, (iii) explain the anonymous or confidential nature of interview, (iv) socially unacceptable questions need to be avoided, and (v) the intention of the interview need to be given convincing explanations. F.
Methods of Administering the Questionnaires and Survey Schedules
The questionnaires are the set of questions framed for specific purpose of field work. Before designing the questions the purpose of specific problem is divided into various steps and phases. After this logical sequence of questions is to be developed so that desired response can be obtained. The coding of questions (each question to be given a numerical code) is another important dimension required for the transfer of data/information to 36
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computers. The whole questionnaires is divided into schedules sets like household schedule, amenities and facilities schedule, function or activity schedule. Thus the questionnaires is a set of schedules having purpose specific questions. Schedule of time is another dimension worked out to complete the field work in given period. Normally, the administration of questionnaire will follow a sequence of procedures in the manner given below: 1.
Building Rapport: It refers to the atmosphere of entire relationship between respondent and interviewer. It would be necessary for him to establish a deeper kind of personal relationship with the respondent.
2.
Asking the Questions : The interviewer’s job of asking questions from the questionnaire is through the use of carefully worded questions transmitted to the respondent in verbatim which will help in achieving most of the standardization in the interview. The major aims of putting questions to a variety of respondents is to have complete and clear response about the point of investigation.’
3.
Use of the field sketches and sketch maps: The field sketches are additional supports to the questionnaires in the collection of primary data. Field sketches supplement the set of information by producing a rough image of physical as well as cultural landscapes. These are the free hand pencil or pen drawn images on the field diary. These sketches help remembering and recollection of field relations. They also substantiate the facts as a visual presentations.
Notes
G. Collection of Information Both the tools of registration and recording help us in the collection of primary data. With the help of these tools, we try to transfer the facts from field into data and tables. In this process of collection, there is obviously the loss of some information. Nevertheless, a good deal of satisfactory information is collected and utilized for the purpose of analysis and interpretation. Based on the set of questionnaires, schedule administered to the respondent, the desired information/data is collected. The collection of information could be a routine as well as specific purpose exercise. The routine data collection could relate to daily sales, commuting population, movements of goods etc. Similarly, recording of weather elements like temperature, air pressure, precipitation, direction of winds, cloud cover, sea conditions etc. is a routine data collection. There are many other examples of daily data collection. Based on the daily information or facts, seasonal trends and annual averages are worked out. The purpose specific data is collected at one point of time only. H. Precauations in Collecting the Information The task of collecting the needed genuine information is difficult one. The GEOGRAPHY
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collection of data from field situations is a complicated affair compared to the office or organizational situation. To get an unambiguous, unbiased and correct information from field, specific precautions need to be observed. These are related to the non-cooperation, incorrect information and tensions. The following precautions need to be observed to overcome these difficulties: Notes
(i)
The collection of information need to be done in a friendly way. The interviewer is supposed to remain humble, polite and establish good rapport with the respondent.
(ii)
The use of words and sentences should not sound unfamiliar and causing hurt to the sentiments of the respondents. Such words and sentences need to be replaced by more appropriate words.
(iii) Socially unacceptable questions need to be avoided. If so required, indirect information be used for the purpose. (iv) The respondents should not be kept in dark about the purpose of the field work. The respondent may not like to answer the questions if he is not clearly explained about the objective of the fieldwork and more specifically about his selection as sample for the data collection. (v)
The respondent need to be assured of his/her identity and response to remain undisclosed (anonymous) and his/her cooperation to be duly acknowledged in the work.
(vi) The intentions of the interview need to be given convincing explanations. The information collected is in no way going to affect the respondent adversely i.e., to impose a check upon his activities. I. Selection of Samples and Sample Size A sample is a part of a larger group or area selected for obtaining information about the whole group or area known as the universe of the study. The part of the whole is called sample and is used to ascertain the characteristics of the universe of the study. While choosing a sample, the population is assumed to be composed of individual area units or members of the group. Some of these units or members of the population selected for detailed study are called the samples. When the entire universe is taken into consideration for the study, it is known as census survey. Examples are population census, agricultural census and so on.
38
1.
Identification of Samples: The identification of samples is the first task while conducting the field survey. The selection of sample should be such that it reflects the characteristics of the whole. The sample should not be identical as it leads to error.
2.
Sampling Techniques : Samples are selected to avoid unnecessary large expenditures likely to be incurred on the total survey of all the units of universe of study. Moreover, a sample study can be completed in a lesser GEOGRAPHY
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time period compared to the study of universe or population. The level of accuracy also increases when we study a smaller area units and vice versa in case of the universe. The measures of assessments, estimates and projections can be better used for the purpose of planning, execution and diffusion studies. Some of the popular sampling techniques are discussed here.
Notes
(a) Systematic Sampling : The items selected from the population are chosen in a regular way. Such a procedure of sampling is called a systematic sampling. For example selection of samples in a multiple of 8(8th 16th, 24th etc.), 10 (10th, 20th, 30th etc.) or any other number so decided. (b) Random Sampling: The selection of samples, in random sampling, depends upon the chance as universe presents homogenous conditions throughout. There are two types of random sampling. (i) Simple Random Sampling: The procedure of sampling in which each unit of universe has equal chance of being included as the sample is known as simple random sampling. For example in a survey on consumer behavior each consumer has an equal chance for being selected as a sample. (ii) Stratified Random Sampling : This type of sampling procedure is used when considerable heterogeneity is present in the distribution. The selection of samples in such a situation is based on the division of the universe of study into homogeneous subgroups or strata. Certain aspects of study present stratified character like social structure (having groups like general population. SC population and ST population); economic structure (primary, secondary, tertiary sector etc.) Random samples are selected from each sub group based on their relative significance in the universe. 3.
Sample Size: There are two basic requirements for the sample to fulfill. A sample must be representative and adequate. The sample is said to be representative when it reflects the various patterns and sub classes of the universe of the study. Similarly, a sample is adequate if it provides very precise result to the investigator. It is important to note that larger is the sample size, greater is the accuracy. Usually a small sample is sufficient if the phenomenon studied is fairly homogeneous which very rarely occurs. Normally, for a field survey sample size chosen is about 5 to 10 percent of the total units of the universe. The sum total or aggregate from which the sample is taken and the result is derived is known as the universe or population.
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A sample is a part of a group or aggregate selected for the purpose of obtaining information about the universe. The procedure dealing with the selection of a part of a group from the universe to obtain information about the whole or the universe is known as sampling.
Notes
A scheme for obtaining a suitable sample from a given universe is known as sampling design. It also indicates the size of the sample to be used keeping in view the cost involved and the precision of the result required. A procedure of sample selection in which units are selected at equal interval is known as simple random sampling. Stratified random sampling is a method of sample selection in which the universe of the study is divided in to homogeneous subgroups and simple random sample is selected from each subgroup.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 31.1 1.
2.
Give a single term to the following statements: a.
The date collected by asking questions from people or making observations related to the problem of investigation is known as.
b.
The data available in records or already gathered by others for the purpose is called.
c.
The material medium that help in data collection are called as.
d.
Methods or ways through which data is collected are known as.
e.
A set of questions framed for the purpose of data collection through field work is called.
State three important steps each for primary and secondary data collection. A. Primary data collection
1. 2. 3.
B. Secondary data collection
1. 2. 3.
3.
Match the two columns Coumn A (a) Interview
40
Column B (1) A type of scale with a set of points, which describe varying degrees of dimensions. GEOGRAPHY
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4.
(b) Schedules
(2) A rough drawing or design to present the item.
(c) Rating Scale
(3) A timed plan for finalizing a project or field work.
(d) Sketches
(4) The process of interacting with the target group in the form of questions.
State the two types of information that form the contents of the questionnaire. (a)
5.
Notes
(b)
Name two criteria which are necessary for the identification of a sample. (i)
(ii)
31.3 PROCESSING OF DATA The processing of data/information is an essential dimension of stream lining the facts and writing of a field report. A separate account of processing is given here. (A) Processing of primary data: The primary data collected from the field remains in the raw form of statements, digits and qualitative terms. The raw data contains error, omissions and inconsistencies. It requires corrections after careful scrutinizing the completed questionnaires. The following steps are involved in the processing of primary data. (i) Editing of data: The editing of data can be done at two stages: field and post-field editing. The field editing is a review of reporting by the investigator for completing what has been written in an abbreviated form during interviewing the respondent. The post-field editing is carried out when field survey is completed and all the forms of schedule have been collected together. This type of editing requires review of all forms thoroughly. (ii) The coding of data: To keep the response with in limited alternatives, we need to assign some alphabetical or numerical symbols or both to the answers. The alternatives must be mutually exclusive i.e. defined in one concept or term only. This form of processing is known as coding. For example in a question of educational qualifications alternative choices given are: Uneducated; Below Matriculation; Matriculation & above but below Graduate; Graduate & above; Technical Diploma; Technical Degree
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The alphabetical codes assigned to these alternatives could be A,B,C,D,E and F. Similarly, numerical codes to these alternatives could be 1,2,3,4.,and 5 respectively. It is necessary for the efficient analysis. Though coding exercise is a part of the formulation of questionnaire yet responses to questions need to be coded and made final at the processing stage. This simplifies the transfer of data from questionnaires to the master chart. It is a two dimensional chart in which observations are entered on one axis (X) and details of the responses on the other axis (Y). The calculations becomes easier and quicker if the details are coded and entered in the master chart or fed in the computers.
Notes
(iii) Organization of Data: The data information collected through different sources should be organized. The first task in this regard is to develop a master chart. For example in a local area survey, we record individual households in rows and the details of population, function, facilities and amenities etc. in columns. Thus a large chart is prepared that contains, practically, all relevant information/data. Finally the total of rows and columns are cross-checked. The information arranged in an ascending order is known as the array of data. The set of information related to specific entity is called the field. The following illustration demonstrates the way data is organized. Households
Details
Population Functions P M F Agri Ind Trade
Service T.V.
Facilities Phone Vehicle
01
20 12 08 5
-
1
12
1
1
1 Scooter
02
17 09 08 6
-
1
1
1
1
1 Scooter
03
9
-
2
1
1
2
1 Car and
04 05 -
1 Scooter 04
12 06 06
1
05
13 07 06 2
-
-
2
1
1
1 Scooter
2
1
-
1 Scooter
(iv) Classification of data: A huge volume of raw data collected through field survey needs to be grouped for similar details of individual responses. The process of organizing data into groups and classes on the basis of certain characteristics is known as the classification of data. Classification helps in making comparisons among the categories of observations. It can be either according to numerical characteristics or according to attributes. The numerical characteristics are classified on the basis of class intervals. For example monthly income up to Rs.2000 may form its group and the respondents reporting income in the range may form its frequency. Similarly, further group can also be made like income group Rs.2000 to Rs.3000 and so on. The number of items entered against each class is known as the frequency of the class. Every class has a lower and an upper limit. The difference between the upper
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and lower limits is known as the range of the class. The class intervals are mostly kept equal. Sometimes when the range of the data is too large class intervals are not kept equal, instead they are based on the perceptible gaps in the array of the data. For example settlements having less than 2000 population can be grouped as below 200 population 200-500 population, 500-1000 population and so on. In this group as class intervals are unequal.
Notes
The data is also classified on the following bases. 1. Descriptive characteristics-example land holding, sex, caste and so on. 2. Time, situation and area specific characteristics. 3. Nature of data as continuous or discrete. (B) Presentation of data: The presentation of data could be tabular, statistical and cartographic. In case of tabular form of presentation, data related to different variables should be classified and compared. Various statistical techniques are available to derive accurate and precise results. Since techniques have a large range coupled with the limitations of their own, selection of appropriate technique needs to be made for the purpose. The construction of graphs, charts, diagrams and maps are the various forms of cartographic presentations. The data is transformed into cartographic system which is used for visual presentation. A brief account of tabular, statistical as well as cartographic presentation of data is discussed below. (i) Tabular Presentation: It is used for summarization of data in its micro form. It helps in the analysis of trends, relationship and other characteristics of a given data. Simple tabulation is used to answer question related to one characteristic of the data whereas complex tabulation is used to present several interrelated characteristics. Complex tabulation results in two way, three way tables which give information about two or three inter-related characteristic of data. The following points may be kept in mind while constructing a table. 1.
To make a table easily understandable without a text, a clear and concise title be given just above the frame of the table.
2.
Each table should be numbered to facilitate easy reference.
3.
Both columns and rows of the table should have a short and clear caption. They may also be numbered to facilitate the reference.
4.
The units of measurement (production units)- kgs, quintals, tones, or areal units-hectare, kilometre) be indicated. If table relates to some specific time, it must be mentioned. The tables should be logical, clear and as simple as possible.
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Notes
5.
The source of data must be indicated just below the body of the table.
6.
The abbreviated words and explanatory foot notes if any should be placed beneath the table. However, it should be used to the minimum possible extent.
7.
The sequence of data categories in a table may follow alphabetical, chronological, geographical order according to magnitude of the item presented.
(ii) Statistical Presentation of data: The data collected through various sources needs to be processed statistically for precise explanations. Very often it becomes necessary to obtain a single representative value for the whole data set. The statistical measures that enable us to work out a single representative figure for the entire data distribution, is known as central tendency. Measures of central tendency help us to compare different distributions besides being representative for each distribution. These measures normally denote the central points of values, distance and occurrence in a distribution. The commonly used measures of central tendency are: (a) Arithmetic mean or average (b) Median
ΣX X
(c) Mode (a) Arithmetic Mean It is most frequently used and is calculated by adding the sum of all individual values in a distribution and dividing the sum by the total number of individuals. For example, the production of rice per acre in five districts is 10, 8, 12,9 and 6 quintals. The average production of rice for these districts is : 10 + 8 + 12 + 9 + 6 45 = = 9 quintals per acre 5 5
The arithmetic mean is expressed in the form of equation noted below:
Where X is the mean value, is the total of X values, N= Number of individuals/observations. The arithmetic mean can be easily worked for small ungrouped data. However, when the number of observations are large and data is in the form of frequency 44
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distribution of groups, arithmetic mean will be worked out with the help of following equation.
Notes Where is the arithmetic mean, f is the frequency, m is the mid value of the classes Example Calculate the arithmetic mean from the temperature data given in the following table. Classes (Temperatures in degree Celsius)
No. of days f
Mid values
x
f
m
fm
1-05
20
3
60
06-10
24
8
192
11-15
44
13
572
16-20
72
18
1296
21-25
76
23
1748
26-30
60
28
1680
31-35
62
33
1716
36-40
4
38
152
41-45
8
43
344
Σ fm f =Σ =360 7760 fm 7760 X X= = 21.50°C Σf 360
f = 360 days
fx=7760
From the above
temperature Merits of the Arithmetic Mean 1.
It is easy to understand the complete idea of the distribution and simple to workout.
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Notes
2.
It is the average of the values in a distribution. Hence, it has a balancing property in case of sample surveys.
3.
It is widely used in case of normal distributions.
The arithmetic mean has certain limitations. It is affected by the extreme values especially when they are large. For example, income variations are very wide in case of Indian population. (b) Median Median is the middle most positional average. It is worked out by arranging data in an ascending or descending order. For example, the value of the median is worked out by adding 1 to the number of observation and the sum divided by two. It is expressed as:
For example if we are interested in working out the median latitude and longitude for the country, we must arrange these distributions in a tabular form. Latitudinal Extent of the Mainland of India (8’4’ N to 37’ 6’ N) 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
The median or middle most latitude of India is 23°N which is close to the Tropic of cancer (23° 30' N,). Since mainland of India starts from 8' 4’ N which is a part of 9th latitude and extends up to 37° 6’ N which covers the 37° latitude completely, hence the latitudinal coverage of India is approximately 29° latitudes. The median latitude is therefore, 23°N i.e. Med =
N + 1 29 + 1 30 = = = 15 2 2 2
8° + 15° = 23°N Southern tip of India)+ 15° (median value)=23° (middle east latitude of India) Similarly, we can also workout the median value for the longitudinal extent of India. The Longitudinal Extent of India ranges between = 68°7’ E to 97°25’E. The median or middle most longitude for the country is 83°E.
46
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97 GEOGRAPHY
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Longitudes are used to calculate local time, standard time of a nation and international time which is linked to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Indian 0 standard time is calculated keeping 82 30’E longitude as the base. The median 0 longitude for the country is 83 E which is close to the standard meridian used for Indian Standard Time calculation. Notes
Merits of Median: 1.
Being the middle most value, median remains unaffected by the extreme values in the distribution as in the case of arithmetic mean.
2.
It is a partition value which divides the series into two nearly equal parts and remains the centre of gravity.
3.
However, it cannot be worked out without putting data in an ascending or descending order. If data are large, it might be a time consuming and tedious job. The values of median will be erratic if one or two items are added or subtracted from the series.
(c) Mode: It is one of the important measures of central tendency. The maximum concentration of items occurring in a distribution is considered to ascertain the mode. The value which occurs most frequently is identified as mode in case of ungrouped data. Similarly, for grouped data the mode can be calculated by identifying the class with the highest frequency. The mode denotes the centrality of the occurrence of an item in the distribution. The distribution of rural settlements in Uttar Pradesh is given below. Workout the mode for the data. Distribution of Rural settlements in Uttar Pradesh 2001 Size of Very small Small Rural Settlements (Below 500 (500-999) Population) Proportion of distribution
16.69
23.46
Medium Large Very Large (1500-1999) (2000-4999) (5000 and above) 47.97
10.59
1.29
Solution: Arrange the data in a sequence (either from small to large or from large to small). Put up the frequency values against each. Now compare the frequencies. The distribution registering maximum frequency is identified as ‘mode’. Merits of the Mode: 1.
It is the most typical value of a series. Mode can be located easily by the inspection and can be used by common people also.
2.
The occurrence of a few extreme values does not affect the mode, since it is the most typical value of series.
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It is, however, not a significant measure of central tendency unless the number of observations is large. Both in case of uniform as well as skewed distributions, mode ceases to be a measure of central tendency. Percentiles: Notes
Percentile is a measure which divides a series into 100 equal parts. It helps to understand various classes or categories that constitute a distribution. It is expressed as:
Pj N /100 − C for grouped for ungrouped series and Pj = L1 + f series Where P is the percentile and N is the number of observations. There are 99 percentiles, P P …………….P 1
2
99
th
L = The lower limit of the j percentile class, this is frequency of this class, 1
C = is the cumulative frequency of the class preceding the percentile class, and th
h = the magnitude of the j percentile class. P
f = the frequency of the percentile class.
Distribution of Monthly Income Among Households of a locality Actual Number Percentage Distribution Economically weaker sections (Below Rs.500)
112
56.0
Lower Income Group (500-999)
41
20.5
Middle Income Group (1000-4999)
29
14.5
High Income Group (5000 and above)
18
9.0
Total
48
200
100=00
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Distribution of Per Capita Monthly Income of the Households of a locality Income group in Rs.
No. of Households Frequency
Cumulative Frequency
Below 500
112
112
500-999
41
153
1000-4999
29
182
5000 and above
18
200
Total
200
Notes
th
Let us calculate 60 percentile as P . 60
Now P = 60
The 120 the income lies in the group 500–999 so that, l =500, f = 41, c = 112 and h = 500 1
P = 500 60
60× 200 ÷ 100 120 − 112 = 120 + × 500 41
8 = 500 + × 500 41
= 500 + 97.56 Ans. = Rs. 597.56 It means that 60 percent of the monthly incomes are below Rs. 597.56 and remaining 40 percent above it. (iii) Cartographic Presentation of Data: The primary data collected through the field survey may be presented cartographically. The representation of data in visual form refers either to time, space or to both. The cartographic presentation refers to the display of data by constructing graphs, diagrams and maps. The set of data is transformed into some form of figure which is used for illustrations. These figures could be graphic, geometric or theme specific maps. A brief discussion on different form of cartographic presentation is given here. (a) Graphical Presentation of Data: The graph refers to the arrangement of horizontal as well as vertical lines in inch or centimeter’s divisions. These divisions are in an arithmetic sequence. A graph is used to locate the position of a given characteristic with respect to two variables represented by two axes of the graph. ‘While ordinate or X axis represents independent variable, GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
abscissa or Y axis represents the dependent variable. Due care is needed in the construction and interpretation of graphs. Theoretically, a phenomenon could be either increasing or decreasing or keeping constant trend of change across time. However, the observed facts may represent the change in a mixed fashion. For example, we can make use of simple line graph to represent the profile of Indian population during the past ten decades i.e. 1901 to 2001. Although we can see changes in the data, the presentation of the same on a line graph provides better comprehension. Table 31.1 : Growth of Population in India 1901-2001 (Population in million persons) Year
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
Pop.
1238.3
1252.0 251.3
278.9
318.6
361.0
439.2
548.1
685.1
846.3 1028.73
2001
Fig. 31.1 Growth of Population in India (1901-2001)
(b) Compound Graphs: These graphs are being used to represent two or more dependent quantities at the same time. Different quantities represented by curves are either superimposed on the top of each other or placed on the each other in a cumulative way. For example, compound graphs of male and female population or rural and urban population can be used to represent the two segments of population. Similarly, variables having three or four segments can also be represented through compound graph. For example energy production (thermal, hydel and nuclear), migration streams (rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-rural and urban) and religious composition of population (Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, etc. represent various segments of the variable.) 50
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Table 31.2 : Sex Ratio of Population of India (Population in million) Years
1901 1911
1921
1931
1941
1951 1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Male
120.9 128.3 128.5 142.9
163.7
185.5 226.2
284.2
354.3
439.2
532.1
Female 117.4 123.7 122.7 135.9
154.9
175.5 212.9
264.1
307
407.1
496.4
Notes
Fig. 31.2 Sex Composition of population of India (1901-2001)
(C) Diagrammatic Presentations: Diagrams are both graphical as well as geometric in nature. The processed data is portrayed through different diagrams for visual presentations. It is important to make use of diagrams based on their relative merit of visual presentation. The diagrams mostly refer to time or space or both the characteristics related to one location. Some of the diagrams used for the presentation of primary data are discussed below: (i) Bar Diagram : The use of column or bar has become common in representing a comparative performance of various units and growth of an individual unit. The length of bar is kept proportional to the size of production or the volume of change. Thus bar diagram is used to represent many elements at one point of time and one element across the time. The compound bar diagrams are used to represent the subclasses of an element. The block of a bar is proportionately subdivided to represent the sub classes in a compound bar diagram. (ii) Pie Diagram: The pie diagram is also known as divided circle. It is used to represent the proportion of the sub-unit of whole. The different segments of a circle represent percentage contribution of various components of data. For drawing a pie diagram, we construct a circle of any diameter. The circle is then divided into desired number of segments. i.e. angle 360 represents 100 percent. Pie diagram is generally used to represent the general land use of village, composition of shops in a GEOGRAPHY
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functional profile of urban areas, social composition of surveyed village, composition of total population.
Notes
(d) Presentation of Data through Maps: Various types of maps can be constructed with the help of primary data. Maps related to various themes such as environment, trade, land use, production of community population, etc. can be prepared for presentation. A map is a proportional representation of some or whole part of the earth on a fiat surface or piece of paper. Thus, the outline map represents the direction, distance and shape of the area, while the technique of the representation of data on the maps explains distributional characteristics. The method of preparing dot map is given below here as an example. Dot Maps: These maps are used to show the dispersal as well as concentration tendencies (characteristics of a distribution) of the phenomena. Dot maps are related to point specific pattern of distribution unlike isopleth maps which are concerned with joining places having the same or equal values of distribution or choropleth maps which are concerned with area specific distributions instead of location specific distributions. These maps use data to represent location specific distribution. The size of the dot is worked out considering the capacity of space on the map and the value of distribution at one point of location. The dot is assigned specific value in quantitative terms. Once the value of a dot is determined the number of dots at each location can be worked out. Dots are plotted on the map based on location specific distribution of variable. Due care needs to be taken while putting dots on the map. Transport lines, rivers and canals, mountain tops and such other negative areas should be separated from placing dots. The final map clearly represents the concentration and dispersal of a distribution. The field data related to house-hold population, agricultural production, shop-wise daily sales or consumer pattern, unit-wise industrial production or field-wise crop can be better represented through dot maps. For more details you are suggested to read the Practical Manual in Geography. Arrangement of information data either in ascending (from bottom to top) or in descending order (from top to bottom) is know as Array of data. Putting data on columns and rows to find the sum of the two sets for verification is called cross matching of data. A group of records showing similar data is called data flow. A set of data related to particular entity or a group is called the field. A complete set of information showing all basic data is known as master chart.
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INTEXT QUESTIONS 31.2 1.
2.
Give single term to the following statements: (a)
The process of organizing data into groups or classes on the basis of certain characteristics.
(b)
A graph used to represent two or more variables which are either superimposed or placed in a cumulative way.
(c)
Grouping the data on certain basis.
(d)
A measure which divides a series into 100 equal parts.
(e)
The maps which are concerned with point specific pattern of distribution.
Notes
Match the following terms with the statements: Terms a) Array of data
Statements (1) A person on whom questionnaire is administered.
b) Cross matching of data (2) A complete set having all basic data.
3.
c) Charts
(3) Arrangements of information either in ascending (from bottom to top) or in descending order (from top to bottom)
d) Respondent
(4) To put information on columns and rows to find the sum of the two sets.
State the three forms of data presentation. (a) _______________ (b) _______________ (c) _______________
4.
Write the three forms of cartographic presentation. (a) _______________ (b) _______________ (c) _______________
5.
Define the following terms. (a)
Pie diagram
(b)
Median
(c)
Coding of data
(d)
Master chart.
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31.4 INTERPRETING THE INFORMATION
Notes
Interpretation of information/data is crucial for written communication. It is an art of expressing a given data/information in a written or oral form to provide a logical explanation for the given facts. The following points should be kept in mind while interpreting the information: i)
Clarity and explicitness of the interpretation.
ii)
Segregation of common and special features.
iii)
Focus should be clarified right in the beginning.
iv) Organisation of the facts must be step by step. v)
Accuracy of facts need to be checked.
I.
Interpretation of a table: A table is a compact orderly arrangement of facts. It is summarized or grouped from a processed data. Interpretation of a table needs to start with the identification of minimum and maximum value i.e. ranges in the data. The difference between these two values explains the range to be comparatively smaller or larger. The smaller the range, lower the deviation and in the concentrated form is the distribution. Contrary to this, if range is larger, the interpretation will change as the distribution will be dispersed. The second step in the interpretation of a table relates to the analysis of various classes and their frequencies. The third step in the analysis of a table relates to the inferences derived. It should be brought out very clearly as what generalizations emerge from the table.
II. Interpretation of a graph: Graphs are different types and their interpretation varies significantly one another. The interpretation should be done with great care. There could be broadly two types of graphical interpretations. The first type of interpretation may deal with the amount of change with reference to time or areal units or both. The second dimensions of graphical interpretation is the trend. It is further divided into total trend and point specific trend. III. Interpretation of a diagram: Each diagram has its own merit of presentation. It should be interpreted with regard to variables shown. A diagram highlights different levels of variables viz high, medium, low, very low etc. Interpretation of each component should be made clearly to give an idea about the performance of a variable across time and places. IV. Interpretation of Maps: Interpretation of maps refer to area specific characteristics of a phenomenon. It could be with regard to time, intensity and community. The distributional, characteristics of a variable should be interpreted. It will bring out the distributions both in terms of volume 54
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and area covered. Logical explanation should be given to the factor responsible for such a distribution. While interpreting the information certain points should be kept in mind. The points are clarity and explicitness, segregation of common and special features, focus, organization and accuracy of facts.
Notes
The interpretation of processed data differs from one medium to another. For example, the interpretation of a table is different from diagrams, graphs and maps. 31.4 PREPRATION OF FIELD REPORT AND ITS FORMAT Fields report are the written account of the facts and data collected from the field, its generalizations and basic conclusions. These reports are being used for comprehensive and application oriented learning. Implementation of various development schemes and plans are made depending on the conclusions derived, suggestions and recommendations made in the report. Since report forms the basis of decisions making, it needs to be comprehensive and capable of reflecting the ground truth. The field report should be prepared based on the following components: (a) Introduction: The first step in writing a field report is its introduction. The introduction includes the statement of the problem of field survey and its objectives. Methodology of the field work and the general background of the area of field survey has to be planned. The selection of samples and variables, hypothesis, processing and presenting the primary data from the part of mythology. The last part of the introduction is expected to discuss the scope and plan of the report. (b) Analysis: The value of the report is adjusted on the basis of insight and labour put in its making of a scientific and logical project. Analysis of the report is sub-divided into chapter of convenient number. Sequence of these chapters however, follows the system like 1) structure on nature of the theme of investigation. 2) Trends and patterns (both temporal a well as spatial) related to the theme of investigation. 3) correlation of associated factor influencing the problem under study 4) constraints and associated problems and 5) conclusions and suggestions. Each chapter contains logical and scientific analysis of the facts derived through the processing of data in the form of tabular and cartographic presentations besides investigators personal impressions gathered during the field work. (c) The Results and recommendations: The third and the important part of the field reports is related to deriving results and the recommendations. The generalisations made in each chapter are put together to form specific conclusions. To make suggestions more meaningful, constraints and likely problems should be worked out. Having analysed the entire theme GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
of survey both individually (at the level of variables) as well as collectively (at the level of groups), one is able to make final observation or to derive both broad as well as specific conclusions. The recommendation should be based on these results. Both basic as well as functional aspects of the problems should be covered by these recommendations. Before making recommendations one is expected to assess the viability and feasibility of the same. The smaller and specific is the dimension of the problem, more workable and viable is the recommendation. Similarly, the feasibility aspect of recommendation deserves to be assessed in the light of available technological, financial and social implications. The report must avoid vague and unclear recommendations. Thus, result and recommendations should touch upon finding solutions to problems faced and accelerating the pace of development. Format of the field report: It is important to note that all field reports are special and unique in so many respects. However, there are certain formats which are common to all reports. On the basis of common characteristics, it may be summarized that a field report mainly consists of three parts. viz. (a) Parling (b) Body of the text and (c) Documentation. (a) The Prelims: It consists of Title page, Preface, Table of contents, List of tables, list of maps and diagrams and list of Appendices. Example: Title of the Field report Context of Field Report and Period of Survey Name of the Investigator/Address Name of the Project Supervisor Name of the Institution or Organization Year of submission
(b) Body of the Text: It includes from introduction to the conclusion and recommendations
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Chapter Scheme: (1) Introduction (a)
Statements of the problem
(b)
Objectives of the field work
(c)
Methodology used (i)
Universe of the study
(ii)
Selection of samples
Notes
(iii) Hypotheses proposed (iv) Methods of data processing (d)
Scope and plan of the study
2.
Nature or structure of the theme of Investigation.
3.
Spatial and temporal trends of the problem of study. This chapter relates to understanding the area specific patterns and temporal trends.
4.
Correlates the problem or investigations - It deals with the analysis of factors responsible for trends and patterns.
5.
Constraints of theme of investigation -There are some basic and functional problems linked to each area. This chapter is devoted to study these problems.
6.
Conclusions, suggestions and recommendation - This chapter summarises the findings, makes suggestions and recommendations for the development.
(c) Documentation: It includes references, selected bibliography appendices, glossary of terms etc.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 31.3 1.
State the three main parts that a field report consists. (i)________________(ii)________________(iii)________________
2.
Write seven points of Chapter Scheme of the field report. ________________________________________________________
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WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT
Notes
The data collected from the field are very extensive and unprocessed. While surveying in the field some objects remain unsurveyed and data, therefore, becomes dissimilar. Hence, there is need for processing the data properly. The different steps involved in processing data are editing, coding, organisation and classification. Only then the data becomes in the presentable form. The presentation of data could be tabular, statistical and cartographic forms. The tabular presentation could be simple or complex depending upon the variables used. Statistical presentation makes use of mean, median and mode for getting central values. Percentiles are also used to explain the coverage of a phenomenon studied. Cartographic presentation of data is made in different ways. Such as graphs, charts, diagrams, maps etc. Two variables can easily be represented by a line graph. Bar diagram is used for comparing different units. Compound bar diagram issued for representation the sub units of an element proportionately. Different types of maps are prepared with the help of primary data. The dot map is the most popular map. The dot map shows the distribution of an element. It also depicts the concentration and dispersion of the element. Isopleth map also depicts distribution of phenomenon. In this map, points of the same values are joined by curve lines. Distribution maps are also shown by shading methods. The following points are kept in mind while interpreting the information. Clarity and explicitness, segregation of common and special features, highlight the focus, organise the matter in small paragraphs and facts should be complete and accurate. Report is the most important component of the field work. It is a written document highlighting the conclusions drawn from the field work and data collected. The report should be extensive and related to ground realities. It should be written under the heads in a sequential orders of introduction, analysis, results and recommendations. .
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
58
1.
What is data collection ? Describe any three issues that need to be covered in case of local area planning.
2.
What are the tools and techniques of data collection?
3.
Why is cross matching and array of data necessary in the organization of field data. Give any three reasons in support of your answer.
4.
Explain any three steps in the processing of primary data.
5.
What points should be kept in mind while interpreting the information.
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6.
Write a brief account of the Components related to the preparation of a field report.
ANSWER TO INTEXT QUESTIONS Notes 31.1 1.
2.
a)
Primary data.
b)
Secondary data
c)
Tools of data collection.
d)
Techniques of data collection.
e)
Questionnaire
A.
1.
Making oneself ready for collecting data from field situations.
2.
Keeping a field book /record book/diary.
3.
Administering questionnaire/schedule to the target group.
1.
Acquiring knowledge about offices/ institutions etc. keeping the records of data.
2.
Getting an official letter for introduction and keeping identity card to get on entry in the office.
3.
Keeping a note book /record’s file for transfer of data.
B.
3.
(a) ___ (4), (b) ___ (3), (c) ___(1) and (d)___(2)
4.
(a) Identity specific contents (b) Respondent Centred Contents.
5.
i)
The sample should be such that it reflects the characteristics of the whole.
ii)
The sample should not be identical as it leads to error.
(a)
Classification of data.
(b)
Compound graph
(c)
Classification of data
(d)
Percentile
(e)
Dot maps.
31.2 1.
2.
(a) ___ (4),
3.
(a) Tabular (b) Statistical and (c) Cartographic
4.
Graphical (b) Diagrammatic and (c) Maps
GEOGRAPHY
(b) ___ (4),
(c) ___ (2),
(d) ___ (1)
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5.
Notes
(a)
A diagram which represnts the share of sub-groups of an element within a circle.
(b)
The middle most position in a distribution.
(c)
To assign some alphabetical or numeral or both as the symbols.
(d)
A complete set of information showning all basic data.
(a)
Prelims
(b)
Body of the text
(c)
Documentation
(i)
Introduction
(ii)
Nature or structure of theme of investigation.
(iii)
Spatial and temporal trends of the problem of study.
31.3 1.
2.
(iv) Data source and methodology (v)
Correlates of the problem of investigation
(vi) Constraints of theme of investigation (vii) Conclusions, suggestions & recommendations. HINTS TO TERMINAL QUESTIONS
60
1.
See Section 31.1
2.
See section 31.2
3.
See section 31.3
4.
See section 31.3
5.
See section 31.4
6.
See section 31.4
GEOGRAPHY
32 Notes
RECOMMENDATIONS THROUGH CASE STUDIES
Till now we have studied various dimensions of local area planning and processing techniques of data/information. These dimensions will help in conducting the case studies under different geographical setup. To make your work more convenient, we have discussed four case studies. These case studies are related to market, slum, tribal and hill areas. In this unit we have given a detailed account of these case studies.
OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: z
justify the rationale behind studying the case studies.
z
know different case studies and their local area significance.
z
compare situations and conditions under different geographical setups.
z
analyse and establish relationships with geographical conditions and socioeconomic development of local areas.
z
explain the case studies with reference to their planning priorities and socioeconomic concerns of the local people.
z
suggest the plan to be taken up for further development.
32.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF CASE STUDIES There are marked variations in terms of geographical setup, socio-economic conditions and levels of development of the people in different parts of the country. We can understand the ground realities better by conducting field surveys. The approach to field survey is generally systematic and follows the set norms of inquiry GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
for all kinds of surveys. However, this approach is not sufficient to take care of specific case studies which are distinct in their nature and solution to planning problems. This creates confusion and provides undue coverage to certain issues which are relatively less meaningful in another setup. As such there is a need for case studies that deal with area and people specific conditions and present the ways to analyse the situations. The case studies reflect different problems faced by specific group of people and areas. It also reflects the priorities of planning for different local areas and people. For example market areas are faced with issues like parking space, overcrowding and congestions, quality and variety of goods for different levels of producers and consumers. On the contrary tribal areas suffer with the poor technological base, inhygenic condition, poverty, and environmental
Fig. 32.1 Site of Case Studies
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degradation. The priorities of slum areas are sanitation, health and hygene, while that of hill areas is inaccessibility, remoteness, harsh environmental conditions. This is also true is case of functional or occupational surveys. Agriculture in hills, plateus and plains varies significantly. It also presents marked variations even within one setup also. For example agriculture of Punjab is different from that of Assam plains or plantation areas of Kerala and Tamilnadu. As such case studies provide genuine basis for analyzing area specific planning issues.
Notes
Background to case studies The case studies presented here have been briefly discussed in terms of their significance in geographic analysis. The case study of market area deals with a location where some people sell their products and services, while other purchase goods and commodities for consumption or for further processing. Markets may vary from a village market, a weekly market to specialized markets and malls. In the study of a market interaction is most important for the exchange of goods and services. The case study of slum relates to a geographic situation in which a group of people are forced to live in poor sanitary and unhygienic conditions of living space largely due to poor economic conditions. The study of slum gives an insight into the problem of space and seeks to address some of these issues through developmental activities. The case study of tribal area relates to the habitat, economy and society of a group of people who practice traditional modes of production and distribution. A tribal group is usually placed in remote geographical pocket like forests, hills, grasslands and less fertile zones in uplands and lowlands. The study of tribal area explains how a community lives in harmony with nature despite low productions and low level of infrastructures. Remoteness of the tribal areas keeps their culture intact and improving while slow changes continue to put them in the less modernized category. The case study of a hill area explains ruggedness of the terrain, its higher altitude, steeper slopes and limited land resources. Consequently, pressure on limited fertile land is quite high. It is to be noted that hill areas vary with each other in dimension and significance. For example hill stations, valley areas and areas of moderate slopes have varying population pressure due to differing carrying capacity of land. Snowfall is place specific constraints in hill areas. The communities in hill areas remain organized well knit and compact to face the constraints imposed by nature.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.1 1. List three factors that cause variations in different parts of the country. a._________________b._________________c._________________ GEOGRAPHY
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2. Explain two distinctions between a general field survey and specific case study. a.____________________b.____________________ 3. Write two priorities of planning related to each of the following. Notes
(i) Market area : Planning Priorities a.____________________ b.____________________ (ii) Hill area :
Planning Priorities a.____________________ b.____________________
32.2 CASE STUDY-I SURVEY OF MARKET/WEEKLY MARKET Market places are the localities where sellers and buyers meet and exchange goods and commodities on payment. Buyers are those who purchase items of their requirements where as sellers are those who sell the items (goods and commodities) on payment. The market places are broadly of two types-general or retail markets and specialised or wholesale markets. The general market places offer marketing facility for almost all types of goods / commodities. There are shop to shop variations in terms of goods sold. The number and variety of goods remains limited in case of a retail market centre. It serves the locality and nearby places with all sorts of required goods and commodities. There are large variations in the size of the retail marketing centres. Ranging from a few shops in residential localities or village shopping centres, a retail market centre could be as large as a large cluster of shops. On the basis of the structure and permanence of a shopping centre, the markets could be divided into regular and weekly markets. The regular markets are those which have a permanent physical structure of shops and offer marketing facility on a regular or daily basis. The weekly markets are those which do not have a permanent physical structure of their own rather these shops are mobile and offer marketing facility on the fixed day in a week. These markets have open or partly covered temporary tent or shop like structures which is packed, rolled and transported to other place where weekly market is scheduled to be held the next day. Weekly markets play significant role by serving large variety of consumer both from rural as well as urban areas. Almost all essential requirements of a household are sold in these markets. Weekly markets have different local names, “Painth”, “haat”, “bazar” etc. These markets are also named after the week day. Conducting the field work The first task towards conducting field survey is the selection of a market area 64
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which should not be too far from your reach and should be an important one. It should be a general mixed type of a market. Conduct a preliminary survey to find out the goods and commodities being sold, select two to five shops under each category subject to twenty five shops for the total survey. The next step is to collect basic information and prepare the base map of the market. The basic information such as population, area and civic amenities and the map of the market can be obtained from the office of the local government. (municipality, corporation etc.). In case maps are not available, sketch maps can be prepared. These maps are meant to provide sequence and direction of a place and are usually made not to the scale. All shops are shown having the same space. Such maps serve the limited purpose of the study.
Notes
The procedure of market survey should be based on the time available and the objectives of the field work. For example if the shopping centre is small, all shops can be surveyed. However, in case of medium and large sized shopping centres, we need to select varied shops from each lane. Only market locally known as “Sunday bazar”, “Budh bazar”, “Mangal Bazar” etc. can also be surveyed. These markets are regulated under “tak bazari system”. Under this system local govt. (municipal committee or a village panchayat) offers contract of tak bazari to the contractors (they may be a group of persons or individuals) for smooth functioning of the market. The charges of tak bazari are proportionate to the area occupied by the shops. For example, a shoe repair shop covering one sq. metre area may pay Rs. 5.00, while a cloth merchant with 8 to 10 sq. metre area shop may have to pay Rs. 50-99 for the market day. The specialised markets deal with the marketing of a few goods / commodities. These markets are characterised by the cluster of shops dealing with the same specialised item on sale. Most of these markets deal with the whole sale trade and offer great range of variety in the quality of the specialized item. For example Grain market (Galla Bazar), market of pulses (Dal Mandi), fruit market (phal mandi), vegetable market (sabzi mandi), cloth market (bazar Bajaja), market of ornaments (bazar sarrafa), market of stationery (Kagzi bazar) etc. The customers to the market places are both from neighbourhood and country side (near by villages). Since agricultural operations are mostly seasonal in nature, there are fluctuations both in retail as well as whole sale trade. Similarly, during occasions of festivals and ceremonies, there is rise in the trading activity. Contrary to this, during unfavorable weather conditions, there is a considerable fall in the marketing activity. Even during the hours of business, there are peaks and lows of movement of customers. Usually the period between 10.30 to 12.30 PM and 4.30 PM to 6.30 PM are the peak hours of business activity. The shops to be surveyed should be selected on the basis of a suitable sampling technique. However, repetition of the sample should be avoided to reduce the possibility of errors in the results. Having selected the sample shops and sample business activity (general merchants, grocers, clothiers, stationeries etc), we should conduct market survey shop-wise. GEOGRAPHY
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INTEXT QUESTION 32.2 1. Provide one word answer to the following statements: Notes
a)
A localities where sellers and buyers meet and exchange goods and commodities on payment.
b)
A site with permanent physical structure of shops which offer marketing facility on daily basis.
c)
A site with temporary structure of shops on a fixed day in a week.
d)
A Shopping centre dealing with very specific items having large variety and quality.
2. List two characteristics of each of the following: (i)
Retail market (a)________________________(b)________________________
(ii) Wholesale market : (a)________________________(b)________________________ 32.3 CASE STUDY - II SLUM AREA DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF KANPUR CITY Slums are the shelters of urban poor. They reflect insanitary conditions in the absence of bare minimum social facilities and amenities. Characterized by extremely low level of per capita income and living space, slums are the shelters of urban poor in India’s most of the metropolises. According to an estimate about 20 to 40 percent of the population in large cities lives in slums. The increasing industrialisation, growing capital investments and job opportunities in urban areas continue to attract rural migrants by assuring provision of at least a subsistence means of livelihood. However, increasing housing cost and rental value forces the majority to live in slums. It is, thus, a transfer of rural poverty into urban areas. Majority of the people living in slums are illiterates. Hence, they are employed in low paid jobs or work in low earning professions. Slums are generally known as Basti in Kolkata, Chals in Mumbai and Ahatas in Kanpur. As such slums have location specific names in different cities. Nearly 1.65 crore population lived in slums of million plus cities of India in 2001. Kanpur metropolis is situated over the southern bank of river Ganga in the state of Uttar Pradesh. According to Indian census 2001, Kanpur metropolis recorded a population of 25,51,337 persons and was ranked 8th among Indian cities. From a population of 2,02,797 persons in 1901, the city grew more than 12.5 times during the past one century. Accordingly about 24 thousand persons are added to 66
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the city every year. The rapid growth of industries, trade and commerce worked as gravitational pull for the labour from neighbouring districts of Uttar Pradesh. According to an estimate about 76.27 percent population of the Kanpur City lived in the congested part of the city centre. Field survey of a slum locality (Kanpur metropolis) was undertaken at two successive steps. The first step was based on total survey of slum dwellings (in Bansmandi, Darshanpurwa and Chamanganj area) with regard to sanitation, health conditions and provisions of public utilities. The second step related to sample survey of households (25) randomly selected from slum localities in inner, middle and outer zones of the city. This survey deals with population size, living space, employment and income of the households.
Notes
Population Structure And Household Size On an average, a household in a slum area occupied a living space of about 10 to 15 square metres only. The density of population ranges between 3000 to 4000 persons per hectare in most of the slum localities in Kanpur. There is a contiguous belt of residential areas surrounded by central commercial core and industrial pockets of the city. Housing blocks are usually double or triple storeyed and are separated by narrow lanes or by lanes. The over all outlook of slum localities presents most unhygienic conditions for human habitat. According to 2001 census of India, Kanpur city recorded a total slum population of 3,68,808 persons. Slum localities are mostly segregated areas in terms of social composition. It is observed that a slum locality is predominantely occupied by one type of social group (Hindu or Muslim in this case). Further, within each social group a slum locality could be dominated by a caste group or people migrated from specific area. Functionally, a slum locality represents, by and large, the same economic profession and economic levels. Most of the slum dwellers are economically poor. The average household size is 6.1 However, one could notice small and medium, ranging between 1-5 persons; large ranging 6-11 persons and very large with 12 or more persons. The survey of households conducted in a slum locality revealed 38.4 percent as small and medium sized, 54.7 percent large sized and 6.9 percent very large families. Occupational Structure The study reveals that 46.4 percent households were employed in professional services plumbing, masonary works etc., 32.8 percent assistants in business and commerce, 18.12 percent were daily wage unskilled labour and 1.8 percent were unemployed job seekers. In terms of sectoral employment, about 46.9 percent workers are engaged in informal sector. GEOGRAPHY
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Local Area Planning Table No. 32.1 Size of households and their occupational structure in a Slum Area of Kanpur
Notes
Size of the Households
Services No. %
Business No. %
Labour No. %
Unemployed No. %
Total No. %
Small and Medium (1-5 persons)
44
45.36
27
27.84
22
22.68
4
4.12
97
100
Large (6-11 persons)
63
46.67
47.
34.81
25
18.52
0
0.00
135
100
Very large (12 & more persons)
9
50.00
8
44.44
1
5.56
-
-
18
100
Total
116 46.40
82
32.80
48
19.20
4
1.60
250
100
Results reveal that most of the slum dwellers are engaged in service sector. It includes both formal as well as informal sector services. The employment in business is proportionately higher among large and very large household groups. Contrary to this, proportion of daily wage earners is higher among small and medium sized household groups. This group also reflects unemployed job seekers. It is, thus, obvious from the above discussion that large and very large households increase family income by diversifying their economic activities. In its turn, it leads to different kinds of business activities due to increased income of the household. The joint family set up in a slum locality has a higher cumulative causation effect for the survival and growth compared to a nuclear and smaller family set up. Level of Income Generation: The overall impression of a slum locality reflects the pocket of urban poor. However, one could notice income variations among the slum dwellers. The field survey reveals the three levels: lower, middle and higher on the basis of monthly income. Table No. 32.2 Monthly Income Levels in a slum Area of Kanpur Income Group
No. of Households
Percentage Share
Lower (Below Rs.l 000)
185
74.0
Middle (Rs. 1001 - Rs.2000)
53
21.2
Higher (Rs. 2000 and above)
12
4.8
250
100.00
Total
Out of 185 lower income groups, 74 came from small and medium, 106 from large, and only 5 from very large household size. From 53 middle income groups, 14 were recorded from small and medium, 28 from large and 11 from very large household size. In the higher income groups, these figures were recorded as 3, 6 and 3, respectively. The following table explains the relationship between per capita income and the household size. 68
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Local Area Planning Table No.32.3 Daily Per capita Income Size of Households
Rs.50 or less
Rs.51100
Rs.101150
Rs.151200
Above Rs.200
Total
Small/Medium
22
38
27
6
4
97 (38.8)
Large
46
42
33
13
1
135 (54.0)
Very Large
4
8
4
2
-
18 (7.2)
Total Households
72 (28.8)
88 (35.2)
64 (25.6)
21 (8.4)
5 (2.0)
250 (100.00) (100)
Notes
Figures in the brackets indicate percentage to total
Results reveal that 28.8 percent of the slum dwellers earn Rs. 50 or less on daily basis. About 35.2 percent earn between Rs. 51-100, 25.6 percent between Rs. 101-150,8.4 percent between Rs. 151-200 and remaining about 2 percent earn above Rs. 200. Thus most of the slum dwellers have low per capita income. The average income of small/medium sized household was Rs. 90/- of large households Rs. 81/- and of very large Rs. 86/-. Literacy Out of 250 households, 158 (63.2%) were literates and 92 were (36.8%) illterates. Out of 158 literates, 98 were from service, 54 from business and 2 from unskilled labour and 4 of them retired from service. Among 92 illiterates, 18 were from service, 29 from business and 45 from labour force. Residential Structure The residential space available to the households ranged between 10 square metres to 15 square metres. The housing space was classified as : 1) small with less than 10 sq.metres., ii) medium from 10 to 12 sq.metres and large above 12 sq. metres. Table No. 32.4 Residential Structure in a slum Area of Kanpur. Type of Available Space
No. of Structure
Percentage
Small
149
59.6
Medium
53
21.2
Large
48
19.2
Total
250
100.00
Table 32.4 reveals that most of the people living in the slums occupy small residential space. As many as, 149 out of 250 surveyed households lived in small, 53 in medium and 48 in comparatively large housing space. Slum dwellers are mostly tenants (83 per cent) living in one rooms paying an average monthly rent of Rs. 62/-. Nearly 85 percent of the residences were electrified, 21.3 percent had bath room and 43.5 percent toilet and 28.2 percent with water tap facilities. GEOGRAPHY
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+Thatched mud and tent houses are common sites of slum dwellers along major drains, railway tracks and garbage sites. Some times these people are also provided with low cost housing by urban development authorities. Thus they are often displaced and the problem of resettlement and rehabilitation remains common to them. Notes
Slums are the shelters of urban poor. They reflect insanitary conditions in the absence of bare minimum social amemties and facilities. Slums are the result of rural poverty, large scale displacement and increasing job opportunities in cities. Slum Area Development Slum areas are the most deprived localities of human settlements. Based on the field survey and experiences of slum improvements in different cities the following planning is suggested. 1.
Provision for Basic Social Amenities: The provision of safe drinking water, sanitation, toilet, ventilation, school, dispensary, post office, road, means transport and communication, shopping outlets, community centre etc. need to be provided to each locality irrespective of its status (rich or poor). It could be done for assuring human welfare. Services of ‘Sulabh’ International can NGO’s have proved most economic and hygenic. This needs to be created for the community as a whole because people are poor and can not afford many of these facilities at household level.
2.
Provision For Economic Persuits: Micro scale business and cottage industries could easily be planned to create self employment and enhance income. Small business such as evening chaat bazar, weekly market, fruit and vegetable outlets could be planned for the local people. Besides business, cottage industries such as sculpturing, embroidery works, statue making, stone works, wood works, iron and repair works etc., if planned, can be meaningful in job and income generation to the slum areas.
3.
Other Welfare Works : Since most of people living in slums are deprived of assets, means of recreation and entertainment; community centres should be planned to provide means of entertainment and a place for social gatherings.
4.
Environmental Quality Control: Slum areas reflect poor sanitation conditions. Slums develop near garbage disposal sites, refuge areas and along drains. Plantations can promote shade; reduction in pollution level and the creation of green environment along sites of waste disposal, roads and drains. Most of the slum localities have problem
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of space, as such plantations of dwarf and flowering trees is most appropriate. Planned efforts are also needed to cover the drains and sites of waste disposal. Planned efforts to slum improvement have made significant changes in the quality of life in Dharavi- A slum locality in Mumbai.
Notes
INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.3 1.
Write three characteristics of a slum locality. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________
2.
List three factors that have contributed to rapid increase in the slum population of Indian cities. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________
3.
Suggest three priorities of planning for the improvement of a slum area. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________
32.4 CASE STUDY - III STUDY OF TRIBAL VILLAGE : SEMBELPANI (DISTRICT BANASKANTHA-GUJARAT) Tribal Area Development: A Case study of Sembelpani tribal Village (District Banaskantha, Gujarat) Introduction The study area Sembelpani, a predominantly tribal village, is located approximately at 24°20' north latitude and 72° 44 east longitude in Danta tahsil of district Banaskantha of the state of Gujarat. The Palanpur - Ambaji road (Gujarat) passes nearby the village and connects Mt. Abu in Rajasthan. The village lies to the west of Ambaji town at a distance of about 7 Kilometres.
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Notes
The area is a part of the south eastern extension of Aravali Hills adjoining district Sirohi in the State of Rajasthan. The village Sembelpani forms a part of Ambaji Mata Hill complex that represents sharp hill features, ranges and hillocks. The general elevation of the study area is approximately 650 metres above mean sea level. River Saraswati, a tributary of river Sabarmati flows through the area. This hilly tract records an average annual rainfall of 830 mm received largely from the south west monsoon. The vegetation is typically dry deciduous type with trees like Teak, Mahua, Bamboo, Golar, Halad, Bija, Kandhi and Sandi (local names). At places, vegetal cover is represented by scrub and open grasslands. The Sembelpani has an area of 1542.48 hectares and a population of 642 persons. There are 106 households in the village (table-32.5). The proportion of tribal population to total population is 74.06 percent. While Bharwad represents the tribal community, Rabari represent the non-tribal community in the village (Table32.6). The sex ratio (proportion of females per 1000 of male population) is 871. The proportion of literacy among females is 14.5 percent while among males it is 26.4 percent. Table No.32.5 Profile of Households in Sembelpani Tribal Village - 2006. Sample Households Total No. of Households
Total Population
106
642
No. of Sample Households
Member of Households
30
210
Table No.32.6 Population Characteristics. Area in Hectares
1542.48
Population
Percentage of Tribal Pop.
Density of Pop. Per Sq. Km.
Sex Ratio
642
74.6
46
871
Percentage of Literacy M F
26.4
14.5
Rabaris are a semi-nomadic cattle rearing people. It is curious that they live in small conical huts called Khuba. Rabaris have become a group of pastoral or semi- pastoral people in permanent economic relationship with other constituents of the local caste system. Land Utilisation: Of the total geographical area (1542.48 hectares) nearly 7.5 percent is arable and 92.1 percent is non- arable. The other uses of the land account for 0.4 percent (Table-32.7). The village represents limited agriculture, widely spaced woodlands and a large grazing ground. The land based activities include animal herding and subsistence agriculture. Most of the houses are thatched, kuchcha, widely spaced, elongated with partly fenced enclosures used for keeping animals, animal feeds like straw, grasses and farming implements. The grazing grounds of the village are commonly shared by the tribal community. Transhumance is generally practised 72
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during drought periods. Pastoralists move with their animals along Aravali highlands during summer and towards Kutch, Kathiawad area during winter season. Table No.32.7 Patterns of Landuse (in hectares) Total Geographical area (in hect.)
Arable Land
Non arable Land
Forest Cover
1542.48. (100.0%)
116.20 (7.5%)
1420.26 (92.1 %)
0.0 0.0
Other Uses
Notes 6.02 (0.4)
Economic Activities and Sources of Income Of the total working population nearly 53 percent are directly engaged in animal herding and associated activities, about 41 percent in agro-pastoral activities and remaining about 6 percent in cattage industries, trade, transport and services (table32.8). Table No.32.8 Participation in Economic Activities Agriculture
Labour
Other
Total
Total M
F
Total
M
F
Total
M
F
Total
M
F
14
11
20
12
8
8
5
3
42
20
22
3
On an average a household owns about 60 livestocks. Cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, mules, camels etc. are the common animals reared in the area. Besides livestock, households are also engaged in the collection of forest products like honey, grass, guggal, dhaulimusli and bor. Agriculture is practiced in a few pockets with relatively flat land and deep soil cover. Agriculture is largely rainfed. The crops grown in the area are grains like millets, oil seeds and pulses. Table No. 32.9 Income Through Different Sources Average Income Per Household from Different sources (In Rs.) Agriculture
Labour Products
Forest Products
Animal Industries
Cotton
Total
2330 (24.89%)
519 (5.54%)
3149 (33.64%)
3356 (35.85%)
7 (0.08%)
9361 (l 00.00% )
(Figures in brackets indicate percentage).
The sources of income are through the sale of animals and animal products like milk, ghee etc., forest products, agriculture and allied activities, cottage industries and a variety of local services. The average annual income of the household from all sources is Rs. 9361/-. The income generation through animal products and forest products is about 69 percent, through agriculture about 25 percent, through mannual works as labour about 6 (5.54) percent and remaining through handicrafts and other works (table-32.9).
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Household Assets
Notes
There are very limited household assets with the tribal community. The house, utensils, furnitures, grain storage drums, baskets, musical instruments and farm implements are the assets of a household. The value of the household assets, in money terms, ranges between Rs.6001- to 9001-. On an average the value of a house is Rs. 6800-, farm implements Rs.384/-, utensils Rs. 279/-, furniture Rs. 210/-, musical instruments Rs. 69/-, grain drums Rs. 68/-, baskets Rs. 38/- and others Rs. 81/- (table-32.10). Table No. 32.10: Average Value of Household Assets (in Rs.) House
Furniture
Utensils
Baskets
Grain Drums
Farm Implements
Musical Instruments
Others
Total
6800
210
279
38
68
384
69
81
7929
Animals are the major source of income, milk, meat and exchange of goods. The value of a household in the tribal community is judged by the number of animal stock it has. Agriculture is limited to certain pockets in the village. Agriculture is practiced along with pastoral activities to supplement the household income. One or two members of the household also move towards coastal Gujarat to work in groundnut and cotton cultivation. Living in harsh conditions and leading a hard life is common to the tribal people in the area. Forced with poverty and recurring drought, tribals usually go for distress sale of animals and crop produce for their survival. Interactions The tribal population in the study area maintains short to medium distance interactions. Ambaji is the nearest market centre where, most of the animal, agricultural and forest products are sold (table 32.10-32.12). The household requirements of cloth, utensils, spices, foodgrains etc. are also purchased seasonally from Ambaji market. In terms of ineractions related to place of work, nearly 87 percent of the workers remain engaged in the village (sembelpani) itself. About 7 percent of the workers move to other places in search of jobs. This is a short distance movement upto 10 kilometres in nearby villages and markets for about 7 to 8 months. Remaining about 6 percent workers move to longer distances (more than 50 kilometres) for about 4 to 6 months to work in groundnut and cotton fields of neighbouring districts. Shortage of fodder grasses, tree leaves etc. also forces pastoralists with the herds of animals to make short duration movements towards north east along Aravali hills and along river valleys (Banas, Saraswati and Sabarmati) in the plains of Gujarat. 74
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Local Area Planning Table No. 32.11 : Place of Work Sembelpani
Total Workers
In the same Village
Other Villages With distance short duration
With distance long duration
123 (100.00%)
107 (86.95%)
7 (30.0 Kms) 4 Months (5.71%)
9 (8.0 Kms) 8 Months (7.34%)
Notes
Table No. 32.12 : Economic Interaction for Purchase & Sale of Goods For Purchases Ambaji
Sembelpani
Total
20
4
24
Table No. 32.13 : Forest Products and their Place of sale Products Place
Fuel Wood Ambaji
Guggal
Grass
Sembelpani Sembelpani
Honey
Dholi Musli
Bor
Ambaji
Ambaji
Ambaji
The tribal population accounts for about 8 percent of the total population of India. They are commonly found in remote rural areas of highlands. The ownership of resources such as forests, grazing grounds etc. is joint for the community. Tribal people are known for the protection and promotion of plants as well as wild animals. For exchange of goods and services tribal people generally practice barter system. Suggested Planning For Tribal Area Development Tribal area development seeks to promote tribal cultural heritage keeping balanced ecological growth and economic development. Since tribal societies are largely based on pastoralism, subsistence cultivation, fishing, hunting etc. as their means of subsistence, development of land, water, plants and wild animals are basic components for tribal area development. A brief discussion on different aspects of planning proposals related to the study area are given below: Ecological Planning Waste lands, hill slope sites, river valley areas and road sides deserve plantation of drought resistant plants like neem, shishan, mahua, bamboo etc. To ensure the survival and growth of these plants, provision of tanks, wells, tubewells need to be made. It is likely to increase the employment to the local people and create permanent physical structures. The increased water sources will help in transforming the land into green pastures and increasing the farm and forest productivity. Green pastures, wood lands and water bodies will regenerate the endangered ecosystem, so essential for wild life promotion. Planning the Social Facilities To ensure social development, provisions for social facilities need to be made. GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
Village Sembelpani has a primary school and three shops to serve the local people. The source of water supply to the village is through two wells, one tank and a nearby river. A rural road (semi metalled) connects the village to Ambaji market centre. As such, social facilities that need to be planned are the provision for one senior basic school, one lady doctor, one veterinary doctor, dispensary, P.C.O. and a post office. Road has to be made metalled with a public transport system upto Ambaji town. Planning the Economic Development The existing local economy which is at its subsistence level, deserve technological back up for surplus production. Dairy cattle, which yield very little milk need to be replaced by high yielding breeds of cows, sheep and buffaloes. The quality of local breeds of animals could also be improved through hybridisation. Similarly, meat giving animals and those carrying loads can also be improved qualitatively to yield better economic returns. Cash crops like cotton, groundnut and fodder crops need to be encouraged for more agricultural out put. Agro-based industries, cottage industries and handicrafts need to be established to process the surplus agricultural produce. Overall Perspective in Tribal Area Development Given the chance, the tribal community will excel in the socio-economic development and will match with their non-tribal counter parts. Despite the fact that tribals have a traditional mode of production and are economically poor, they possess enormous knowledge of herbs, roots, plants, stones which they utilise in maintaining their health status. The tribal dances, music and performing arts are of higher quality. Thus, the tribal practices and knowledge about local medicines and culture could be promoted further and need to be utilized for employment and income generation. The scenic significance and hill surroundings are better suited for the promotion of adventure tourism like mountaineering, rock climbing, river rafting etc. The provision of basic social facilities, assured irrigation and water supply system, availability of power etc. will accelerate the pace of plantation, afforestation, commercial pastoralism and cultivation. This, in its turn, will increase the employment and income levels of the tribal households. Tribal culture, heritage and knowledge need to be promoted on continuous basis. It will promote a sense of pride and will accelerate the pace of local area development through people’s participation and favourable policies.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.4 1.
Write the appropriate words to complete the following sentences: Statements a)
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2.
b)
The small conical huts in which tribal population of sembelpani lives are known as__________.
c)
The major source of income among tribal communities is__________.
d)
The tribal practice of movement along with herds of animals in search of pastures is called as__________.
Notes
List three characteristics of a tribal community. a)._______________ b) ._______________ c) ._______________
3.
Enumerate three planning priorities for tribal area development. a)._______________ b) ._______________ c) ._______________
32.5 CASE STUDY - IV STUDY OF HILL VILLAGE : RANGDOOM (District Kargil – Jammu and Kashmir) Rangdoom is a hill village lying across Great Himalayan Range in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Geographically, it lies at 33° 42' N and 76°12' E in the Kargil district of Laddakh region. It has an altitude of 3820 metres above mean sea level. The Kargil - Padum National Highway passes through Rangdoom. Being located in the middle part of the National Highway, Rangdoom is at a distance of about 118 Kilometres towards south from Kargil. The distance between Kargil to Leh is approximately 176 Kilometres. It is a backward monastery village situated on the valley floor in relatively more isolated upper Suru valley. The village has a school, a post office and a camping ground. There are a few shops that deal with general provisions for the house holds. With a population of about 300 persons, there are 72 households in the village. Hill areas have usually small sized villages and they are scattered. The village has a polyandry system of family to avoid further division of available land resources. Rangdoom is located on the right bank of river Suru which is a left hand tributory of the mighty river Indus. The river Suru originates from the water divide of Panji La (Pass). This water divide separates the catchment area of river Zanskar from that of Suru. It joins Indus to the north of Kargil town which is situated on its left bank. Suru is a perennial river. The flow of water in the river remains remarkably high during summer season when the snowfields and glaciers melt, while the river channel shrinks in the winter season they do not melt owing to below freezing temperatures. Rangdoom is situated in a wide valley where a number of streams join Suru and is made of two hamlets namely Juldo and Tshi Tungda situated at a distance of about 9 kms. from each other. In between is situated Rangdoom Gompa on a hillock. The land is full of boulders and pebbles and is not very fertile. GEOGRAPHY
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Rangdoom Gompa
Notes
Gompa refers to a Buddhist Monastery. It is a religious institution and plays a very important role in all aspects of the life of Laddakhi Buddhists. All land in Rangdoom is owned by the Gompa and the villagers work on it as tenants. Lama, the Buddhist monk, is not supposed to do any manual work. It is believed that if he undertakes any manual work, it would lead to death of numerous life bearing objects. Rangdoom Gompa is centrally located on a hillock and controls socio-economic life of Juldo and Tshi Tungda hamlets. An elderly Lama who is looking after financial matters of monastery is known as Chakk-Zod. The land, therefore, belongs to the community and managed by the Gompa system of local administration. People in the village work as permanent tenants on hereditary basis and follow the rules set by the Gompa. A part of the produce is given to the monastery. However, proportion of the share from the produce varies from time to time depending upon local situations and requirements. Climate The village records extreme continental type of climate. Its climate is characterised by scanty rainfall, high range in the annual and diurnal temperatures, warm summers and severe cold winters. The mean monthly temperature varies from -12°C in January to 12°C in July. The approximate annual range of temperature is about 24°C. The village lies in the rain shadow area and receives less than 15 cms of annual precipitation. Unfortunately, larger amount of precipitation occurs in the form of snow during winter months. Gulmatango is the nearby observatory for recording the weather and climatic data. Vegetation Rangdoom has a hostile environment due to high altitude and extremely rugged terrain on the one hand and cold arid climate on the other. Climate dictates the overall pattern of vegetation. It presents a system of alternating valleys and mountain ranges. The barren rocky surfaces of mountain ranges are devoid of soil and vegetation cover. Most of the plants require a minimum of 6° C temperature for germination of seeds and plants to grow. The high diurnal range of temperature makes mean temperature values quite deceptive. The growing season is restricted to less than 6 months in a year. Plants are almost all ground - hugging shrubs and short woody trees. All the leaves are packed with nutrients. The vegetation type is dominated by grasses, bushes and small trees. Scanty vegetation cover large areas because of cold dry conditions. Vegetation is very sensitive to grazing and is poor in species. The type of vegetation varies with altitude. Pasture grasses and weeds (Polygonum tortuosum etc.) are common near Rangdoom. Grazing is the most common activity during summer. The village presents, a very desolate picture with very little greenery. Locally known as ‘Tsermang’, the seabuckthorn is used for food, fire and fodder. It is a medicinal plant and its juice does not freeze in sub zero temperature.
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Agriculture The total geographical area of the village is 289.76 hectares. The total cropped area is 94.29 hectares. The culturable waste accounts for 49.37 hectares and remaining 104.82 hectares is not available for cultivation. As such, less than 40 percent of the total land was found to be under plough. About 68.2 percent land holdings are less than I hectare, 27.3 percent between 1 to 2.5 hectares and remaining 4.5 percent between 5 to 10 hectares. It is further observed that 35.8 percent leased in land for agriculture belongs to less than 1 hectare, 32.7 percent between 1 to 2.5 hectares and remaining 31.4 percent between 5 to 10 hectares. As such over 95.5 percent peasants in Rangdoom village were cultivating land measuring less than 2.5 hectares. The distribution of land as a resource is very uneven.
Notes
The agriculture is subsistence type in this village. The important crops grown in the region include grim (Naked Barley), wheat and peas. The mixed grim, wheat and peas are roasted and then ground to make Tsampa (Sattu) which forms the main food. Grim is used for making Chang, a popular drink with the Buddhists in the region. The chhang is made through fermentation of grim. Peas are used both as vegetable and for making Tsampa. Other crops include Oal (alfalfa) for fodder and also some Trumba (Buck wheat) and Garasl Bakla (Beans). Recently some vegetable crops have also been introduced to meet the demand of tourists and nearby market areas. However, most of these crops are grown mainly for self consumption. The relative share of different crops reveal that grim accounts for about 64.6 percent of the total cultivated area. It is followed by peas (23.1 per cent), fodder (4.8 percent), Garas/Bakla (4.1 percent), wheat (2.4 percent) and other crops (1 percent). Thus agriculture is a seasonal activity which lasts for about 5 to 6 months in a year. Agriculture is practised through traditional tools. The animal power of Yak or Dzo is used for ploughing and thrashing. Human labour is used for most of the operations. Use of modem machinery, fertilizer and high yielding variety seeds is very limited. The collective form of agriculture is also common in the village. It is known as Phaspun in which a group of households join together to complete labour intensive works such as sowing, harvesting etc. Manure is an important input in agriculture. It consists of animal dung/droppings and night soil. Since winters are too cold, there is a provision of toilet in every house. It is usually built on the first floor with a hole in the Wooden floor. The excreta gets collected in the ground floor. This is mixed with soil and is used as manure in the agricultural fields. Pastoral Activities Livestock rearing is the other important component of the economy. Most of the livestock, except those required for agricultural operations, are taken to natural pastures during summer months. Most of the pastures are located on the higher grounds. Sheep, goats, ponies, and yaks are the most common animals reared on GEOGRAPHY
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Notes
these pastures. Large flocks of sheep and goats are kept in these areas. Usually, one family from each village takes the cattle to summer pastures and live there in a hut, called Daksha. It is a temporary structure. The activity or animal herding is carried out among all households of the village on yearly basis. Milk and milk products are made in the Daksha. Besides milk and milk products, meat and wool are the other important products obtained from animal herding. Tourism Rangdoom is an important centre for summer tourism. Tourists and trekkers visit Rangdoom during summer season. According to an estimate, there are about 1000 visitors to the place during a summer season. Of the total tourists, about 47.3 percent are trekkers, 38.2 percent scientists and about 14.5 percent other unclassified visitors. Nearly 78 percent tourists are international and remaining 22 percent are domestic tourists. There are two important festivals that attract tourists to Rangdoom Gompa. The Ladakh Festival is celebrated on 15th September and Sindhu Darshan in June every year. Both domestic as well as foreign tourists take interest in participating in these festivals. Prospects for Development The overall analysis reveals that villagers in Rangdoom practise subsistence agriculture and nomadic herding on seasonal basis. The role of collective operations, both in agriculture and pastoralism, is still dominant in the economy of the village. People in this remote hilly village rely on barter system for exchange of goods and services. However, the role of Phospun (collective operations) is declining and it is getting replaced with hired labour. The changes are slow and dynamic. Nature is a major determinant of human activities in hill areas. Tourism is a new dimension in hill economy. The society is largely well knit and composed. The scope of development in hill areas depends upon the provision of essential infrastructures like roads, social facilities, markets etc. Mechanisation in agriculture and commercial pastoralism are the other important areas that can accelerate the pace of development in hill areas like that in Rangdoom. Cultivable waste – The land that is suitable for cultivation but is not used for cultivation now. Leased in land – The agricultural land taken on lease for some period. Subsistence type of agriculture – It is a type of agriculture that has limited production which is mostly consumed locally. Suggested Planning for Hill Area Development Hill areas usually remain backward due to harsh climatic conditions and other natural constraints. However, planned efforts based on local needs could accelerate people’s participation and local area development in a hill environment.
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The following priorities of planning are suggested to develop the Rangdoom area. 1.
Provision for basic amenities and facilities The basic infrastructures such as metalled road, means of transportation, highway restaurants and guest houses, health centres, weather stations, schools, veterinary centres, markets, banks, and postal services need to be upgraded and established along Kargil-Padum highway. It will act as a basis for human interaction and local area development.
2.
Notes
Provision for the improvement of ecological setup and economic basis The ecological setup is largely devoid of vegetation. Large scale pastoral activities have resulted in degenerating the ecological setup. The pressure of animal population is on the ranges and is ever increasing. As such it is suggested that high altitude cold resistant trees be planted along the national highway and along the Suru valley areas. It is possible to grow Tsermang, a local berry tree which is known for its commercial value as its juice does not freeze even in subzero temperature. Similarly, pastures need to be managed through irrigation channels. Use of chemical fertilizers and assured irrigation to the land along Suru valley can improve the existing levels of agricultural development.
3.
Tourism Promotion Rugged topography and glaciated landscape offer ideal natural conditions for expeditions, adventure tourism, rock climbing, sketting, trekking etc. Rangdoom occupies central location for promoting such tourism between Non-kun peaks and Panji La. However, provision of tourist amenities such as hotels, camping sites, guides, escorts etc. need to be made. Scientific and cultural tourism also have scopes to develop. Scientists and cultural tourists are already attracted to Buddhist Culture, Gompa organization, exploration of rocks, plants etc.
4.
Development of commercial pastoralism and cottage industries. Pastoralism is an important economic activity of the area. However, animal products and the quality of animals are quite poor. As such there is an apparent need to upgrade the quality of animals such as sheep, goats, yak, ponies etc. The hybridization local breeds with karkuil sheep, goats etc. can improve the quality as well as quantity of wool, milk, etc. Cottage industries which form the basis for indoor winter activity need to be equipped with modern tools and markets. It will improve the economic status of the local people.
5.
Trade Relations and Regional Interactions Trade relations of local surplus products need to be linked to the regional and national markets. Local people get minimum returns to their products due to distress sale. Govt support in establishing institutions of service centres,
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subsidies and support services can be most useful in mobilizing local and regional products. It will also improve the local economic conditions. Traditional routes and trade links need to be further strengthened.
Notes
INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.5 1.
Complete the following sentences by appropriate words: Statements (a) Areas with sleeper slopes and higher altitudes are called_________. (b) A Buddhist monastery in Ladakh region is known as_________. (c) An elderly Lama who looks after the financial matters of the monastery is called_________. (d) The distribution of rural settlements in hill areas remains_________.
2.
Match the list I with list II. List I – Terms
3.
List II – Definitions
(a) Phospun
(i)
A popular drink in Ladakh region.
(b) Chhang
(ii)
A hut used as temporary human habitation during summer pastures.
(c) Dzo
(iii)
A collective form of agricultural operation.
(d) Doksha
(iv)
An animal that is used for ploughing and thrashing operations.
Suggest three priorities of planning for hill area development.
WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT You have learnt, in this lesson, that field work is necessary for getting first hand basic information about people and places. The information, thus, collected is useful for developing general ideas and making meaningful explanations. However, field-work remains insufficient for making planning proposals on different themes and issues concerning area development. Theme or problem specific situations demand indepth informations related to particular issues which is covered through case studies. Since issues vary significantly from one situation to the other, the design of case studies varies with issues to cover it minute details of investigations. This lesson presents four case studies viz., market, slum, tribal and hill areas. The case study on market areas reveals marked variations in terms of structure and 82
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Recommendations Through Case Studies
Local Area Planning
specialization for the items on sale in different markets. While weekly markets present temporary structure and mobile shopping system, whole sale markets present a permanent structure and routine shopping system. The case study on slums reflect the sites of deprivation of bare minimum facilities, large scale displacements and influx of rural poverty into urban poverty. Tribal areas are also underdeveloped. These are remote rural areas of highlands. The tribal people practice limited agriculture and grazing. Protection and promotion of plants and animals is common to tribal culture and heritage. The share of tribal population to total Indian population is nearly 8 percent. Hill areas are marked with rugged topography, mostly devoid of vegetation, poor accessibility and harshness of the climatic conditions. Consequently, hill areas have common grazing grounds, limited agriculture, prevalence of collective operations and barter system of exchange of goods and services. The community, in a back-word setup, remains well knit, organized and cooperative.
Notes
TERMINAL QUESTIONS 1.
How are case studies important for better understanding of problems related to specific areas and issues concerning their planning priorities?
2.
Explain how does nature and structure of shops varies from one market type to the other?
3.
What factors are responsible for the growth of slums in cities?
4.
Where does tribal people live?
5.
What is the significance of plants and wild animal in a tribal setup.
6.
Why is collective agricultural operations, animal rearing and barter system of exchange important in the life of hill people.
ANSWER TO INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.1 1.
2.
a.
Geographical Setup
c.
Developmental levels.
a)
The field survey follows set norms of inquiry and generally remains systematic, whereas case studies follow problem specific approach of inquiry for different issues.
GEOGRAPHY
b.
Socio-economic conditions
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3.
b)
The field survey provides knowledge about the general background of the area or situations while case studies deal with particular issues and offer greater insight into the theme or issue of investigation.
(i)
Market area – Priorities of planning
Notes
(ii)
a)
Provision for parking space
b)
Alternative arrangements to reduce over crowding.
Hill Area – Priorities of Planning a)
Provision for Transportation
b)
Environment regeneration
32.2 1.
2.
(a)
Market
(b)
Regular Markets
(c)
Weekly Markets
(d)
Specialized Markets
(i)
Retail Market – Characteristics
(ii)
(a)
Number and variety of goods on sale remain limited.
(b)
It serves to the locality and nearby places.
Wholesale Market – Characteristics (a)
Number and variety of goods on sale are in bulk and have great range of choices.
(b)
Specialized items dealing with selected few serve to larger areas and population.
32.3 Characteristics of a slum locality: 1.
(a) Low level of per capita income. (b) Absence of bare minimum social amenities and facilities (c) Prevalence of insanitary conditions.
2. 84
Factors responsible for the increase in slum population.
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Recommendations Through Case Studies
MODULE - 10A Local Area Planning
(a) Increasing industrialization and concentration of services in cities. (b) Growing capital investments in cities. (c) Job opportunities in urban areas. 3.
Suggested planning priorities for the improvement of slum areas.
Notes
(a) Making provisions for basic social facilities and amenities. (b) Initiating welfare works of rehabilitation and resettlement. (c) Facilitating economic persuits for self employment. 32.4 1.
Appropriate words (a) About 8 percent (b) Khuba (c) Animals (d) Transhumance
2.
Characteristics of a tribal community. (a) Traditional mode of production. (b) Grazing grounds are jointly shared by the community. (c) Protection and promotion of plant as well as animal life is an integral part of the tribal culture and heritage.
3.
Planning priorities for tribal area development. (a) Making provisions for social facilities and amenities. (b) Regenerating forest eco-system, green pastures and woodlands through lakes, ponds, wells tubewell and micro watersheds. (c) Establishing small scale processing units based on forest, animal and agri-products.
32.5 1.
Appropriate words (a) Hill areas
GEOGRAPHY
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(b) Gompa (c) Chakk-Zod (d) Scattered Notes
2.
Match of the Lists 1 with List II (a) iii,
3.
(b) i,
(c) iv,
(d) ii
Suggested planning for hill area development. (a) Making provisions for basic amenities and facilities. (b) Promoting cottage industries based on locally available raw material. (c) Developing tourism.
HINTS TO TERMINAL QUESTIONS
86
1.
Refer to Section 32.1
2.
Refer to Section 32.2
3.
Refer to Section 32.3
4.
Refer to Section 32.4
5.
Refer to Section 32.4
6.
Refer to Section 32.5
GEOGRAPHY
