Palynofacies Analysis and Hydrocarbon Generating Potential of Dokan and Gulneri Formations (Upper Cretaceous) from Selected Sections in Northern Iraq A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY
BY
RAZAWA HAMARASHED ABDULRAHMAN SARRAJ B.Sc. IN GEOLOGY/1998
UNDER SUPERVISION OF
Dr. DLEAR H. BABAN
December,2006
Sarmawaz, 2706 Ku.
They said: Glory be to Thee! We have no knowledge but that which Thou hast taught us; surely Thou art the Knowing, the Wise
Al-Baqara
!
" % '
&
( #
( !"
#
)!
(
*
, $-./0%1 .23
(
#
%
% +
#$
$ "4./
% ( !
' 5
%
'
&
#
(
& 5 !
!
# $
#)
%
&
'
& !6
(
!"
#
( )
#
( !5
)
&
( * ( (
+ '
+
75
8
9 : -
! !
#!
!
$% &
'
%
! (
)
*
!
!
+ (
(
,
%
" (
(
% !
! (
!
! ( !% !
! %
,
!
%
! ( !
%
!
!
, (
"
- ,
!
!
!
( , '
,
, '
,
!
% "! , '
,
) ,
, '
,
!
(
!
!
. !
#
,
)
!
(
!
/
"
! " !
3
4
!
( / !
!
1
! !
)
,
)
"
(
! !
'1 53
%
6
!
%
!
!
1
! ! (
!
6
0
!
! ) 2)! 3 "!
! (
!
!
"
% #$'31
!
1789'17:1
!
1738'175;
!
3 79'3 :;
& '75 " ! '3 "
"
! "# %
!
$
#
&
$
&#
$ '
( *
+
* -
, /
)
- 0
+
.
$
)
( .
)
(
(
. (
( .
* 0 1 *
.)
*
+
.)
,
(
/ ,
-
, +
(
( * (
,
2-
/ ,,
.
,,
.
/
,
/ /
, 344 + ( 1 - ) ( -
-
(
)# .
/
)* )
(
/
)* )
(
)* )
(
5
)* ) ( )* ) ( )- )
-
/ //
)- ) )- )
(
(
$ 5
$ $
(
$'
)- ) -
)- )
- )
(
(
5
$'
(
$'
2-
0
33
-
$ $ '
! " ' #.
+ !
+
', '$
#+ *
#.
1
$ 1
(# .
'
1
$
6 +
. * )
1
)
+ !
- (
*
$
!
*
344
6 !
/ '
#
$ + 7 7 (
$ ,
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
+
*
. . * )33 : . 33344
2 5
8
9
8
59
3 * . 344
* (
;
8 $/$9 34
$
* (
;
8 $/$9 34
'
8
9
7 . +
!
( "
44
,/
8
9
7 . +
!
(<
'3
,
8
9
7 . +
!
( & 3
,$
8
9
7 . +
!
(
44
/'
8 ,9
7 . "
(33334
43
/
8 /9
7 . "
( 333
/
4
%% 8
9
8
9
8
9
# .
2
(
-
.
(3
-
.
(44
34 "
%
' 0
/ 44
3
8
9
8
9
-
. .
(3 (3
&
3 44
:
8 ,9 8 /9 8
9
8 $9 8
'9
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
+ (( 34 ) --= #1 >- ) - ) * 34 ) --3 ( ( 4 " 34 ) --3 ( ( 4 " 344 ) --44 ( ( 4 % '34 ) --3 ( ( 4 % '344 ) --3 ( ( 4 & 34 ) --34 ( ( 4 & 34 ) --3 ( ( 4 ) --3 (
( 4
!
8
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
.
( "
#+ *
.
(%
#+ *
.
( & 34
#+ *
.
(
.
.
9 8 ,9
7
$ $, $/ $ $$ '' ' ' '
"
#+ *
$
%
34 '344
, / 4
(*
*! :
344 *
0
/ '
8
9
8
9
8
9
8 8
+
(
+
+
(
+
*
344
"
9
*
344
9
*
34
8 ,9
*
3444
+ * 8
9
#0
8
9
+
8
9
1 *
%
,
'
,
&
/ 4
: ( (
344 (
.
)
344
(
33 %%
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
*
.
( #414 3
*
.
( #414 3
*
.
( #414 3
*
.
( #414 3 !
8
9
8
9
8
9
?
< ( #+ (
?
( #+ (
" %
'
0
'3
/$
&
" #+34 " 34 %
/
' 44 % '
8 8
9 9
8 ,9 8 /9 8
9
8 $9 8
'9
8
9
?
( #+ (
?
( #+ (
& 3 3
#*
* 4 ( #1
#*
* 4 ( #1 (
#*
* 4 ( #1 (
#*
* 4 ( #1 (
#*
* 4 ( #1 (
+ 42
4
. * ) 4 34
! ! ! !
. . . .
. 44 " %
344 '3
& 344
,
33
/
33
, /
(
# @) @) @) @)
. . . .
0
"
44 % '44 & 44
!
"
#
&' (
*
* !
(
!
,
-
# #
!
!
5
!
*
*
( 8
9
!
!
$ !
!
7
#
#
&
# "
.:&4' !#
# *
!
7 !3 & 3
;
9
4 &
( !
0
3 (
1!
3 6 *
.'
(
"
2 0 0 '
!
! &'
!
1!
(
#
/
"
'
%&
(
&) $
+**
$ !
#
<
6 0
7
2 0 0'
!
"
3(
7
! $
*
# *
*
#
! 7
* 5
$
#
$
.'
4:3
!""#$
=
% &
(
'
6 0
)
$
,
-3 3
1! 7
9
*
? 3( .
# $
#
.
$
#4 !
& 0
3
7
37
&
3
#
:
*
4 4 7"
# :
!
(
0
3
?
#
! <
#
0
,
! B
#
0
!
#
$ 3
$
#
9
3 (
1
?
#
? 2 0 0
!
3(
3(
* #3
!
#
3
1! 7
& $
!
3
#
"
6 3
A $
$
!
?@
.
!
1 $ "
, # 6 0
! *
7
)
*
# #
!
2
*
>
$
*
#
3 #3 / (
;
#
*
(
@
1
#
#
**
#
6
&4 "
#
!
#
,
$
*
#
3
* *
!
(
&
#
#!
*
, &?
$
( &
6 0
! "
*
3 #
#
!
3
) #
$
?@ #
#
! C
#6 0
#4
$
4
#"
$
!( (
2C&
)
!!
#
0
)
6
1! 7
$
#
*
3 #
9 #
$
!
? 3 (
!
$
*
?
, .
.
0
$ #
* $ # ;
"
,
-3 ( 0
$ 3
2 0 0
#
** !
-
*
# $
"
0
3
!
3
?
#
*
# !
!
!
(
!
#
? 3(
!
#
#
) $
7 "
! 2
( &
4
3 # !
6 0 $
** "
#
#
* #!
#
2C&
0 4 *
)
$
2
# !
#
3
## &
!
7
*
$
(
#
*
, &?
(
3 #
!
)
(
*
6 0 (
3
! !!
3
-
0
* +
$ ,-. /
-
&
'
:
*
,
01"$,
(
4 0 0 4
7 ,
4
7 )
.
4
7
,
7
D
'" *
#,
4
#8
1
6
) $
,
) 3
D
4
&/
7
&
:
&'
4
6
'C
4
9
2
*< E
#
5
434 3
E
#
7
#
# 7
:
3
7 2#
$
#
3
$3 #
* 4
7
!
&.
'3 #
D
#
7 ,
F4
4
F
F
+
5 !
,
C
9 &.
+
5 ! 7
) 37
1! 7
7
B
5
'
"
9
D
1! 7
7
'
9 !
7
/
5 !
! 4 $ 0
'
7
7
G
F
9
7
5 7
9 !
9 G
!
&9 ! 7
@
(
9
<
+**
#
4 $ 0
9
4
4'3 #
7
9
&
$
.
3
:3 # 6 0
7
43 #
1! 7
( 0
B +**
9
*
7 # ) $
,
4 C
5
:
5
:3
* +
!$ , -. /
' 2
) $
+** ( 7
+**
,
) F **
3' 2
D
01"$
&
) $
4
! * 4
)
8
,
"
7
4 / F 6 5
F
F /
$
* 4
, 4 &
4
2
4
"
F
<
* .'3 #
#
4:3 #
#
# 2 7
0 C D 4'3 I# * #
4 2
7
4 7
C C
*
2 ,
"
7
+**
!
!
F
&2
!
&I !
6
5
!
/ * 4 0 7 7
#
# F
#
< * 7
* # 1!
7 D ( C :3 # ! 9 43 ( 0 D .'3 4
C 4'3 # < 9 ' 9 ! 5 !
!
/
4
:3
D 2 0 0 1! # 4'3 # * #
'
C 8
4
7 8 4'3 2 $ * .'3 # 7
7
2
< 7
C 7 8 & D 43 #
)
!$ 7
4 7
3 6 'C 9 < H D2 * # D4 4 8 ( ! 4 D .: 2 $ $ ( , C D 7 8 &
#
3
D
#
#
F F
4
# 7
2 ( 7
$
/ 4 0
2
4
:
*
4*
)
(
*
## $
I #
# =
2
C$
&
&
$
,
$
*
< "
3(
(
#
6 0
&?
(
6
4
* #
+3(3
#
#
$ 4
#
8!8 9 4,9:0 -
40!: "4#,:9 ;
9" 7
89# 400,"1" -
410! 9::,!4" ;
*.
7
89# 914,4"" -
4018
% &
)
809 #84,# -
5 (
7!
&
9",8"" ;
40:1 9"!,8 ;
+ 6 #
$
" * 3
$
# ,
#
2
C
# @
??
*
! !
"
# #
! * *
(
(
%$56 ! 7
4
*
2
C
#
0
1
#
* !
>0
$
4: #
#
$
.
3/3 3 $
$
# #
3
! !
$
, 2 0 0
#
3
/ "
2
C
$
1
# $
$
'
(
# 0
3?
$
4!
#
#
$
$
3
#6 0 <
#
7
2C&
7
** ;
$
3
+
(
,
#
:
!
4: (
" 4
2 (
CD
1
0
#6 0
** ;
@
$
$
*
$
$ $
;
.' @
4' # 2 0 0
3
= 0
!
#
>3?0 !
3 7
, &? $
<
7
3
4 4* . * . ( &(
#
0
!
2 0 0 #
=0 ?
0 4' 2
#
!
$
3(
8 0
$ 3(
3/3 3
&.
# #
- 0 $
# "
(
0
$
#6 0
<
4 8% &
7
2C&
7
3?
$
3
)
( & $ $
>
"
8
#
.:3
#
"
" 3(
# .@?' ##
@ J * #
*
! #
@
3 ( 6 0
#
#
7
*
#
<
7
3( 7
7 ! 3 &=
3( 3@ C
&> 3
0
* !
#
#
> J
>>J
=-J
=>J
! ' 56 !
2 9" *.
+ % &
<
7 4 ( % &
, 6 0
7
8
% &
8
=
8 (
*
#
,6
# *
$ !!
*
!
#
*
#
## *
#
# #0
!
#
!
*
*
"
!
#
$ #
*
# <
$
3
!, 6
4,
%&
*
#
;
*
*
#
3
$
6 0
#
# !
8, ';
! #
!
#
#
$ #
! 3
!
! *
3 #
9,
!
*
#
# #
;
!
3
>
#
$
9) # -? # ( &( &
!
*
$
#6 0
#2
C&
( &
#
"
! *
#
, *
*
0
#
" &?
, &?
#
* 0
!
4
#
#
= "
#
3
<
* #*
(
&= &> &? *
7
# 6 0
3(
*
29& *
#
< "
<
#
*
?K
* 3 &-
$
"
3
?
*
#
* +
7
4$ *
%
/
*
)
)
% $
= > ? @
6 0
2C&
<
= > ? @
= ? = ==
-
7
56 !,
, &?
%
/
)
)
% $ ? ? @ ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? > ? ? ? ? @ ? ? ? ? ?= ?=?> ?> ?>?? ??? ??-? ?@ ?@> ? ? ? ? @
<
7
8$ *
6 0
* +
@
7
9"
* +
9$ *
7
%
%
/
)
>>@ > > ? ? ? ?= ?> ??@
<
( &
$
% &
)
7
*.
* + #$ * % & ,
- /
/
- /
?
3@
? ? ? ? ?
3>? 3 3 ? 3@ 3>@ 3 > ? ? > > > > > > > > > > > >
@ ? > =
6 0
6 0
?
<
$
> @ > > > > > >
? > =
)
)
)
#)
' +
(
0
*
#* *
4 "
*
*
"
!*
!
# * *
!
#
! 17 *
*
* # $
#
C #
( <
! 6 * 3F 4
$
0
D5 ! *
#4 &
F+ "
#
?
> L $
1
!
) 3F * *
$
$
< #
3
F4 !
!
?@ <
6 *3
3
(I K $
! 6 * 3F + "
&=
#
+ "
I!
&: 0
4
*
@=
$
! #
*
*
!
;
* $
*
"
#
) 3F< *
3
:
$
!
1
! #
*
* *
+ " )
$
$ !
$
* 4
#
*
*
4
K 1 )
:
#
$
* *
D)
>
3
?
3 1 )
>
3
6 :
?
3 17 >
3
6 :
?
4 #
6 ## C
# ! D
I;
C 1.I= 9
:
=
4
4
M
!
M
F
0 !
3
*3 ! 3
%
:
/
)
. * " 6 0
* <
*
$
3 I
* *
"
7 #.
!
!
* "
3
$
# $
$
!
$ #
$ #
!"# $ !"%& !"!' !"(' !")
!"*&
+ 0
.
. .
,
/
-.
/
1
"
233#& " 4
& 5
&
233(&
233#& 4 &
&
6
7
,
$
, 0
2&
$
233(
,
6 (: ;
,
6 2(;
$7 9
23*8
2&
9
0
!"2 !"!&
,
2338&
<
>
= >
$
=
< 238!&
"
#
%
% !
!
% !
$
!
! " %
!
# $ %
.
&'
(
)
)
& * +
,
% %
%
- . / ! !
(
% ! % 4
!
%
&
%
!
'
'
!
(
!
*
'
5
5 /
&
*
5
' !
* "
'
#
/
/ ! / * !
&
1 .
*
*
5
*
5
1 !
+ ! +
( +
) ! +
1
+ * +
1 .
&
* & 6 , /
!. '
( "1$2
.
* & 6 ,
*
* * &'
.
3
0
+
7
,
$
, 23#8
+ 7
,
23**&
2&
,
?@
23%2
!&
233)
3
23#!
? ,
$> 5 ,
&
=
)!
2:
&
55
2:2
=
0
*:"**& ;
.
(:"(*& ;
2! *" 2*& ;
, $ ?@ 7
23%2 & .
A< <
B AB
7
238)& 7
82
C. <
*&
+
23(%
$.
23## +
39 2&
(&
23#) +
> ,
23##
#)(
. @
$7 ,
3
$.
23%:
*: ;
&
*" 28& ;
$. 233:&
, $ ?@ +
1 7
&
23%(& ?@
5
<
<
233:&
7
23%(&
23%2 & 0
D
7 <
8
23##
233:&
7
<
E
>
< 7
B
9
2383 &
<
233:& <
A>
<
5 F
233:&
>
&
$.
23##
238! &
7 2&
23**
&
23*8
+
23*8
+ >
23*3
$
, 23*8&
)&
$7
,
&
,< 6 ,
+ >
,
..3
+
1 6
,
23#2 +
<
+ 6G
? 23## &
= H $.
:
+0
7
"
"
0
6 **;
'.
0
6 )* ; 6 2("2*& ;
, 23%2&
D @
" 0
B
238)&
<
D
7
23%*&
"0
?
C. <
D
238%&
>
D
C 0
<
2338& 5 F
!:::&
,
5
I
0
7 9,
< "C F
B 9
2388&
> 7
2333&
$B
!::)& 5 C D
;
<
>
<
A
28(8 28(8 2&
28(8
*&
<"
<$
7 +3
28*)
7
23((
. 4
23()
+
9 &A
+ 6
&A
+
0 23(* 7
J"B
B
23(#
A
D
0
6 8( ;
.
238%& D
7
A0
#( ;
D >
<,
9
2388&
$
@
5
C
< $7
9 KC
, 2338&
<
> 6
'
23##
'
3 23(%&
2&
23#3
$.
23#3
#&
'
<
7
"
238!
23%2
$L ,B
55 ! 23%*
9 & &
0
2M(
6 !: ; *;
.
6 2( ;
, 23%2& B
238)&
D > 4
7
C. <
D D
<
7
$B
"0
2388&
C 0
7
.
>
28*:
@
.
28(8& >
!&
23*)
2&
23##
.
238)
.
.
238)
.
.
<
23%:
3
&$ B
#() #)8 !
3
.
B
C
8
I
&
0
6 )%" *:& ;
'.
6 (8 ;
0
8"2: ;
B 0
<
238)& AB
C. < 7
238%& D
<
$<"H
233:&
7
"0
>
'
7
233(&
>
.+
>
? 7
.
$> 5
233) &
233*&
$7
<
!::!&
!::)&
C
>
,
A> D
D 9,
">
!:::&
0
=
7
, 2338&
$<"1
I
<
=
0
=
<
<
C A5 F
7
<
233( &
">
5 9
2332&
C 5 F
B 7
<
<"
=
1
233#&'
<
%(8
>
<"<
>
F' 5 F
? D
D
+
7 D
=
39 !&
!&
4 &
"
6 %* ;
6
!* ;
F
#;
2::;
9
233!&
@
,
,
4
, ,
6 & ,
, 233#&
0
238%&
! !"2 <
!
&
,
, 233#&
, ,
,
!
5
#
!
!
" 5
&
#
< < &
5
&
& '$
5
7
&
%
!
&
2388& 2388&
,
23%3&
5
" !"(& $
!"2 < B&6 " M &
2388&
8
' (
) %
!
!
! 5" <
+,
<
2
55" >
<
555"
<
5L" < L" < L5" <
<
>'
>
> .
L55" > L555" 5N" N" <
1 1
*
N5" < N55" <
>
1
N555" >
>
N5L"
>
NL"
5
NL5" > NL55" *
1 5
," "B
* !
"
:
1
( .11)"
+ - ( ./. )
0
! (
;
2
+ - ( ./. )
0
! (
( .11)
9
, 2#&
2!&
$+ %
&
, 233# 39 !&
(&
' <
0
6 (( ;
.
6 !* ;
, 233#&
>
0
, 23#8 39 !&
)&
0
6 )* ; ' .
6 !* ;
, 233#&
>
"
>
, 23#8 6
3 !&
0
*&
6 ** ; ' .
6 (: ;
, 233#&
>
">
, 23#8 3 !&
#&
!::: +
"7 ?
, $H
2
$0 F
2#
5 E
+
,
0
6 !8 ;
'.
6 2( ;
, 233#&
>
, 6
3 (&
0
6 !8 ;
2&
'.
6 !: ;
23#8
">
, 233#&
>
">
.
=
23#!
.
>
(&
$=
233)
!&
,
0
6 ): ; ' .
6 2* ;
, 233#&
.
OD
D H
$?
C < "
!::: & 0
9
.
= .
(&
,
23#! 3 =
(&
23#!
0
6 !( ; ' .
, 233#&
6 2: ;
7
5
H
23#8
5
H (&
)&
6 *;
H
$1
23%#&
<
0
23#8
5
, 23#8
5
, 23#8
(&
*&
' &
0
'
6 !*" (*& ; ' .
, 23#8&
PH
6 2("28& ;
$1
&
23%# &Q
A7
& 0 F
$0 F A7
238: (&
#&
9
6 (: ;
7
D <
238: $
0
$
23%2
39 )&
2&
23%2
0
$
&
#
8
>
, "
&
4 F
&
0
0
,
6 )* ; ' .
$
23%2& 3
6 28 ;
H
$1
>
8
23%#&
<
L
1 L
)&
23*) 1
23*)
!&
9 F
4 9
,$H
23%)
3
0
6 !* ;
L
1
'.
6 2( ;
23*)&
H
$1
23%#&
>
L
1 3
)&
(&
:
23*)
7
F
7
6 28 ;
, 233#&
7
6
7 6
"D
2383 39
)&
)&
233) 5 2)!
)
=
$>
&
=
$>
&
2*
233% 5 !:8 2333
= C
$>
&
2(3
!:::
= ?
$
,
$H
2
;
!
$>
&
>
*"#
0
5E ?
0
5
6 (8 ;
H
'
$?
3
6 2( ;
,
C. .
3
!:::& D
@
.B
<
0
H
$+
6 @
23%:
H )&
7
$+
23%:
*&
B
'
,
9
0
H
6 ):"*(& ; '
$+
6 8"2(& ;
23%:&
H
$1
23%#&
+
5
>
4
.
23#!
4
. )&
#&
@
F
<
5
*: ; &
. D
23#!
23#!& <
H
$1
23%#&
+
7
9,
6 6
#9 *&
2&
4
4
0
6 !8 ; ' .
6 !: ;
# *&
!&
E ,
0
'
6 !8 ;
'.
6 !: ;
4
6 # *&
(&
7 ,
0
6 (( ; ' .
4
,
6 !: ;
# *&
)&
4
,
0
6 (: ; ' .
6 !: ;
# *&
*&
F
0
6 (( ; ' .
6 !: ;
#0 *&
#&
'
,
0
6 2* ; ' .
6
% *"8& ;
#7 #&
2&
9
0
6 (* ; ' .
6 2* ;
0
3
0
3
O
4
,
,
,
B
238:&
,
O
<"<
238#& $
4 =
5 !::*&
7
6
3 <
,
$
>
2338& R $ ?
23#(&
23*)&
R 23%:& 6
L <
23%: 5
23(( ?
23## <4
'
0
23(8&
+
$?
7 , 7
23)%
,
23)% 7
7
,
23)%
23*(& ?
*
23*(&
*
3 1
*
' C
23#:
, $H
H
$
23(3&
23#( 23#:
23*!S 7 7
>
23%:
23%: B
23#(
23%*
'
>
23*)
A23#8 !
B
8
A23#8
>
,
<4
>
'
$B
G
23%)
5
$
"
23*: =
2388
.
B
.
&
238!
B
H
$
,
238!
23%:
' 5
5
23%: 23%2
C
23(3&
23#:
23#:
'
23%* >
H
$>
>
23#*& H
H 23#*& H
23#%
$>
23#%
6 23%: >
5
23((
<
'
23#(
<4
'
0
6C
23(* $
:
23*(
6C
,
%&
23*3
2&
>
0
4
4
6 !* ;
'
6 !: ;
1
238#&
C
>
6
6
.
B .
&
238!
B %&
H
$
!&
9
4
0;
,
238!
0
6 2!: ;
D 0
'
6 2:* ;
$B
2388&
<
0
7 7
> I
C
>
E5
+
7
5
!:::&
&
0
7 , =
<
A
,
23)%
D
<
,
9 7
23)% 7
%&
2338&
( &
6 *:" **& ;
+
"9
238)& C
C &D
C 0
09
& D
$B
>
7
2388&
A
>
2338&
7
7
+
5 0
C
E5
<
>
!::!&
A0
.
&
7
=
G
!::*&
AC
*
23*(&
*
3 %&
, $@
1
23#(
23%*
)&
7
,
6 !:"(%& ;
?
238(&
C F <
2333&
'
=
$L
238*&
C F
0
D
7
D " >
7
2333&
C
$B
2388&
<
<" <
C 0 $ ?
5 F < "<
2383&
7 233:&
0
7
H
C
5 F
"D
7 7
E5
A0
5 F 6
G2
2333& L
&
*
*
*
23*(&
6 *
' %&
23%* *
H
'
4 A7
$
$0
,
6 *8 ; ' .
, $@
23#( 23#(
* &
9
=
2338&
>
< "C F
C
0
>
A +
7
C
>
*;
&7
$
F
*( ;
!::*&
C
G
H
7
0
"
>
H
H
$>
23#*
23#%
6 >
H
23#*& H
$>
23#%
%&
#&
9
0
4
6 22*; ' .
>
6 #8 ;
2338& 7
<
<
E5
>
5 >
!::!&
7
"
+
>
!:::& <
>
.
I
7
5
"* .
0
7
2388& E
>
<4
6 >
! 8&
7
$B
23%) B
2&
0
23#8
+
9
0
4
6 )*; ' .
>
6 !*;
2338&
7
>
E5
A+
">
7
<4
$B
6 >
, 8&
>
23%) <4
4
6 )*; ' .
> <
23%)
!&
9
0
$B
2338&
6 !*;
7
E5
A+
9
> ">
0
7
23%2 23%2 8&
(&
7
0
'
6 *: ; ' .
4
6 (: ;
6 23%2& 9,
&
C .
< 238#&
.
?
5
, 5
>
!:::&
, >
4
<
2382 )
2382 3
8&
3
)&
=
)
& 3
4
9
0
6 !8 ; ' .
9 A
=
4
238:&
6 !: ;
00
!:::& "0 .
7
< I
"B 7
233)&
=
7
&
">
5
$ T7
E0
,
B
233#&
2"( U& ,4"2!
F"2
,
&
F"2 H "*:
#&
07
! ( )&
*
+
9
I
$
&
< ,
0
(
)6
!
! 0
08
! !
78
9
' 3
B
3#7
3#
.
'
C
. *
4
>
4
+
"
+
39
<
.
3
&
3#9
3#9
3
3
39
39
&0
+
0
5 ;
5 ;
5 ;
53;
,
55;
7
5<;
5/;
51;
5.;
(
)6
!
!
!
0:
!
: 5; 9 "
7
,
0 +
( 3) 6
!
0
7;
! !
'
'
&
=
,' ! ' - . . % % (
'
'
,' ! ' !
'
% ( ' +
$
'
% ( ' *
% ( ' ' %
% ( '
&
%
'
% ( ' #
)%
$
%
)
<
'
'
$
'
0
!
9 "
' '
$
%
%
% ' % !
)
0%
/ !%
%
&
'
' %
<
' %
0
$"
5; 5;
5;;
3..
3.1 3./
3.<
3.5 3.3
-
3. 3.
3.
3.; 31.
311
31/ 31<
315
313 31 31 31
!
( 5) 6 0
79
!
! !
-
"
< 9
<
-
$
B
23*3 B
238:
H
B
!::#&
7 B
$ &
!"#& '
,
0
<
A
!::#
<
7
<
!
B
23*3 B
238:
!::#&
H
$B
0
<
!"%& 7 V ">
!
A >
,
7
7
&
A
'
&0
C
>
7 C9G957
9
B 0 W
>
0
7 7
>
>
9G957
7
7 < < B 1 L B ?
9 7 B B @
0
H
<
1 0
=
!"#& 6 = ,
4
7
C
4
.
> *
+
+
39
.
'
B
3
<
"
7 C9G957
9
0
> 7 7
>
>
9G957
7
7 < < B 1 L B ? 9 7 B B @
0
H
<
1 0
=
!"%& 6=
4 +
7
>
>
,
B 0 W
*
&
>
C
!
3
<
&0
! $* +
$ ,,,,,,,,,
" #
$% &
- (
'(
.
$
/ / ,
4
"
-
" 1
2
3
"
0
&
1
1
1 "
1 1
"
"
1
1 "
)
# 1
" (
2
) . 6
5, -
$*5
-
2
2
"-
2 7,
,
2
" 1 4
/ "
.
4 ,
#
,
4 /
"
1
4
"
4
2
,
" " 1
!
, -
! !
4
6
4 ,
2
/
" 2
"
8
, 9-
, 5-
# -2
" 2
"
"
!
,
"
#
4
$
%
& ''(
2
)
" 1
"
27 :-
" !
2
2
, *-
"
"
-
!
7"
,
,;-
-
" !
!
2 ,
" 1
-
, -
!- 6
!
, $-7 1
"
" ;-
# 1
< /
'
2
$$-
4
2
;-
=
! 1 -
2 1
-
,;-
=
(
.
"
# /
,
1
1
-
"
-
2 "
1 -
,
"
=
2
(
"
.
" -
" 2
2 " 5,9 5,5 5,*
" 5,;-
5,
5,9 5,5
5,*-
6
"
"
*+ ) ,
( ?
> (
6
@4 ,
?
.
>
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
% %5 %* %; % % %$ % % 9 5 * ;
$ 9% 9 99 95 9; 5% 55
9% $ % * 99 $ 9% *
5 5 % % % % 5
5 59 9
5 5 9
; 5 5
$
; ; ; ; ; 9 $
$
9 $ % * $
* 9 * ;
*
5
: &>
9
$ $$ $% * $% * $ $ $* $9 5 % 5 5 5 9 $ * % *
-
"
) "
. /0 ,
(
(
@4 ,
, >
?
.
6
?
>
9;% 9;% 9;%$ 9;% 9; % 9; 9; 9 9; 5 9; * 9; ; 9; 9; 9; $ 9; 9;9; 9;5% 9;5 9;*% 9;*9 9;* 9;;% 9;;; 9; % 9; ; 9; % 9; * 9;$% 9;$; 9;$
$ $ $ % *
;
9 * 9 ; 5 5 5 * 9 ; ;
9
9 5 ; ; $
9; 9 * 5% 9
$ $ 5 * 9 5
9 9 9 9 * ;
$ $; $; 5 $* ; $9
5 $ * 9 * ; * 9
* ; 5 * $ *
: &>
9
; $ ;% ;$ * 5
%$* ;$ $9 5 * $
-
"
"
"1 (
> ( ,
@4 ,
.
6
?
?
>
* * *$ * ;% ; ;9 ;5 ;* ; ;
99 9 9 9 ; 5 ; $ $ $
$ $ % $ ;
$ ; %
: & >
9 ; ; % 5
9 9 5 9 9
9 9 5
% $$ $ $ $*
,
-
2 " 3 4
(
> (
@ 1
,
.
6
@4 ,
?
"
;%9 % ;%9 *; ;%9 9% ;% ; ;% % ;% * ;% 9* ;% ;%% * * $ * * * ; * * * 5 * 9 * * % *$ *$$ *$ *$ *$; *$* *$5 *$9 *$
5
9% 9% $ * 5 * $ %
* $ * 5 5 ;
; ; * 5
* 5 * * 5 9 * 9 9 9 9 9 5 9 * 9 5 5
> 5
; *
5
9
5
5 * 5 9
9 9 9 ; * 5
5 9 9
; * 9
: & > $% $; ; 9 $ 5 $9 5 $ $ $ * ; 5 5 9 9 $$ $% $ $ 5 $ % 5
) *+ ) 5
)/ 0
)/)0
)/ 0
)/20
)//0
)/60
)/(0
)/70
)/'0
. /0 5
2
"
"1
,
/0)-(0 /0) /0
/00
2''
2'7 2'(
2'6
2'/ 2'2 2' 2')
2' 2'0 27'
277
27( 276
27/
272 27 27)
27
/ 3 4
) 2 ;- +
" !
" #
*
" "
2
1
/"
(
+!<' +6-
1 1 "
7
1 "
1
#
1 : ,:
$5-
(
: 2
1
1
1
" ( 2 "
%-
;-
+!< ' +6
1
"
(
2
-
1 " 1
" " 1
" "
,
2 A
( 1
"
,
"
" =
*-
1
"
/ "
" (
2
.
- :
-
# " 2 2
5, (
(
2 7, - -
" 9
9, 9 55 -
;% 2
B#, 9 2 ;*,
1
*$ ,;%
" "
;
-
1
?
6
9;*9,9;;; -
9; %, 9;$
4,
2
?
#
"
-
5,59>- "
4 "
%, 5>-
" <
, >, %>-
-
3 ,
6
91
27
8
$
- - - $
3 ,;% 9;*9,9;;; ;%
9; %, 9;$
- ?
- B#, 9
-
1 9
4,
9'9
;*, 6
;
5
*$ ,
-
9
;,9 95
-2
#
(
88
9
- - - 9
B#, 9 -
9 9; ' 9 55 ;
"
- 2
#
9
*
9;9;, 9;*%
-
4,
"
?
6 )
9; %,9; ; - = "
)
- -)
"
1
!
3 0 ;% #
"
5,9 >- " "
"
;%, 5>6
4 ;, 9>"
?
*, ;>- 2 (
6
9-
2
1 2
7
8
)$
- - - )$
9;9; -
9; %,9; ;
-
(
#
-
"
9;5 ,9;*% 6
2
=8
)9
- - - )9
9;5% 2
#
"
?
-
2
( - -
" 2
9;% ,9;
-
?
1
9 % , 9
3 ,;% 2 1
;% ,;%9 % #
" "
* ,
-
4, 2
-
"
4
,99>- "
"
;,$ >-
" <
;5
-
N
%, >, 5>- =
B#, 9
6
9-
2
1
2
8
9;% ,9;
-
7
$
- -
$
"
1
3 ,;%
4,
* C 9 %;, 9
-2
;5 #
-
B#, 9
"
'( 88
9
-
" ?
9
1
1
9 % ,9 %* #
"
-
;% ,;%9 % B#, 9
6
-
2 6
( 2
2
- -2
" - =
!
#
99,9 >- "
4, 2
"
" 6
* , 4
"
; , 9>6
1
*$ "
$, %>-
"
;, >(
<
3 4
% -
!
8
;-
#
"
2
1 (
D
/ "
?
"
&
6
1
$;-
D
,
1
$$ ?
,
1 ,
1
1
(
8"
, (
$$8
2E
: &-
2 "
/
#
1
1 :
: )
E :
,
"
1
#
E (
$ -
"8 "
E
2
" 9%%*-
$; (
+ "
:((-
$
5-
;-
: &8 (
#
" 1
8
6
5, -
/ /
" 1
: &
1
F
1
G % >-
G ;% >2
?
.
6 ;-
D 5, 9D 5, 5D 5, *
6
5, $D 5, D 5, %D 5,
5, ;-
6
2 1
" / ,
/
"
(6 =H
'5-
"
- :
;-A
: &
"
2
6 4
, 1
2
3 ,;% ( 6 9-
" ? I=== 27
?
/ , -
/ A
I==
"
"
1
"
/
"
='==
1 6
A
==G=-
?
( -
" ? 2
1
/ ,
3
:
;88 &
:
: &
?
"
2
3
:
: &
1
1
2
"
?
:
;888
==
: &,
"
/
< 2
-
, =
2
?
== GG
= F
.
6
2
1
4,
(
"
I=
-
"
2
"
/ : &
J
2 ==
8
:" "
1
" /
1
"
"
" (6*
/
;-
1
=
1
/ 2
-
$
( " "
$ & '7/& '7'& '' &
4 "
''/
8
0
$ 9
:
88
!
6/ =
!
888
9
9
8;
:
;8
3
:
20
;88
<
8> $
//
8;
;
3
;888
=
$ < "
/
60 7 " & ''/
:
4 $
3 4
$ *+ ) 5
-
8
0
$ 9
:
88
!
6/
!
888 =
9
9
8;
:
;8
3
:
20
<
;88 $
//
8;
;
3
8> ;888
=
$ < "
/
60 ' " & ''/
:
4 $
%
*+ ) 5
$ -
8
0
$ 9
:
!
88
6/
!
888
9
= 9
8;
:
;8
3
:
20
;88
<
8> $
//
8;
;
3
;888
=
$
/
60
< "
0 " & ''/
:
4 $
3 4
$ . /0 5
-
8
0
$ 9
:
!
88
6/
!
888 =
9
9
8;
:
;8
3
8;
:
20
<
;88 $
//
;
3
8> ;888
=
$
/
60
<
:
" "
& ''/
4 $
%
$ . /0 5
-
8
0
$ 9
:
!
88
6/
!
888
9
= 9
8;
:
;8
3
:
20
;88
<
8> $
EE
//
8;
;
3
;888
=
$ < "
/
60 ) " & ''/
:
4 $
3 4
$ "1 5
-
8
0
$ 9
:
88
!
6/
!
888 =
9
9
8;
:
;8
20
3
//
8;
EE
<
:
E
$
;88
EE E 8>E
;
3
;888
EE
=
$ < " "
/
60
& ''/
:
4 $
%
$ "1
5
-
8
0
$ 9
:
88
!
6/
!
888
9
= 9
8;
:
;8
3
:
20
<
;88 $
//
8;
;
3
8> ;888
=
$ < "
/
60 2 " & ''/
:
4 $
%
$ 3 4
-
8
0
$ 9
:
!
88
6/
!
888 =
9
9
8;
:
;8
3
:
20
;88
;
3
8>
<
//
8;
;888 =
$ < "
/
60 / " & ''/
:
4
$ %
$ 3 4
-
2
6
(
1
1 2
1 " +
-
"
",
2 2
," :"
9%%9- :
8 !
1
6 #
"
9%% -
/
"
&
="
!
2 , "
2 " /
"
2 ?
.
6
< 2
D
!!"
#
$
&
%
'(()*
+ +,-
+ . /
$ $-
+ @
&
0
'((1
+ -
2 +,-
+
,
+ 3 '" 4@ 0
'(5(
+,-
+
'((" &
2 2 6 7 '(8)
9
9
:
;
+ % ! "4 +,- +
&
'(8= +
<
'(()
;
'(()
+
'((" "4
! 14 +,+
..
"4 +,-
+
+
.
' !4 +,-
...
+ 2
+,+
! )4
> &
'(8=
+
6 7 '(8) : +
.
+
..
;
& +,0
+
'(("
7
'((1 +,-
=9' + +,-
?
+,2
+,-
'(()
+
+,0
0
'((1
+,@
2 +,+
+,+
7
0
9 +,-
'((1
: 7 A @
'((5
'((5 @ <
'(88
D '9 9 % )9 $
B C
!!'
+,-4
E <
D
+
+,-
<
D
+
+,-
<
D
+
+,-
F!"4 ! "9 '4 '9 4
&
=9 /
<
D
B
+
+,-
G
4
'(8" 7
+,-4
+,- &
E
H
!!9 !" !"9'!
%
'!I
!
$
!I=!
/
=! J
:2
.
+,-
=9 =9) =9= =9=
=9"
% +,-
=9' =9
=9)
Table ( 4-1 ) Some major controls on TOC content of marine sediments ,after ( Tyson, 1995). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variables
Correlation with TOC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Primary Productivity: a. Mean Productivity
(+)
b. New Production
(+)
c. Production half life
(−)
2. Water depth 3. Plankton type
(−) a. Mineralized ( siliceous or calcareous)
(−)
b. Organic –walled
(+)
4. Allochthonous organic matter inputs: a. Terrestrial
(+)
b. Marine 5. Sediment grain size:
(+)
a. Mean
(−)
b. % Silt + clay
(+)
6. Sediment accumulation rate : a. Biogenic component
(+, pars)
b. Siliciclastic component
(−)
-1 7. Mean dissolved oxygen of bottom water: a. > 1.0 ml l
( + O – TOC )
-1 b. < 0.2- 1.0 ml l
(− O + TOC)
Correlation between the above controls 1 and 2 (−)
2 and 4 (−)
3a and 5b (+)
4a and 5a (+)
1 and 3 (+)
2 and 5 (−)
3a and 6a (+)
4a and 6b (+) (Continue)
1 and 6a (+)
2 and 6(−)
1 and 7 (−)
2 and 7( ± )
Other variables interacting with the above: A. Climate
( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
B. Watermass circulation
( 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
C. Sea floor topography
( 1a, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7)
D. Distance from fluvio- deltaic inputs
( 1a, 3, 4a, 5, 6b)
E. Tectonic regime
( 2, 4a, 5, 6b)
-Note that all these ‘ other variables’ are also strongly interrelated. Variables B,C and D, in conjuction with factor 2(above) are the consequences of ‘sea-level.’
! "#
$ %
0 "
& '(( ) *
1 # "
& '(+
,-
/
.
/
% ! $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ % % $ $ $ $
2 "#
! $ %
0 "
& '(( ) * 1 # "
& '(+
3 +4 . / !
/ %
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % %
% %
%
%
%
! "#
0 "
$ %
& '(( ) *
1 # "
& '(+
5
/ !
.
%
$ $
%
$ $ $
/
+ $ %
!
& '(( ) *
& '(+
1 %
"#
/
/ 0 "
!
% !
" $ $ $ $ $ % % % % % % $ % $ $ $ % $ $
0 6
,-
7 .
1 %
70
1 %
702
6
%
#
:2
/$
$
%
:2
/$
$
% #
702
% $
+ 4
70
+ 4
+24
70
1 %
+ 4
++4
70
+84
70
+94
+(4
+'4
0 6
7 0 "
1 % 3 +4 .
0 0 "
2
5
7 .
1 %
6
1 % 70
6 702
70
:2
6
%
1 # "
7 :
0 "
6
+4 94 +4 +4
+44
''
'( '9
'8
'+ ' '2 '
' '4 ('
((
(9 (8 (+
( (2 ( (
0 6
7 0 "
1 % 1 %
/
!
' $
+,-
$
+,-
#
+ 9' # $
% %
2
+,-
$
#
%
%
%
%
%= < . ,?
%)
+
+,-
K 9"!
2
' 5"4
) +
+,+ 9'
$
! '54 !4
+,%
679'
%
2
=
# 679'
K 9"!
! !84
#
$
' )4
! 8=4
"
+,%
%)
2 ;" #
<
+ , +
'(5= 0L-
2
,L-
+
+
C E 3 +
< + '(8'
/
-
7 '(8! ?
'(8' 2
0 L /
$ C7
'(8
9
2 ; -
;
'(8)
< '(8
7 L
0L-
2 + L
+
> #
'(81
9
9
+ 2 =91 E :# ;E 9 -
+ 2
9 ( % 9'
:# =E 9 /
9( % 9 :#
E9-
2
9 '!
% 9' :# 1E 9 +
9 '! % 9
$ +
L
#
-
+ +
> #
#
+ A
; -
'(81
>$
; 2 =95 =98 =9(
=9'! .
L
#
#
# 679'
8
:#
#
1
#
;" #
K 9"!
,
:#
>
$
2
+ 9'
;
"#
1 "
2 ?$
% & '(8
0$
I
!9)!! 2 ;
I
< .
2
'!9 !
? -
2
"!9
)!!
9
9
2
#
9 $
2
'! %
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 + 2
=!!2
+ ) =
D M%
N
'
;" #
0 "
$
:#
#
9
<
1 #
"
,; < :#
(!'
#O;
(!)
#O-
(!=
O#
(!"
O;
(!1
O;
(!5
O;
(!8
O;
(!(
O;
('!
O;
(''
O;
('
O;
(')
O;
('=
#O-
('"
O;
('1
O;
('5
O;
('8
O;
('(
O;
( !
O;
( '
O#
(
O-
( )
O;
( "
#>-
()!
#> -
())
#>;
.
/
(
:#
;" #
<
3 +4 .
@
#
$
0 "
1 #
"
; < :#
"!1
O;
"!5
-O#
"!8
-O#
"!(
O;
"'!
O;
"''
O#
"'
O#
"')
O;
"'=
O#
"'"
O;
"'1
O#
"'5
O;
"'8
O;
"'(
O;
" " ")!
#
")1
#
"=!
#
"=
O;
#
"=1
#O-
""!
O;
"""
#O-
"1!
#O-
"1"
;O-
"5!
;
"5=
O;
"8!
;
"8"
O#
"85
O#
/
@
:#
;" #
0 "
6
' /
< 1 # "
<
'(=1
#
'(=5
#O-
'(=8
#O-
'(=(
#O-
'("!
#O;
'("'
O#
'("
1 %
;
5
#O;
'(")
O#
'("=
O#
'("1
O#
'("5
O#
:#
@
;" # 0 "
$
:#
#
4
< !
1 % "
;
<
"! 5!
# O-
"! ="
#
"!
#
!
"!' ("
#O;
"!' 5!
# P-
"!' =5
#
"!' =
#
"!'
#O ;
"!!
#O -
=((
#
=(8
#
=(5
#
=(1
#O;
=("
#
=(=
#
=()
#
=(
#
=('
#O-
=(!
#O-
=8(
#O;
=88
;
=85
#O
=81
#O -
=8"
#O -
=8=
O#
=8)
O#
=8
O;
=8'
#O-
/ :#
<
<
+
2 %
2
:
2
+
2
2
. 9 +
>&
'(8= .
?
2
I
D
7
D
9:
D, -
2 + . .
2 - .
0
?
'(5!
"
;
!!"
>
;
,
2
. 0
2
'(5( +
'(5(
&
'(()
+ 3 3
3 3
2
<
'(1(
&
'(() ,
2
+
% + , -
'((! + 679'
2 K 9"!
+ 9'
Q = %
;
+ . )
O)
" #
%
%
$
<
.
3
# #
$
%
+ . C
<
;
+ . %
')
'
+6
"
# :A <
/#
"
: 6 A
$- L ?< $- L ?<
$-
?<
$+ $-
+
C
$-
C
7
7
:
+
C + +
7 7
+
?
<
?< ?<
+ A +
<
:
" %
#
"
;
$ ?
'(813 &
'(()3
%
? !!
'(('3 Q
!!" L 9
L
G '
2 - . G ' 29
!!!
!!" @
L
2 - .F '
@
'(5" -
F ' L
!!=
Q
!!"
Q
+
7
>
7
+
2 . ;
:
'(1' 9
!!" . D
C
9
2
+
9
J D + +
9 !!"
+
;
>:
'(1'
- "O- 5O 99999O -)) - .P 'L
E
- "O- 5O 999999 O -))
R 999999999999999999999999999 O 99999999999999999999999999999999 S - =O - 1O99999O-)
+
- =9-)=
- . .
- 1O- 8O99999O -)=
- . +
-
9
2
2 0
- .
@
- .
'" 3 9
% - . 9
+2
#
!8
+
1
. +
E ;
2
'(5! + 0 .
9
+
..
+
2 B
E 9-'5
E 9-'8 +
>&
'(8= ;
'(1( 2
? 6
+
'(5) 2 +
L
2
.
D
2
E
+
0
'(85
!!=
L
T%
$
'(8=3 D
'((!
!!= 0 2
L
2
.
2
L !!= +
-'(
- !
D
2
,2
2
2 =9"
#
!!"
'(58
2
9
=91 L
F'
2
L
0
+
!
G'
2
1
L
7
"
# :
7 : 7
.
" 7 :
& 44+
L
! 89 ) ! L 2
G )!
2
L
F!8
!!= .
# 7
$-
>$
+ +
=9 ''
6 1 %
"
) 6
# :;
:
0 "
/ "#
/
"
7 A
9
"
/
/
0 "
#
#
,
) !(
)!
' )!
!
#
$
,
) !1
) '8
' "=
1!"
679 '
#
('"
! 8!
' )!
! 8"1
! 5"
679 '
$
(!"
! 81
' )(
! 88)
! 5)=
K 9 "!
#
"5!
! 8'
' ="
! (!)
! 515
K 9 "!
$
"'"
!(
'
! 8=
! 5!)
+ 9'
#
'("5
! 5"
' ==
!8 =
! 5''
+ 9'
$
'(=1
! 8'
' )8
! 8")
! 5)
+
1 #
/
7 A
(
7
7 A 7
1
;
C
L 9-'5 <
#
'(8" %
L 9-'8
=91
$
2 .. %
2
#
#
>$
%
<
2
2 C
; +
,
+ .
% #
#
%
$
C
$#
D
679' #
$
K 9"!
L
+
=9''
+ 9' '
2 - .F'
!5
! 8" L
+ #
>$
.
L
2
'
' 2
0 / 0 "
8 ? 1 #
# /
@ ! /
# "
1 % #
@
E
% 6 / "
/
@
"
'(+
!
"
#
!
!
#
$
# %# &
'
# (
% $ )
!
# #
!
+ , + -
+
+ , +
+ %#
'()&
#
'##
+ ,
% ../&! 0
+
+
+ 1
+
! + !
$
2 $
$ -
-
!
(3 !456
4! 56 !5 /6
4!..6
!0 ! /6
!/ /6 4!:6
78,
9 ,/4
(3 !/5 6
!
*
$,
;;
+
!
! <
$
$ %
/, /, /,*
$ 78,
/, &2
$, 9 ,/4 !=
2 $ 78,
$ < !
$, 9 ,/4 %
9 ,/4
&!
%/, & > =4 #
? '()
3
78,
';
(3 6! &2-
'
%2 3
1
%
+,
( )0
4 "
/
#! !*
/
2
$
-
5 6 / 6
! !
"
#
%&'
#
-
$
" .
( ))*
$
@$
7 6
/
%/, & > = #
? (3 6!
'()
9 , /4
'; @$
1
'
%2 3
-
#
%&'
+, 3
#
/
( ))*
&2- %
"
( )0
$
*
.
3
! !9
7 &
8
*
& 7
"
*!<*9
*!0:8
& 7 & & & 7 & & 7
!89 ! 9 !;) !; !90
(
!;) !:; !;
*!)0
*!*0
8 9*
&
*!*0
A
! !8
9
/
*!; *!<; *! <
8 8*
5 / 6
4 "
*!*0
8 :*
8* <*
*! < 7 &
8
-
! !
*!;8
*
7 6
=9
7 &
! ;
*! 9
*!9
! !8
8 ;*
*!00
7
*!)*9
7
*!8;
"
*!<;<
8 <*
! !
7
8 0*
*!00
7
8 )*
5
&
*!::
&
*!;8
%/,*& >
?
$,
'; @$
= 4 #
3
# / )0
(
1
'
4 "
/ $
7 6
:
"
#,
-
! !9
B
! !
"
! !:
#
%&'
-
( ))*
+,
!#!
%2 3
"
.
&2%
(3 6!
$
'()
%/, & >
? =4 #
"
.
! !9
#
/
( )0
-
+,
#
+
%&'
3
( ))*
" '()
3
$
'; @$
1
% '
%2 3
*8
4 $
/
&2-
*8!<* 8!;*
(3 6!
! :
7
!9) 8!* !;
"
!9)
*
7
**
8!9*
*!0< *! 0
!8*
:))
:)0 :)<
*! 0
:);
7
*!;0
:):
*!0<
$
:)
*!:
>2>
8
*;
'
:)8
*! 0
2
! !
:)9
:)
:)*
! ;
:0)
*!<;
7
:00
!:;
:0< &
:0;
!;
:0 !:;
:0: &
:09 :08
& 7
*!;0
! < !*<
:0
C
8
#
! ; $ ! =
3D)"
!
!
.
!
" #$ " %
" ! " ") 2
)
, -
3
" "" 6
&44 "* *
" 4 2 *"8 " /
** )
*$
.
"
;
"2 *
$
"
!
+
!
)
;*
7
*$
4
9 !
"
0
"
" "* * 6 ) .
"*" ) )" "
&< =5+ / " $
3
$
"
"
" * &
$ ," * *
/ 0 28 " )"
(
** * $*"
" " 8
"
/ 0 / 0 1 $
+
3
1
" ( " )" $*+
" *"
)
6 " 7 )
:
4
:
:
*
.
&
;$
;;
" ")
6 ! .
!
'
2 * / 0 / 0 1 ))
< + ?6 !
6 " )" "
) * &
> .
* " >" * (
( " )" $*
.
" .
.
54 )
&'
.
* / 0
) )" / 0 #" +
"'
"
8
4=
" ) 1 $
?
"2 8
2
! "
8
4= .
*-
)
!6 !
* .
&
" " "
"
"
*
)
& ("
>"
" $ .
"
;
3
+ /
9DD/D
4
,
*
*
&'
&
+
;,
5 ;)
** * >
<
&
+
, ;
"*" ) *) "
"*
"
** )
<
* " % * )$ "
"
# 8"
* 9
" ,
(
"
< = ,"" 7
"
*+
" )!* *
"* < <
" ,""
/ 0
0$" 6
"
) &
@") " = + & "
2 9 "
" )
3 B" 7"
(" 6
*A
"
"
, ( &" +
3
"
" " " 8
**% $
".
5 ; 7
> *"
)
0$"
) )
) "*
"*
9"C 0$" *
" *"
$* 1 : ;) # "
( ,$
)
) *$))"**
" )
6 !
)6 !
444
*
)"!
@ * !? 6
*"
)
(
6 !
>" "
@ )" #"
1
/ 0 / 0 1
6 " )" " 6 !
$
*$
"
) )"
5 +
55 ( "!
>
"
B
" "*
6 @")
6
)"+
$
$
)
#" > ** ;
"
" *
B )"**
'
* # 9
")
$ 8"!
"* $ )"*
=4
,*
&
>$ !
**
(
,"
"
* * ) $" ) " ( *
) "
)
)
<+
5 6 "
.
$
* $ )" " * #" ) "
3
!
)
28 * 2 ,
")
4
=46 !
0$"* #"
2 " ! ; "* > ! 2 2
* 9
" "
"
"
! *
"
!
/ 0 3
7
!:
; "
* >
==
*
< >$@ )- 1 6 > ** ; (
E*
/
B
) ! "
//
.
)
# *1 $
<
& "
=5
>
*
*"
)
)
"
=< .
&
"
"
( *
. $" 3 "
*
)
"
2 *" )-
,
3
> **"
) " ) "
!* )
!
"2 * *
5
+
+
, !- > ;
)
* # 9
** "
" $
3"
)
" 7"
<
2
#
" " 8
"
= "
+
** " >
/
"
" ;3"
&
$
555
: @" *
#
" ;-
=
"
!* )
** " >
$
" *
"
"
"
!
$ 2
8"
)
F
;-
*) 3"
< (
2
3"
" ** "
* $)
"
>
//
$
G; * )
&
*
$"
6 " B (
)
! 6
,
%$ )
*
"
" *" ) *
H
"
!
"+
"*
:6 !
&" +6 !
%" *
" 7"
<
'
&
)
** "
"
" 7"
" ,$
2*-
"
"
"
"
$ 2 >"
8"
4
*
,
" $
// ,
=< !* )
** "
8
1 *
"* :
2 ! 5<
!
"
" & 4 4 4 =+
$* 1 : ;)# "
)
*
, (
68
4 4 <+ "
1 > : ,
"
"*A
6 !
!?6
3
&
=
1 * )
!
%1
(
$* 1 : ;) # "
"* : +
<
)
*A
"
, ( &" + 6% $
?
%
13
4 ,
"
" **"
"; * ) "8
"
8
1 3 :( "
=
$
;)
" ;
5
*
$
4
)
$"
&
"
" "
# % B
%" "
; > "
" >$
B ;
"
!* )
)* A
"*" ) 8
C
#"
<
5
> ".
*- % " 4
" */
))
"
) * )
4+ " "* ;
;)
"
!
"
" ." "
*
<4
" "
) ** ) &
"
"1
$ " ")
6
!3
;
6
!
3
*!* " * 6 ! ""
) ) )"
*
=+
)
5
)
=+
*
%
"
)" "
5 " *
# %
)
B *
*" & ,6 9" ,
)
"
I $
C! *" *$
," " *
!; * )
" ( " )" $*
" ("
#$!
"
" ? "8 " )"
!8 !
"* "
+
)!* **"
)
$) $
2 *"8 "
) " %9 <44
"
% *"
& =
-
" "8"
"* #"
- , 9
!
)$
$
"*
;""**"
" ; "* ) "8 "
"
1
! $
3
1 ; 2
=
5
6"
"$
2
#" ) " %
"$
+ % "" ; /
! 6 " ")
B" ,
>
;
*
! & ")
& 54 < 5+ !
) "*
< "
2 !
) %"
<.
$#
"C
!
,$-
" ("
!
2
"* "
,"*"
( " )" $* "*" )
3
&==< =55+
$* 1 :
*9 3
6$
,"
)
4 5= )
1 **
6 !
8
+ ' 8
4
(
#"
! ." F - = 4
#"
9 "
$
* !
"
H
6 !
!&% *
) *)
)
; $ !
B"* "
:
#"
:
"
" !
* !
#" ) "
("
1 *
= + 2 *"8 "
+ % "" 6"
/
&
*
#" "
#" *$
$*
=
(
"* * ") !
(
"
**
" * " "*)
"* ? !
J : >$ !
% **
! ' 8" * !
;
!
% "
6
$
! 8
( & 4=
(
<
"
* !
"
=+
&9 "
2
!
$
;" *"0$" )" 65+
& " *+ #" >
!
/ 0 ,
;)/ ! " , 1 "
*
" 8
"
1 (
8
;$*"$
:
=
" >
% ! #"
)
& = 54+ 9
; $ !
"*
>" "
8
"
" **"
9
55
$ )"
" ( " )" $* *
* (
6# >$
3
=
545+
2
9 > B "
28 $
*"
%$) ,
9"
) " 6
" 8"
4
& 1
)$
)
&
4
"
" "3 ?
;1;
"! 1$
,"
)""
"
:
" *+
!
)-* / ?
< < 5+ 5 F " ) ** )
$ "* <
;
) *$ !
6 ) )-
); $ -*+
9$ 9
"*$ * &"
) "*$ * 3 (
1
" *
"?
>
"
B, :
**
&5
; *
#
;
"(
>$ "
"
-
+ ,
(
- "$
);
$
(
9")- " ,
)"
6 " $"
&
" *
)
*$ 8"!
)"
J
4
$
;
1 **
= + ) "
<<
"
*"
"
% ** %$" 2C ) 6 "** 9
&2
>! 1
; *$ " 2
$*) "
,"@ C 1
( " )" $* G #
" )" "
*
<
*
" 6" *
"
* )
*
) )" 6
* 3
" ,"
*
*
! "*" )
,9
6 * 6"
3
" I "$
(
// > *
.
!>
! (
<
& << <=4+
$
* " G "8"
1 $ <
&
4 +
" K&8 " +?
" *8 "
) + @ ;
-" *
= ,*
=
1
;
2
# 2
#"
"
" *
" ) $ K*
" * ((
"
=
!
* " "" )
" 8
"
> :#
)
' 8" * !
. " ,"
> )- ) > * * ("
!* " *
"
" ; )" "
"*
2
)"
!* *
"
#$ " *")
6 "
"
)
&6 6" " *
! (
";
); )
6
#"
;$ 8
:
,
=
% 2
$
"G
* "* <
"$
(
2 8
"( ",8
5+
& <4 = +
5< 6"
"
%" " > &
!
" )"
"*$ * 8 %
!
;
)""
.
) $" ;
<
/*
">
-"
"*
6"
"$
" ' 8" * !
"**
<<
"
!
"
)
"
C"
C
" &
6
)
<
" * )) * ) ** 1$
*
"
"
" ?
!3
4=+
6
?%
: #" ) "
, #" ) "
; $
" 8
$ "-
* ! 3
= *"
)-* 3 $ " 2
* ! &"
" * ,
%
:# * *+
"
" "* *
*" "
"
; )-" 7 " 2 *"8 "
!
*"
< 6 ) )-
1 3 * 5= ?/
" 1 *
> )$
" * ") 8"* 1 $
"
,( " ?
.$) " $*) "
" , $
*
: " $*
" !
" )
*) " )" /
*
/-$"
)
"
)
!
!8
"
*
& 4
= 55+
"*
B
"*$ !
)
;
)
3" -
$)
2) &
! #
< ." J" $" / * $ "
1
5
" $;
)
) #"
9"* ,
)
>$
-!* "* ,$ ; "* ) 4< 4
$
"%2
#"
" "* 5 8" *
"
>" *
**
,# ; / "
B "
<=
" >9 9
" ("
& =
+
"
+
(
*
!
!
#$ ( * ( " )" $* ;"
8 $ "
!
$ "
# "
5< ? #
6 " ")
!A 6" - *
;
/ "
"; $
$
"C * '
" % 2 28" * ; 1
$"* >
-
"
-$"
,# !
")
& == 44 +
- 9; >" *
8"
"
*
! ." ;"C )
#"
*
) )" > *
" ( " )" $*
3
)
.
&44
" $*
$*
"* *
6# >$
&
< + %9
"
;" =
,
"
)
)" >$
(
6"
= #
# 2
$
& 2%
0$
" 3
,
# "
)
); * ))$
>"
"" "
!
*
#" "" "
"
*
""
)"+ >$ = # 2
"' "*
4 6 !
) "*
*" ) ("
4
"
"*
"* ")
& 4<
<5
"
"3 )
2C
6
2
=+ "
" >"
* $ " * %
"'
! *
)" ? "8 " )"
)
"" "$*
*" ))
+
/ ? * $ )" >! >
7
4= **
)-*
"0$" )"
9 6
&
+
5
"
)
3"
6#
$ "*
"
#"
-& 2 ! 3
<+
> 6 B" " , "
)
"$
))$
* "C
"
*
)"
"
>"
"" *"
' "
!
""
6
* *
* " "
5=
$
"
*
)"*
6# 3
.
!
- " )*
& ")"
"
5=+
&
<
+ *
( 9 : ,"
)-
$* " 6 "
B *
)-* /
)
) " * )* #" "
(
; * )
"
& " *
1
) )
#"
! 3
+
"'
"
" !
5= (
* "*
5
" *
* $ )"
& ) " >
1
"* "
" ,"" &'
); 6
# 8"
B
*
6 @") 3
"
6
9 " ( " )" $* ,
<
"
" )!* *
,"" *"
(B
" ,
,
@") >
"
+/
D(3
)"+ " " )!* *
&
5+ "
$ " )"
" $" "
,
" $
6
" =45 6 )""
)"
*
"
) "*$ * 3
&
4
44+ 8" *"
/
!*
55? 6 "
3
<
! '
* 6 1
:>
!
"
, 1
" * 9 !
?
-"
"
-" ; %
)5
$ "
* !"
" $
< <=+
6
"
)
! "*
*
"
*
$ !L ) 2
"
"
& 5 4<4+ !
6 !
) "*
!
$"7 2 !
!
" "" ' 8
!;) "
"
-"
*
4 ( "
!
6 )
!
"** ." ! -
%"
#$
)"
&
"
" $* "
*"
) "*
( " )" $*
& " *+
-"
" F $ "* ;
!
7" ( 9
) " ) " "
)
"
' *
**"**
> *
"
*$ *$
$
>
1
"
);
55 2
" * 9 ! 2 " ""
!
<
!
.
B
"
! '
) "* (
!
B "
"
!
*
$ )" $
16# 3
*
)- )
)" 7
)$ " 5
* &4
" 4 =+
óïi‹ÉÜa@Š†b—¾a @ô aŠí§a@æîíÙnÜ@óïuíÜíåïÜbjÜa@@pbåz ÜaìóïÔbjÜaNH
I×ìŠbÐ@†ì‹ @L@õ‡åj“ÕåÜa@M @@
@óÜb Š@L@×a‹ÉÜa@O@æî‡Üa@0þ–ì@âïà&bnÜa@ônÕåà@ôÐ@òŠbn¬@ nÜa@ônÕåà@ôÐ@òŠbn¬@ @Šbi&ý@ÞÑ ýa@ô bnî‹ÙÜaì@ôÝÈýa@@@ @ózÑ–@
@@†a‡Íi@óÉàbu@ @ãíÝÉÜa@óïÝØ@LH@òŠí“åàI@òaŠín؆
@Šíƒ—Ü@óïøïiì@óîí›È@óï÷bïáïØíïuóïïáïÕm@ó aŠ†@NH
@ILç@a†‹à@õŒíÐ@~@ômbïjÜa@M@@
@ @ãíÝÉÜa@óïÝØ@L@H@@òŠí“åà@EÌ @@òŠí“åà@EÌ@IëaŠín؆@óÜb Š@@×a‹ÉÜa@ ì@ôÐ@òŠbn¬@Šbia@ôÐ@aŠbØbïu@æîíÙm ózÑ–@@ @”äaE’@æîíÙnÜ@@óïuíÜíåïÜbjÜa@@pbåz Üaì@óïÔbjÜa äaE’@æîíÙnÜ@@óïuíÜíåïÜbjÜa@@pbåz Üaì@óïÔbjÜaN@H
@~@†a‡Íi@óÉàbu@
@ILê @‡á«@‡ïÜì@L@ôuìa@M@
@En ubà@óyì‹ @a@×a‹ÉÜa@ ì En ubà@óyì‹ @a@×a‹ÉÜa@ ìM†a‡Íi@ôÔ‹’@ÞÕy@ôÐ@ôvïÝÉÜa@@æîíÙm@Êà@õíÝÉÜa@ê b¸@@óÉïj ì N@ózÑ–@
@L@æî‡Üa@0þ–@óÉàbu@ @ãíÝÉÜa@óïÝØ@H@òŠí“åàEÌI
@ßbS@ça‹vè@óÕåà@ôÐ@ôqþrÜa@M@õE’bjÜa@‡y@@óïuíÜíåïÜbiNH@
ILbàím@‡ïª@~@båy@M@
N@ózÑ–@ @L@æî‡Üa@0þ—Üa@óÉàbu @ãíÝÉÜa@óïÝØ@H@òŠí“åà@EÌ@I@En ubà@@óyì‹ a@L×a‹ÉÜa@ôÔ‹’ @óyìŠÃaL@×a‹ÉÜa@ßb@õ§a@í ‹ @æîíÙnÜ@óïmbï¨a@óïÔbjÜ @æîíÙnÜ@óïmbï¨a@óïÔbjÜNH
@Iµ y@E܆@LµàaM @@
@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@N@@@ózÑ–@ @L@†a‡Íi@óÉàbu @ãíÝÉÜa@óïÝØ@H@òŠí“åà@EÌI@En ubà@
@óïjï ]Üa@óøïjÝÜ@ÞïÜ@‡Ø@@óïuíÜíåïÜbjÜa@pbå ïjï ]Üa@óøïjÝÜ@ÞïÜ@‡Ø@@óïuíÜíåïÜbjÜa@pbåz Üa@NH@
@IL‹Ù È@‡¼a@~@Ò−@M@
@~@×a‹ÉÜa@ßbS @×a‹ÉÜa@ßbS@H@ ìýa@ô aŠí§aI@íÝØŠb Üa@æîíÙnÜ@@pbäíiŠbØ슇ïéÝÜ@ò‡Üí¾a@ó—¾aŠíƒ—Üaì N@ózÑ–@@
@L@†a‡Íi@óÉàbu@M@@ãíÝÉÜa@óïÝØ@H@òŠí“åà@EÌI@En ubà@óyì‹ a@
@LãíÝÉÜa@óïÝØ@L@HôuíÜíåïÜbjÜaI@óÕïÔ‡Üa@óîí›ÉÜa@pa‹vzn¾aNH@
IL@ÞÈ`‚@@‹àbqL@ñ‹àbÉÜa@ L@ÞÈ`‚@@‹àbqL@ñ‹àbÉÜa@M@ @NózÑ–@
L@æî‡Üa@0þ–@óÉàbu@
@ @
! ! "
"
!
!
# # " " #" #
"
#! # $% $ #
! %
&
#
&
'
'
)
) %
*+ , # . #
& %
* -
(
## . # % ' % ./.
&
-
'
(
!"
!# $
'!!# ! (
)*
#
+,
%
&
&!
-
! " .
!#
! " .
!#
"
$'!!# ! *
#
/)
+0
-
!
12
* & . & +0
%
"
& (
-)
3 4
!
&
/ / !#
( ! " .
& !#
"
$* & . & ( / /) 5
+0
!" .
!#
!
!#
! "
!#
! "
!#
"
! 67
!
. 12
&
!
12
&
" 67
"
# -"
!
!#
52
&
!"
8!2
"
!#
8!2 67
!
. 12
" $
%
67
!
67
&'( 12
$ !
&
&
) *
&'(
. 12
&
+, !#
* 3
!
!
-
./ 0 12
&
/
67
"
! / 12
&
9 +0
&:
! "
!#
!"
!#
!"
!#
"
"
12 +0
"
!
-
!#
! ! "
!#
-
2
! !"
2
!#
!
67 2
"-
!
12
! ! "
"
&
2
! "
67 2
67
"-
!
12
&
"
! / 12
&
!
&
!
67 2
!#
! 12
-
-
2
! -
!&
!#
"
!& +0
12
&
!
12
&
%& 6
+0
!&
!
"
%& 6 * 3
"
! /- 12
%& 6 !
-
"
!#
&
-"
#&2 0 !
.
!4 (
!#
&
! & #
!" .
!#
'!!# ! 67
!
: &
" 67
12
&
& !
. 12
& 4
;
!
!#
$ & )
& /-
! "
-
"-
!#
&
5
!&
/
-
<& 67
!
! " 67
"
. 12
!
. 12
&
( /
! / 12
8
/ !"
!#
--
/
&
=0
#
"
& (
&
-"
-/
;
-
;
/
; 4 !%
64
+0
!# ; 4 !%
64 !#
/
/
; 4 !%
64
67
" 67
12
; 4 !%
64 "-
&
" 12
&
/
/"
/
PLATE- 1
PLATE- 2
PLATE - 3
PLATE-4
PLATE- 5
PLATE- 6
PLATE- 7
PLATE- 8
PLATE- 9
Figure-1: Amorphous Organic Matter type A.
Figure-2: Amorphous Organic Matter type B.
PLATE-10
Figure-1: Amorphous Organic Matter type C.
Figure-2: Amorphous Organic Matter type D.
PLATE- 11
Figure-1: Palynofacies -1 (P.F. 1)
Figure-1: Palynofacies - 2 (P.F. 2).
PLATE- 12
Figure-1: Palynofacies -3 (P.F. 3)
Figure-2: Palynofacies -4 (P.F.4)
PLATE - 13
TAI = 2 ,
Dokan Section
