CONSULTING ARBORICULTURISTS & HORTICULTURISTS
Urban Tree Management Australia Pty Ltd ACN 098 599 805 ABN 56 098 599 805 65 Excelsior Street Merrylands NSW 2160 Phone 02 9760 1389 Facsimile 02 9760 1102
[email protected] www.utma.com.au
REPORT: ARBORICULTURAL ASSESSMENT OF
Scarred Trees
Parramatta Park Parramatta New South Wales
Commenced June 2013 Completed January 2014 Reference 14115.2 on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 2
Contents Page
Summary
4
1.0
Introduction
8
2.0
Methodology
8
3.0
Tree Assessment
9
4.0
Scar Tree Assessment
14
5.0
Conclusion
38
6.0
Recommendations
38
References
39
Appendices Appendix A
Sustainable Retention Index Value (SRIV) Version 4 (IACA 2010) ©
Appendix B
IACA Significance of a Tree, Assessment Rating System (STARS) © (IACA 2010) ©
Appendix C
Glossary of terminology (IACA 2009)
Appendix D
Survey of Subject Trees
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Scarred tree Wind of fibres, reel of time Rings the radiant knell, Ways on ways end seamless days, Ephemeral implements dispel. Fragmented communities dieback, Limbs, leached and scattered Sapped of blood infused essence, Degraded and weathered history Cradles negatives by absent hands, Shadows at margins impoverished edge, Disruption that can never heal, Wounds face solemn empty country, As daze of days blurred older ways Until seldom thought, displaced. Seeds in disturbed soil endure Fight for light and binding earth, and persist in growing vigour. Wounds won't heal but by occlusion conceal scars, life's rituals legacy, As matted fibres uniformly enmesh, Stem, and enrich new skin. DBD 19‐20/4/2012
Page 3
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 4
SUMMARY This report considers 8 trees (the trees) to assist in determining the origin of the wounds. Table 1.0 summarizes the 8 trees and the likely origin of the wound/s which will be discussed further. Of the 8 trees examined 5 appear to be of Aboriginal cultural origin and 1 possibly a surveyor’s blaze and 2 from insect, mechanical or fire damage. Table 1.0 Summary of each tree with origin of wounding. Tree No. / Archaeological No.
Genus and species
1. Age range of tree
Common name
Likely origin of wound/s
in yrs. approx. /
2. Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
1
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Forest Red Gum
1. 200 - <300
1. Aboriginal Cultural origin
2.1 200 - <250
2. Aboriginal Cultural origin
2.2 200 - <250
Photographs of tree
1. 2.
Tree No. / Archaeological No.
Genus and species
Common name
1. Age range of tree
Likely origin of wound/s
in yrs. approx. /
2. Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
2
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Forest Red Gum
1. >300 - <400
1. Aboriginal Cultural origin
2.1 150 - <200
2. Non-cultural Abrasion impact event
2.2 120 - <150 2.3 >50 - <75
3. Non-cultural Abrasion impact event
2.4 >100 - <150
4. Aboriginal cultural origin
Photographs of tree
4. 1.
1.
3.
2.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 5
Table 1.0 Summary of each tree with origin of wounding. Tree No. / Archaeological No.
Genus and species
Common name
1. Age range of tree
Likely origin of wound/s
in yrs. approx. /
2. Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
3
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Forest Red Gum
1. 250 - <300
1. Insect borer damage
2.1 50 - <75
2. Mechanical or fire damage
2.2 100 - <125
Photographs of tree
1.
2. Tree 3 Table 1.0 Summary of each tree with origin of wounding. Tree No. / Archaeological No.
Genus and species
Common name
1. Age range of tree
Likely origin of wound/s
in yrs. approx. /
2. Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
4
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Forest Red Gum
1. 125 - <150 2. >50 - <75
Photographs of tree
1. 1.
1. Mechanical and Insect borer damage
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 6
Table 1.0 Summary of each tree with origin of wounding. Tree No. / Archaeological No.
Genus and species
Common name
1. Age range of tree
Likely origin of wound/s
in yrs. approx. /
2. Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
5
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Forest Red Gum
1. 150 - <200
1. Aboriginal Cultural origin
2.1 125 - <150
2. Aboriginal Cultural origin
2.2 125 - <150
Photographs of tree
2. 1.
Trees 5, 6, 7 Table 1.0 Summary of each tree with origin of wounding. Tree No. / Archaeological No.
Genus and species
Common name
1. Age range of tree
Likely origin of wound/s
in yrs. approx. /
2. Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
6
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Forest Red Gum
1. 250 - <300
1. Aboriginal Cultural origin
2.1 100 - <150
2. Aboriginal Cultural origin
2.2 100 - <150
Photographs of tree
Tree 7
1.
Tree 7
Tree 6
Trees 5, 6, 7
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 7
Table 1.0 Summary of each tree with origin of wounding. Tree No. / Archaeological No.
Genus and species
Common name
1. Age range of tree
Likely origin of wound/s
in yrs. approx. /
2. Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
7
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Forest Red Gum
1. 250 - <300
1. Aboriginal Cultural origin
2. 100 - <150
Photographs of tree
1.
Tree 7
Tree 6
Trees 5, 6, 7
Table 1.0 Summary of each tree with origin of wounding. Tree No. / Archaeological No.
Genus and species
Common name
1. Age range of tree
Likely origin of wound/s
in yrs. approx. /
2. Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
8
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Forest Red Gum
1. 300 - <350 2. >175 - <225
Photographs of tree
1. Tree 8
1. Surveyor’s blaze or blaze for posting public notices.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
1.0
Page 8
INTRODUCTION
Urban Tree Management Australia© (UTMA) has prepared this report for Parramatta Park Trust, corner Macquarie and Pitt Streets, Parramatta NSW, PO Box 232 Parramatta NSW on a pro bono basis, save for Tree 1. This is further to the UTMA Arboricultural Impact Assessment (AIA) Report Prepared 23 April 2012, Reference 14115 (the initial report) on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust, which examined 7 trees. Tree 6 in the initial report is referred to as Tree 1 in this report and is the only tree of common reference to both reports. Danny Draper (the author) and Laurie Dorfer (undertaking Resistograph testing and reporting for Tree 1) attended Parramatta Park, corner Macquarie and Pitt Streets, Parramatta NSW (the site), on Thursday 29 March 2012 (Tree 1) and the author Saturday 23 June 2012 (Trees 2-8), and the trees and their growing environments were examined by a visual assessment conducted from the ground and Tree 1 internally tested by resistance drilling with a Resistograph. The results of the Resistograph testing were the subject of the initial report and are not included here. Tree 1 underwent remedial work for its retention to manage its remaining structural integrity as a consequence of the findings of the initial report. The trees are indicated in Appendix D – Survey of Subject Tree/s with Wounds. This report has relied upon the following plan/s and documents: 1. 2.
Site Parramatta Park Plan, provided by Parramatta Park Trust, PO Box 232 Parramatta NSW 2124. Aerial Photographs 1930, 1951, provided by Parramatta Park Trust.
2.0
METHODOLOGY
2.1
The trees are located on the Survey of Subject Tree/s with Wounds – Appendix D. Here for ease of reference each tree was assigned a sequential number by UTMA Pty Ltd.
2.2
The inspection of each tree was undertaken by a visual assessment conducted from the ground and considers as part of the assessment the remaining lifespan of a live tree or durability of the remains of a dead tree where the scarred section is to be preserved.
2.3
Any dimensions recorded as averages, or by approximation are noted accordingly.
2.4
The trees/s have been allocated a value for suitability for retention based on classifications for age, condition and vigour using the Sustainable Retention Index Value (SRIV)© Version 4 (IACA, 2010) ©, Appendix A.
2.5
The trees/s have been allocated a significance rating determined by using the Tree Significance - Assessment Criteria of the IACA Significance of a Tree, Assessment Rating System (STARS)© (IACA, 2010) ©, Appendix B.
2.6
The meanings for terminology used herein are taken from the IACA Dictionary for Managing Trees in Urban Environments 2009. An extract from the IACA Dictionary forms a glossary of terms included as Appendix C.
2.7
Resistance Drilling tests previously conducted for Tree 1 were undertaken with an IML Resi F500 Resistograph produced by Instrumenta Mechanic Labor Gmbh, Grober Stadtacker 2, 69168 Wiesloch, Germany. The tabulated t/R results within this report are evaluated against C. Mattheck’s formula for Centralised defect. Mattheck states if the thickness of the sound residual wall is less than 30%-35% of the stem radius, failure is probable from bending fracture or cross sectional flattening (Mattheck 1998, p. 186) thirty percent (30%) was used as the limit within this Report or as stated otherwise.
2.8
Photographs were taken by Danny Draper on 29 March 2012 (Tree 1) and 19 June 2012, 5 June 2013 (Trees 2-8).
3.0
TREE ASSESSMENT
3.1
Assessment of tree/s or stand/s of trees.
UTM Tree No. / Stand No.
Genus & species / Common Name
Age Y = Young M = Mature O = Overmature
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Crown Form D = Dominant C = Co-dominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
Ht. Approx. metres
Crown spread approx. metres / Orientation R= Radial, or other
Crown Symmetry 1= symmetrical 2= asymmetrical / Orientation
Crown cover / Crown density % / D= dormant
DBH in mm @ 1.4m, or other, as indicated and trunk orientation other than R = radial, e.g. N/S /
DARB
Diameter above root buttress
1
Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Red Gum
2
Eucalyptus tereticornis
O O
P F
F-D F
20 19
Forest Red Gum 3
Eucalyptus tereticornis
M
F
F
24
Forest Red Gum 4
Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Red Gum
No.
M
F
F-C
18
14x10 N/S
2 E
80 80
1050, R /
Roots evident @ root crown 1. = None 2. = Adventitious 3. = Basal Flare 4. = Buttresses 5. = First Order Roots (FOR), No. & distribution e.g. R = radial, or one each to N, S, E, NE and W
1
3. R
2
1
1
2
OGVP - 4 3
2 3
1
1.
1
2
1
1
OGVG - 6
1
1
1
MGVF - 9 1
1 1
MGVF - 9
2
1
2
N/A
8
2
90
R
S
90
940x840, 890 Av. N/S / N/A
1
1
10 R
2 N
80 85
630x700, 665 Av. E/W / 665 Av.
8
2
90
570x650, 610 Av. N/S /
R
S
90
610 Av.
Pests & diseases 1 = No or 2 = Yes (If 2. see comments)
4. x 3 SW, NE, SE
1
4. x 5
1
NE, SE, S, W
Branch Bark included 1 = No or 2 = Yes or 3 = N/A
1
1
Vigour 1= Good Vigour 2= Low Vigour
1
1
Form 1= Good form 2= Poor form
1
1
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating Appendix A www.iaca.org.au / ESTIMATED LIFE EXPECTANCY 1. Long 2. Medium 3. Short
Significance scale STARS Appendix B www.iaca.org.au 1=High 2=Medium 3=Low / Retention Value 1=High 2=Medium 3=Low 4=Remove
Trunk Lean 1 = Upright-Slight 2 = Moderate 3 = Severe 4 = Critical. 5 = Acaulescent / Orientation / ST = Static P = Progressive Sc = Self-correcting
Comments
1
Trunk to 6 m, straight, deliquescent, comprised of 2 codominant first order structural branch (FOSB), orientation NW/SE; 1 superior to NW, erect, bifurcated @ 8 m approximately; 1 inferior to SE, acutely divergent and ascending supporting approximately 40% and 30% of the live crown, respectively. Below the 2 FOSB are 2 inferior 1st order branches, 1 to North at 4 m and 1 to Northwest at 2 m, supporting approximately 20% and 10% of the live crown, respectively and likely derived from epicormic shoots. The tree has developed a secondary crown indicative of senescence and decline. The trunk is hollow with wounds to North and South and discussed further in the Scare Tree Assessment. Another wound was evident proximally on the superior FOSB extending down the trunk, with another wound on the West side of the trunk at approximately 2.5 m and another 3.5 m approx. shown in Photographs 1.1 and 1.2.
2
Trunk to 2.5 m, straight, deliquescent, comprised of 2 codominant first order structural branch (FOSB), orientation NE/SW; 1 superior to SW, acutely divergent to erect, bifurcated @ 3 m; 1 inferior to NE, acutely divergent and ascending, supporting approximately 60% and 40% of the live crown, respectively. Mature epicormic shoots in the lower-mid crown. The tree has shed 3rd order and lower order branches in mid-lower crown with stubs up to 1 m long and 100-300 mm diameter approximately, remaining, hollow and providing habitat to parrots. The superior FOSB appears to be regrowth from a lopping event when viewed from NW, but is likely due to taper of the 2 bifurcated stems distally when viewed from all other sides. It is possible that a third 2nd order branch was present initially and the 2 current branches arose as epicormic shoots after it died. This is further evident by a concave depression around the inner side at the base of each remaining stem indicative of their growth around a convex object such as an initial stem, no longer present. The area where the initial stem may have been located has occluded to the NW likely forming a pocket crotch although this was not examined and a hollow extending proximally towards the trunk may be present and concealed by accumulated humus. Such a stem may have died back as a response to initial wounding of the trunk to the east side or another cause and subsequent decay and new shoots arisen in response to this stress event. This is further evident by the erect growth of the 2 current branches likely derived from elite epicormic shoots where due to their spacing there was a lack of competition for light and space and neither was able to subsume the other to assert apical dominance with both stems of similar dimensions and height exhibiting co-dominance. The only evidence of previous pruning is the stub of a 1st order branch in the lower crown to NW at 2950 mm, 1 m long and 250-300 mm diameter at branch collar and 150 mm diameter at its distal end, hollow and providing habitat to parrots. The tree has 4 wounds around its trunk. Each trunk wound is located at a cardinal point and are expected to have progressively slowed the trees growth as vascular tissue was disrupted and infestation by decay pathogens. The tree is expected to be structurally unsound due to its hollow stem and open cavity to east, but is supporting strong new growth along all margins indicative of stasis in its stress with foliage growth stable.
3
High volume small and large deadwood, mid – upper crown. High volume epicormic shoots stabilised as a secondary crown. 2 wound, 1 to N and 1 to S.
4
Medium volume small deadwood throughout. 1 wound on NE side of trunk caused by insects. Tree has undergone a period of stress and has been predated by Longicorn Borers (Order Cerambycidae) with epicormic shoots arising near the wounding on the east side of the trunk with the branch collar of a mature shoot as an inferior first order branch, evident from 410 mm to 560 mm along the NE buttress. The wound face has 7 notches evidence of branches from 1820 - 2510 mm with diameters 10-55 mm. It is expected that the borers partially ring barked the trunk by concentrating on the area with epicormic shoots. Wound extending to cavity.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
3.1 UTM Tree No. / Stand No.
Page 10
Assessment of tree/s or stand/s of trees continued. Genus & species / Common Name
Age Y = Young M = Mature O = Overmature
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Crown Form D = Dominant C = Co-dominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
Ht. Approx. metres
Crown spread approx. metres / Orientation R= Radial, or other
Crown Symmetry 1= symmetrical 2= asymmetrical / Orientation
Crown cover / Crown density % / D= dormant
DBH in mm @ 1.4m, or other, as indicated and trunk orientation other than R = radial, e.g. N/S /
DARB
Diameter above root buttress
5
Eucalyptus tereticornis
M
F
F–C
18
Forest Red Gum 6
Eucalyptus tereticornis
M
F
F
24
Forest Red Gum 7
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Red Gum
No. 5 6 7 8
2
80
E/W
E
85
9
1
85
550x680, 615 Av., NE/SW /
R M
F
C
20
Forest Red Gum 8
10x5
O
F
F-D
25
460x640, 560 Av., NE/WS / N/A
85
N/A
10
2
80
R
NE
85
820x660, 740 Av., NE/SW / N/A
85
1140x640, 890 Av. NE/SW /
15 R
2 E
85
N/A
Pests & diseases 1 = No or 2 = Yes
Vigour 1= Good Vigour 2= Low Vigour
Branch Bark included 1 = No or 2 = Yes or 3 = N/A
Form 1= Good form 2= Poor form
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating Appendix A www.iaca.org.au / ESTIMATED LIFE EXPECTANCY 1. Long 2. Medium 3. Short
Trunk Lean 1 = Upright-Slight 2 = Moderate 3 = Severe 4 = Critical. 5 = Acaulescent / Orientation / ST = Static P = Progressive Sc = Self-correcting
Roots evident @ root crown 1. = None 2. = Adventitious 3. = Basal Flare 4. = Buttresses 5. = First Order Roots (FOR), No. & distribution e.g. R = radial, or one each to N, S, E, NE and W
1
4. x 3, NE, S, SW
1
1. to S, St.
4. x 7, N, NE, S, SW, WSW, W, NW
1
1
1
1
1
1
1. 14.8O
4. x 4 SW, E, NE, N
1
1
1
1
MGVF – 9
1
1
1
1
OGVF - 4
1
2
1
13.8O
to NE, St. 2. 23.4O to E, may be progressive.
4. x 5 SE, SW, NE, N, NW
(If 2. see comments)
1
1
1
1
1
1
Significance scale STARS Appendix B www.iaca.org.au 1=High 2=Medium 3=Low / Retention Value 1=High 2=Medium 3=Low 4=Remove
MGVF – 9
1
1
1
MGVF – 9
1
Comments Medium volume small and large deadwood throughout. 2 trunk wound, 1 to NE, 1 to NW. High volume epicormic shoots throughout, stabilised. Previously shed 1st and lower order branches leaving habitat hollows. High volume small and large deadwood throughout. 1 trunk wound to N likely caused by termites but possibly of Aboriginal Cultural origin. Previously shed 1st and lower order branches leaving habitat hollows. High volume epicormic shoots throughout, some stabilised and some new. Previously shed 1st and lower order branches leaving habitat hollows. Located on the western bank of Macquarie’s Pond with growth extending to the pond’s dry base. Trunk wound extensive on NW side with decay evident and Phellinus sp. sporophores evident. Lean to E with vigorous buttress root development evident on SE side opposing the lean and on NE side resisting the lean as a column of adaptive growth subject to compression. The lean of the crown appears to be self-correcting. The trunk has a bottle butt indicative of decay and adaptive growth around the area.
4.0
TREE ASSESSMENT – Scar Tree Assessment
Assessment of Scar Trees The following criteria were recorded to reflect the current status of the trees being: Age class, Condition class, Form class, Dimensions, Crown cover (live foliage as %), Crown density (density of live foliage evident as %), vigour class and Sustainable Retention Index Value (SRIV) version 4 (IACA, 2010) of each live tree (Appendix A), where appropriate. The age of the tree/s was estimated from a sound professional knowledge or research of the individual tree taxa, growth of trees within the region based on habitat, rainfall, soil type and land use practices and considered against the dimensions of each tree encountered and the limitations of its growing environment in situ. A tree may be described in greater detail than others where it was considered appropriate to more accurately describe the location of the wound or the circumstances which may have led to its formation. Assessment of Wounds to determine Archaeological status as Scarred Trees As a tree grows vascular cambium as a thin layer of dynamic cells close to the surface produces xylem to form wood on the inner side, and phloem to form bark on the outer side. The cambium grows as a continuous ring and is laid down as fibres along the trunk, stems and roots when a new growth increment layer is developed. The vascular cambium translocates nutrients in solution through the fibres from the roots to the leaves through the xylem and sugars produced in the leaves as photosynthates through the phloem and ray cells and to the roots. Their structural importance allows for strength and flexibility as energy from loading forces from the trees mass and wind movement stimulates adaptive growth and reactive growth. The shape and form of a tree is affected as wind moves along stems from the distal to proximal end dissipating and diminishing through damping through the trunk and roots and out into the ground (James et al 2006, Mattheck & Breloer 1994, pp. 14-19). When the vascular cambium is disrupted a wound occurs. If the vascular cambium is severed to a sufficient depth fibres above and below will become desiccated and die forming a wound with the extent of tissue dieback often unpredictable and extending beyond the initial point of wounding. The coating of live tissue allows for a uniform distribution of loading forces over the entire tree – the axiom of uniform stress (Mattheck & Breloer 1994, p. 183), with additional or less wood produced depending on loading forces of compression, tension, shear and torsion. The stimulus of wounding usually changes the distribution of loading forces and the growth responses from the tree which can manifest as altered growth patterns as the load bearing capacity of the tree is modified and the crown and growing conditions alter over the life of the tree. Such changes may be caused by shedding branches, hollowing from termites, fungal decay or fire, clearing of nearby trees increasing exposure to winds, branch shedding, further wounding, and root damage from excavation, soil cultivation or erosion. When wounding occurs the trees biomechanics predispose it to attempt to restore the alignment of its fibres and to protect it from pathogens by the growth of new wood and to isolate the wound through 4 walls of defence as provided by (CODIT) Compartmentalization of Decay In Trees (Shigo 1989, p. 45) by chemically altering surrounding wood and walling off the damage using barriers provided by existing cellular structures as Walls 1-3 and finally to conceal the wound separating it from the damage caused at the time of wounding beneath layers of new wood as Wall 4. At the time of wounding Wall 1 is formed by plugging xylem vessels vertically above and below the wound. Wall 2 is formed tangentially in growth rings by the concentration of lignin in the cells of late season’s growth acting to prevent the inward spread of pathogens. Wall 3 forms at the sides of the wound from ray cells producing toxins which limits spread laterally. Wall 4 is the new wood separating the initial wound site from new growth and forms the wound margin.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 12
The sides of the wound are wound margin left and wound margin right which slowly converge and usually form an oblong, circular or elliptic shape (Draper and Richards 2009). The distal and proximal ends of a wound are the wound apex and wound base respectively and may be irregular, jagged, obtuse, rounded, truncate to acute (<90O) where the margins converge often forming a wound seam or partial occlusion (Draper and Richards 2009). The wood exposed by the removal of the bark is the wound face although this may be absent if a void is evident as a cavity or a larger void as a hollow (Draper and Richards 2009). No matter what the shape of the wound the tree will ultimately attempt to align the fibres to grow over and conceal the wound to restore the cover of living wood around and along the stem to return the stem to its structural optimum, capable of receiving a uniform stress loading (Mattheck and Breloer 1994, pp. 12-16). Ultimately most margins converge and graft to conceal the wound face and it is then that the tree has achieved wound occlusion (Draper and Richards 2009). The living tissue disrupted at the time of wounding will always die, remain damaged and continue to deteriorate even when a wound is occluded by successive growth rings because trees do not heal they can only conceal the damaged cells with consecutive layers formed by each seasons growth (Mattheck and Breloer 1994, pp. 12-16). Wound margins encroach over the wound face as new growth ring increments are added around the tree. The wound margin depth on the left and right sides usually deepens over time before the wound is occluded and can be measured perpendicular from the wound face to the outer edge of the trunk, or from the outer edge of the trunk to the inner edge of the void if the wound face is absent (Draper and Richards 2009). It is not uncommon for the depth of the wound margin right and wound margin left or the distances from the initial wound margin to the wound margin to be different because of reactive growth stimulated by differential loading along the stem in compression, tension, torsion or shear stimulating more wood to be laid down on the side bearing the greatest load (Mattheck and Breloer 1994, pp. 12-16). Where margins are of a similar width and depth they are usually equally loaded or may both be neutrally loaded (Mattheck 2004, p. 17). As the wound wood margins grow across the wound face from the point of initial wounding a general differentiation in the colour of bark and its texture from surrounding unwounded tissue will sometimes be evident and can assist to indicate the extent of the width of the wound and the approximate location or extent of the initial wound margin (Draper and Richards 2009). However this may become less apparent over time with wounds that have been occluded for long periods due to the successive growth increments added sometimes concealing the wound entirely, or on trees with thick bark. By measuring the width of the wound between the left and right initial wound margin the diameter of the trunk at the time of wounding and the approximate age of the tree can be estimated. The location of a wound on a trunk is static although the diameter of the stem is increased circumferentially by rings as growth increments, hence the wound margins and wound occlusion. The circumference of the trunk and stems of large old trees increases with age and the layers may be slightly thinner over a radial distance where such growth has slowed, than for younger trees or where they are not stimulated by loading. Trees in the area are expected to have a relatively fast growth rate due to their location close to the coast (30 km approx.) with a comparable average annual rainfall of 967.2 mm recorded at the nearby Parramatta North (Masons Drive), collected from 1965-2012, Latitude: 33.79° S Longitude: 151.02° E, Elevation: 55 m, approximately 3.2 km away to north (Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology 2012).
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 13
To differentiate between cultural scarring, historical scarring, recent mechanical damage or natural causes, the following were considered: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Age class Ease of access to the location of wounding Tree and its dimensions at the time of wounding Extent of wounding, its symmetry (symmetrical / asymmetrical) Extent of growth around wound site since initial wounding whether tree alive/dead Impact of that wounding on the tree since the wounding event Land use history Condition class Vigour class Influence of its growing environment and its constraints Proximity to other trees, shape and growth habit Crown form Shading Rainfall Insect damage Fire Soil Aspect Slope Drainage
This Arboricultural assessment will assist Parramatta Park Trust and Aboriginal community members determine the status of scarred trees and to manage the trees, by eliminating natural or mechanical causes of wounding and determining the estimated remaining safe life span or works to prolong a live tree in situ or to conserve and protect the remaining dead tree or relevant section/s where required.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 14
Scar Tree Assessment Tree No. Genus & species Common Name
1. Age Class Y = Young M = Mature O = Over-mature (Senescent)
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Form D = Dominant C = Codominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
P
F-D
2. Age range of tree in yrs. approx. 3. Age range of wound in yrs. approx. 1
1. O
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
2. 200 - <300
Forest Red Gum
3.1 200 - <250
Height in metres approx. / Crown spread approx. length x breadth metres / Crown spread orientation.
Trunk diameter in mm @ 1.4m, or as stated / Trunk diameter orientation.
Crown cover / Crown density approx. %
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating App A.
20
1050
80
OGVP – 4
14x10
Radial
80
3
N/S 3.2 200 - <250
Description - General Forest Red Gum can attain a height of 20-30 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222) to 50 m with a trunk diameter up to 2 m DBH, typically with a straight trunk without branching for half the height (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) with a crown spread of 10-25 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222). E. tereticornis has a high green density of 800-1100 kg / m3 (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) to 1200 kg/m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and air dry density (ADD) 1050 kg / m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and is hard, strong and durable (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322). Description - Specific The trunk is straight and indicative of a tree of forest form likely to be typical of the species in a forest environment with a clean bole with lower branches derived from epicormic shoots as the declining tree has developed a secondary crown from shoots lower on the tree with dieback of the upper crown evident with protruding dead branches (Photograph 1.1). The trunk had 2 large old wounds with deep margins the subject of this assessment and more recent wounds from branch tears and dieback and damage from borers and birds. The durability of the wood is the likely reason for the gradual deterioration over a long period since wounding. While the tree appears to be old, its dimensions could have been larger, but slowed by the deleterious impacts on its root plate of the road close by and the wounding compared to E. tereticornis in a typical forest environment without such encroachment and loss of vascular cambium from wounding. Trunk to 6 m, bifurcated into 2 codominant first order structural branch (FOSB), orientation NW/SE; 1 superior to NW, erect, bifurcated @ 8 m approximately; 1 inferior to SE, acutely divergent and ascending supporting approximately 40% and 30% of the live crown, respectively. Below the 2 FOSB are 2 inferior 1st order branches, 1 to North at 4 m and 1 to Northwest at 2 m, supporting approximately 20% and 10% of the live crown respectively and likely derived from epicormic shoots. The tree has developed a secondary crown indicative of senescence and decline. The trunk is hollow with wounds to North and South, the subject of this Scar Tree Assessment. 3 other wounds were evident being; Wound 1 proximal on the superior FOSB extending down the trunk; Wound 2 on the West side of the trunk at approximately 2.5 m, and Wound 3 on trunk at 3.5 m approx., shown in Photographs 1.1 and 1.2. Tree 1 is expected to be remnant vegetation and of forest – dominant form, retained at the time of European settlement and not cleared due to its location in the curtilage of or vista from Government House, or because the 2 wounds on the trunk and subsequent decay diminished its forestry potential for timber, or a combination of these factors. The tree has 2 old linear wounds on its trunk on the North Northeast and South sides (Photographs 1.0 and 1.3-1.6).
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 15
Wound 1 Narrow elliptical and symmetrical, basal, on North Northeast side of trunk. Wound extending from near ground to 2000 mm and 180 mm at widest at 1300 mm. Wound face with partial occlusion, extending from 440 – 1740 mm and 180 mm at widest at center (Photographs, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4). Wound margins entire, apex and base rounded. Wound face entire with minimal weathering, possibly from depth of margins providing additional protection. Wound margin depth: right and left 300 mm. Wound margin width: right 200 mm and left 250 mm. This wound is expected to have affected approximately 10-15% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be approximately 200-<250 years old with minimal weathering of the wound face, atypical for such an old would as previously discussed. Due to the likely age of the tree when the wounding occurred, the subsequent vigorous wound wood development as margins and their depth and partial occlusion, the scar appears to be of Aboriginal cultural origin. Wound 2 Narrow linear, symmetrical, on South side of trunk. Wound extending from 700 – 4300 mm and 150 mm at widest at 2560 mm (Photographs 1.5 and 1.6). Trunk hollow with wound face incomplete due to weathering, remaining proximally from 1470-2030 mm. Wound margins entire, apex and base rounded. Wound margins extending from 1470-4300 and 150 mm at widest at 2560 mm. Depth of margins: right and left 300 mm. Width of margins: right 200 mm and left 230 mm. This wound is expected to have affected approximately 10-15% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be approximately 200-<250 years old with substantial weathering of the wound face, typical for such an old would. Due to the likely age of the tree when the wounding occurred, the subsequent vigorous wound wood development as margins and their depth and partial occlusion, the scar appears to be of Aboriginal cultural origin. Risks to tree Damage from fire, fungal decay, insect attack, and physical damage from a collapse event as the tree is structurally unsound due to the hollow and minimal remaining stem thickness.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 16
Photographs - Taken by Danny Draper on 29 March 2012 (Tree 1) and 19 June 2012 (Trees 2-8). Photograph 1.0 (left) and 1.1 (right), 1.0 view to East Southwest towards Pitt Street from the east side of Byrnes Avenue, showing Tree 1 (center) Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, close to the Byrnes Avenue, showing Wound 1 on north side of trunk with 8 m retractable ruler extended to 1 m proximally. Photograph 1.1, view to South showing dieback in upper crown and arrows show location of wounds indicated in Photograph 1.2 on West side of trunk.
Photograph 1.2 View to Southeast towards Byrnes Avenue, showing Tree 1 (center) Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, close to the Byrnes Avenue, showing Wounds on west side of trunk extending as branch tear wounds from the mid crown (upper) and from insect borers and birds (lower 2) extending to the hollow trunk in addition to the 2 wounds of Aboriginal origin on the North and South side of the trunk (Photographs 1.3-1.6).
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 17
Photograph 1.3
View to South showing trunk section of Tree 1 (center) Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, close to the Byrnes Avenue, Wound 1 on North side of trunk with 8 m retractable ruler extended to 1 m.
Photograph 1.4
View to South showing trunk and lower crown of Tree 1 (center) Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, close to the Byrnes Avenue, Wound 1 on south side of trunk with 8 m retractable ruler extended to 1 m.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 18
Photograph 1.5
(left) View to North showing trunk section of Tree 1 (center) Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, close to the Byrnes Avenue, Wound 2 on south side of trunk with 8 m retractable ruler extended to 1 m.
Photograph 1.6 (above) View to North showing trunk and lower crown of Tree 1 (center) Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, close to the Byrnes Avenue, Wound 2 on south side of trunk with 8 m retractable ruler extended to 1 m.
Photograph 1.7 Taken by Danny Draper, 7/6/2013, (left) view to South showing Tree 1 (center) Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, with guy ropes to the upper crown and pole (indicated by arrow) installed early in 2013 due to reduced structural integrity from hollowing, splits and open cavities.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 19
4.1 Assessment of Tree/s Tree No. Genus & species Common Name
1. Age Class Y = Young M = Mature O = Over-mature (Senescent) 2. Age range of tree in yrs. approx.
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Form D = Dominant C = Codominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
F
F
3. Age range of wound in yrs. approx. 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Forest Red Gum
1. O 2. >300 - <400
Height in metres approx. / Crown spread approx. length x breadth metres / Crown spread orientation.
Trunk diameter in mm @ 1.4m, or as stated / Trunk diameter orientation.
Crown cover / Crown density approx. %
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating App A.
19 approx.
940x840,
90
OGVG - 6
8
890 Av.,
90
1
R
N/S
3.1 150 - <200 3.2 120 - <150 3.3 >50 - <75 3.4 >100 - <150
Description - General Forest Red Gum can attain a height of 20-30 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222) to 50 m with a trunk diameter up to 2 m DBH, typically with a straight trunk without branching for half the height (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) with a crown spread of 10-25 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222). E. tereticornis has a high green density of 800-1100 kg / m3 (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) to 1200 kg/m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and air dry density (ADD) 1050 kg / m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and is hard, strong and durable (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322). Description - specific This tree is senescent, up to 400 years old. Caulescent, trunk straight to 2.0 m, deliquescent, comprised of 2 codominant first order structural branches (FOSB), orientation NE/SW, 1 superior to SW, acutely divergent to erect, bifurcated; 1 inferior to NE, acutely divergent and ascending, supporting approximately 60% and 40% of the live crown respectively. Mature epicormic shoots evident in lower-mid crown. The tree has shed 3rd and lower order branches in the mid-lower crown with stubs up to 1 m approx. and 100-300 mm diameter approx. with hollows forming bird habitat with lorikeets observed. The superior FOSB appears to be regrowth from a lopping event when viewed from NW, but this is unlikely due to the taper of the bifurcated stem distally, and the branch union when viewed from all other sides. It is possible that this exposed tree was storm damaged at some time and that a third 2nd order branch emerged centrally at this point, but is no longer present. This is further evident as a concave space between the 2 branches on the NW side and a bridge like protuberance on the outer section to NW, expected to be formed from an occluded branch stub and branch collar tissue with a pocket crotch or hollow formed at its center. The branch was likely shed due to a weak union at its crotch from included bark.
Photograph 2.0 View to Southeast showing Tree 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum. Arrow shows branch structure where a concave space between the 2 branches on the NW side and a bridge like protuberance on the outer section to NW expected to have formed after a branch failure.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 20
The existing 2nd order branches may be derived by epicormic shoots that arose in response to the stress event that caused the initial branch to die-back. The competition between the shoots for light and space to assert apical dominance is likely to have resulted in the 2 upright stems instead of 1. Such growth is unlikely to have originated from a pruning wound. The only past pruning wound evident was on the inferior FOSB to NW at 2950 mm, remaining as a 1 m stub, 250x300 mm diameter at the branch collar and a diameter of 150 mm approx. distally, hollow with Lorikeets observed inside. The trunk is hollow and the tree has evidence of termite infestation as mud in cracks in the wound face of Wound 1 and from vertical flight-hole wounds up to 30 mm long and up to 5 mm wide, mostly occluded on the trunk and FOSB, made by termites to release elates (winged reproductives) and then blocked with mud to assist occlusion post their exit. The tree appears stable but is expected to be structurally unsound due to termite activity further thinning the shell of the hollow trunk and both FOSB. The tree has 4 trunk wounds with the largest to east, as an opening to the hollow trunk and the smallest to west almost occluded.
Photograph 2.1
View to East showing Tree 2 (center with arrow) Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, east of moo-roo road or path adjacent Cattle Paddock (foreground). The tree has 4 trunk wounds, the largest to east, open as a trunk hollow and the smallest occluded to west.
Risks to tree Damage from fire, fungal decay, insect attack, and physical damage from a collapse event as the tree is structurally unsound due to the hollow and minimal remaining stem thickness. Pruning as Crown Modification by Crown Reduction as per AS4373 (2007) to reduce the height by 50% and managing the tree at that height by maintaining the regrowth by selective pruning, would significantly reduce the loading forces on the crown and correspondingly the length of the lever arm (Mattheck 2007, p.67) as evident here with the 3 long first order branches and their mass.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 21
Wound 1 Trunk wound on east side, narrow linear, (Photograph 2.3), extending from 100 - 2440 mm and 650 mm approx. at widest at center. The wound appears basal but does not extend to the ground. Wound margins extending from 100 – 1970 mm. Wound margins entire. Apex and base rounded. Depth of margins: right 330 mm proximally and left 310 mm. Width of margins: right 160 mm approximately and left 140 mm. Wound face absent as a hollow extending 600 mm deep. Decay in hollow with no evidence of fire damage, with no ash as charcoal present. Dark weathered heartwood discoloured by tannins evident. Mud evident with sand grains present in some decayed layers indicative of ants, but not termites, with no insects evident. This wound is expected to have affected approximately 30% of the trunk circumference in situ and subsequently slowed the growth of the tree. The wound is expected to be 150 - <200 years old. From the dimensions and age of the tree, depth of the wound margins, extent of the hollow against the durability of the heartwood, the wound is likely to be of Aboriginal cultural origin and likely formed by a steel axe, but unable to be confirmed.
4. 2.
3. 1.
Photograph 2.2
View to NW Tree 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, arrows showing location of wounds around the trunk.
Photograph 2.3
View to NW Tree 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 1, an open cavity to the hollow trunk, shown with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m. The wound appears basal but is not, extending close to ground.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 22
Wound 2 Trunk wound on south side, elliptical, (Photograph 2.4), extending from 200 – 2670 mm and 660 mm approx. at center. Wound margins extending from 370 – 2560 mm and 315 mm at widest at 1300 mm. Wound margin right: irregular, wound margin left: entire. Apex rounded and base acute. Wound face entire to weathered heartwood evident as horizontal cracking, heaving at the center, minor delignification, decayed proximally adjacent right wound margin at base. Wound margin depth: right 60-210 mm proximal - distal; left 50-100 proximal - distal. Wound margin width: right 150 mm approx. and left 200 mm approx. The left wound margin appears to be subject to loading under tension force, where fibres are stretched evident as a flattened section. This is indicative of the wounds changing the dynamic of the loading over the trunk which initially was uniform and upright and expected to be evenly loaded around its circumference. This wound is expected to have affected 15% approx. of the trunk circumference in situ adding to the accumulatively slower growth of the tree. The wound is expected to be 120 <150 years old. From the dimensions and age of the tree, depth of the wound margins, extent of the deterioration of the wound face by delignification, especially proximally where moisture accumulates longer and dries slower due to facing south, and the durability of the heartwood, the wound is likely to be of Aboriginal cultural origin.
Photograph 2.4 View to North Tree 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 2, this image is a collage as access was restricted due to an Acacia parramattensis – Sydney Green Wattle, growing close to the trunk to south.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 23
Wound 3 Trunk wound, basal on north side, broadly linear, (Photographs 2.5 and 2.6), extending from ground to 3370 mm and 420 mm at widest at 900 mm. Wound face extending from ground to 2930 mm and 420 mm at widest at 900 mm. Wound margins right and left, entire. Wound apex acute, base absent at ground. Wound margin depth: right 100 mm average; left 40 mm average. Wound margin width: right 110 - 130 mm proximal – distal; and left 100 mm. Wound face entire. Wound margin left forms a column as the right margin of Wound 1 and is 260 mm wide proximally and 350 mm wide distally. The wound face shows weathering to heartwood with existing decay and delignification adjacent the right margin from 300 – 1200 mm with a section of deeper horizontal weathering evident from 950 – 1050 mm, extending to 225 mm from the right margin. Here the wound margin is slightly concave to the adjoining wound face, indicative of a partial delamination with the deeper striation likely to have been caused by an abrasion impact event from a truck, tractor or other plant equipment. The advanced weathering of the wound face section in or adjacent a protected wound margin is common as this area collects moisture from rain draining down the wound face and is slower to dry providing suitable conditions to support decay pathogens. The wound margin right is also 100 mm deep, protecting the wound face at the margin interface and sheltering this section from drying winds from the west. This wound is expected to have affected approximately 15% of the trunk circumference in situ adding to the accumulatively slower growth of the tree through disrupted and lost cambium. The wound is expected to be >50 <75 years old. From the dimensions and age of the tree, depth of the wound margins, partial delamination along the right margin and weathering of the wound face as delignification, the wound is of non-Aboriginal cultural origin and likely caused by an abrasion impact event.
Photograph 2.5
(above) View to SW Tree 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 3, and upper trunk on north side of trunk. The stub of the inferior first order branch (center) was previously pruned, hollow and used as habitat by Lorikeets.
Photograph 2.6
(right) View to South Tree 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 3, apically with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 24
Wound 4 Trunk wound, basal on west side, narrow linear, occluded, (Photographs 2.7 and 2.8), occlusion seam extending from 530 - 1400 mm and 210-250 mm at widest at 500 mm. Wound occluded. Wound width: right 80 mm along buttress at 200 mm; and 160 mm along buttress at 200 mm (right and left buttresses respectively, per Photograph 2.7). Located in the inter-buttress zone, a trunk area often neutrally loaded. The left margin has developed as a buttress, but this is likely only to have developed after wounding and the trunk section loaded under tension adjacent to the right (older) buttress to SW. The remaining section of the wound face has an orientation of NNE/SSW, indicative of exposure to winds from the west atop the ridge and the trunk under tension. As a consequence the narrow trunk section removed is expected to have been flat. The loading on the trunk is expected to have changed over time due to the hollowing trunk reducing its load bearing capacity and changes in crown structure. A small section of wound face is exposed at 300-400 mm and is 15 mm at widest at center with no evidence of decay (Photograph 2.8). This wound is expected to have affected approximately 5% of the trunk circumference in situ adding to the accumulatively slower growth of the tree caused by reduced cambium. The wound is expected to be >100 -<150 years old. From the dimensions and age of the tree, length and shape of the occluded wound, it is likely to be of Aboriginal cultural origin.
Photograph 2.7
(above) View to SE, Tree 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 4, between 2 buttresses, occluded and extending up the trunk, shown with a yellow retractable measuring tape extended to 0.5 m.
Photograph 2.8 (right) View to SE, Tree 2 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 4 in closer detail (proximally) with a white retractable measuring tape extended to 0.3 m.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 25
4.1 Assessment of Trees Tree No. Genus & species Common Name
1. Age Class Y = Young M = Mature O = Over-mature (Senescent) 2. Age range of tree in yrs. approx.
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Form D = Dominant C = Codominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
F
F
3. Age range of wound in yrs. approx. 3
1. M
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
2. 250 – <300
Forest Red Gum
3.1 50 - <75
Height in metres approx. / Crown spread approx. length x breadth metres / Crown spread orientation.
Trunk diameter in mm @ 1.4m, or as stated / Trunk diameter orientation.
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating
Crown cover / Crown density approx. %
App A.
24
570x650,
80
MGVF – 9
10
610 Av.,
85
1
R
N/S
3.2 50 - <75
Description - General Forest Red Gum can attain a height of 20-30 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222) to 50 m with a trunk diameter up to 2 m DBH, typically with a straight trunk without branching for half the height (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) with a crown spread of 10-25 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222). E. tereticornis has a high green density of 800-1100 kg / m3 (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) to 1200 kg/m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and air dry density (ADD) 1050 kg / m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and is hard, strong and durable (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322). Description - Specific This tree is mature, up to 150 years old, caulescent, forest form, trunk straight to 6.0 m approx., excurrent, and previously pruned or has shed lateral branches in the lower - mid crown (Photograph 3.0). It has 2 trunk wounds one each to north and southwest and 3 buttress roots each to SW, NE, SE with the buttress to SW forming a wound margin. Wound 1 Oval, symmetrical, located on north side of lower trunk and extending from 950 – 2280 mm and 330 mm approx. at widest at 1500 mm (Photograph 3.1). Wound margins entire, apex acute, base rounded. Wound face entire to dead sapwood, flat and straight due to location on stem subject to loading under tension. Wound face extending from 1060 mm – 2040 mm and 155 mm at widest at 1380 mm. Minimal weathering of sapwood as decay and some weathered oval holes 8x10 mm indicative of Longicorn Borer (Order Cerambycidae) exit holes. Depth of margins: right 80-100 mm, proximal – distal and left 70-80 mm proximal – distal, respectively. Width of margins: right and left 110 mm.
Photograph 3.0 View to north Tree 3 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum (center), indicated by orange arrow which also shows approx. location of Wound 2 (See Photograph 3.2).
Initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 10% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be >50 - <75 years old. From the age of the tree and it’s from, size of the wound, depth and width of its margins, minimal weathering of the wound face and its sapwood
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 26
by decay, and oval holes that can only form from borers tunneling in live vascular cambium, the wound was caused by insect borers causing cambial dieback. Wound 2 Oval-circular, symmetrical, located on southwest side of lower trunk and extending from 100 – 800 mm and 300 mm approx. at widest at 600 mm (Photograph 3.2). Wound margins entire, apex and base rounded. Wound face absent with a cavity formed to 660 mm deep to decayed heartwood. Wound margins extending from 100 – 570 mm and 260 mm at widest at 150 mm. Depth of margins: right 220 mm, obscured by buttress to SW, 310
Photograph 3.1
(above) View to southwest Tree 3 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 1 with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
Photograph 3.2
(left) View to north Tree 3 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 2, oval extending to hollow, with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
mm deep and 230 mm wide at 600 mm. Width of margins: right and left 150 mm approx., but left obscured by root buttress to SW. The buttress to SW forms the left wound margin and it is possible that an implement was extracted from the inter-buttress zone prior to extensive buttress development. This section of trunk appears to be under tension so the implement would likely have been flat. It is possible this wound was caused by an abrasion impact event but the concave shape of the inter-buttress zone reduces the likelihood. It may also have originated from the decay of a superficial wound initiated from a fire at the base of the trunk. No evidence of fire as residual ash was evident, but fire damage is expected as is common with low energy grass fires resulting in shallow concave wounds at the base of the trunk where additional decay can form localized weathering of the trunk. The initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 20% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be >100 - <125 years old and possibly of Aboriginal cultural origin, but possibly and more likely initiated from a low energy fire. Risks to tree Damage from fire, fungal decay, insect attack, and physical damage from abrasion or collision impact events or instability from soil erosion.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 27
4.1 Assessment of Tree/s Tree No. Genus & species Common Name
1. Age Class Y = Young M = Mature O = Over-mature (Senescent) 2. Age range of tree in yrs. approx.
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Form D = Dominant C = Codominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
F
F-C
3. Age range of wound in yrs. approx. 4
1. M
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
2. 125 - <150
Forest Red Gum
3. <50 - <75
Height in metres approx. / Crown spread approx. length x breadth metres / Crown spread orientation.
Trunk diameter in mm @ 1.4m, or as stated / Trunk diameter orientation.
Crown cover / Crown density approx. %
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating App A.
18
570x650,
90
MGVF – 9
8
610 Av.,
90
1
R
N/S
Description - General Forest Red Gum can attain a height of 20-30 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222) to 50 m with a trunk diameter up to 2 m DBH, typically with a straight trunk without branching for half the height (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) with a crown spread of 10-25 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222). E. tereticornis has a high green density of 800-1100 kg / m3 (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) to 1200 kg/m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and air dry density (ADD) 1050 kg / m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and is hard, strong and durable (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322). Description - Specific This tree is mature, up to 150 years old, caulescent, forest form, trunk straight, excurrent, indicative of a tree of forest form but the broad spreading asymmetrical crown with a bias to south crown demonstrates a tree planted in a nearly open grown position that has developed a crown away from an existing mature tree to north and is broader when compared to the smaller crowns of similar trees nearby and is therefore likely a planted specimen (Photograph 4.0). It has 4 buttresses, one each to NE, SE, S and W with the largest to NE indicating that it opposes loading of the crown to south. The tree has medium volume small deadwood throughout. 1 wound on NE side of trunk caused by insects and a cavity extending from the wound face. Tree has undergone a period of stress and has been predated by Longicorn Borers (Order Cerambycidae). Wound 1 Narrow oval, symmetrical, located on northeast side of lower trunk, extending from 720 – 2650 Photograph 4.0 View to southwest Tree 4 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum (center), mm and 400 mm at widest at 1600 mm length of wound on NE side of trunk indicated by (Photograph 3.1). Wound margins entire, apex orange brace. rounded, and base acute. Wound face incomplete to weathered sapwood, with cavity to 360 mm deep, wound face decayed and protruding along right margin from pressure of wound margin growth, persistent along left margin (Photograph 4.2). Wound face extending from 800 mm – 2460 mm and 220 mm at widest at 1500 mm. Depth of margins: right 160 mm, into cavity and left 70 mm, against wound face. Width of margins: unable to be detected. Epicormic shoots were evident arising near the
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 28
wounding on the east side of the trunk with the branch collar of a mature shoot as an inferior first order branch, extending from 410 mm to 560 mm along the NE buttress. The wound face has 7 notches evidence of branches from 1820 - 2510 mm with diameters 10-55 mm. It is expected that the borers partially ring barked the trunk by concentrating on the area with epicormic shoots. Initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 20% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be >50 - <75 years old. From the age of the tree and it’s form, size of the wound, depth and width of its margins, substantial weathering of the wound face and decay forming a cavity and decayed sapwood, multiple small branch stubs on the wound face indicative of epicormic shoot growth, and small oval holes, the tree was likely stress perhaps after superficial wounding, such
Photograph 4.1 View to southwest Tree 4 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, length of wound on NE side of trunk indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m, arrow indicates branch collar of mature basal epicormic shoot removed from buttress adjacent base of wound. as may occur by a shallow abrasion impact event causing shoots to arise from the epidermis and borers to further damage the tree after opportunistically pupating and tunneling in the adjacent cambium behind the wound face. Therefore the wound is on NonAboriginal Cultural origin and likely caused by mechanical and insect damage. Risks to tree Damage from fire, fungal decay and physical damage from abrasion or collision impacts from turf mowing vehicles, other plant equipment or trucks.
2.
1.
Photograph 4.2 View to southwest Tree 4 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, length of wound on NE side of trunk indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m, arrow 1 indicates branch collar of mature basal epicormic shoot removed from buttress adjacent base of wound. Arrow 2 indicates cavity and displaced remaining wound face adjacent base of right wound margin.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 29
4.1 Assessment of Tree/s Tree No. Genus & species Common Name
1. Age Class Y = Young M = Mature O = Over-mature (Senescent) 2. Age range of tree in yrs. approx.
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Form D = Dominant C = Codominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
F
F-C
Height in metres approx. / Crown spread approx. length x breadth metres / Crown spread orientation.
3. Age range of wound in yrs. approx. 5
1. M
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
2. 150 – <200
Forest Red Gum
3.0 125 - <150
Trunk diameter in mm @ 1.4m, or as stated / Trunk diameter orientation.
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating
Crown cover / Crown density approx. %
App A.
18
460x640,
80
MGVF - 9
10x5
560 Av., NE/SW
85
1
E/W 3.1 125 - <150
Description - General Forest Red Gum can attain a height of 20-30 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222) to 50 m with a trunk diameter up to 2 m DBH, typically with a straight trunk without branching for half the height (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) with a crown spread of 10-25 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222). E. tereticornis has a high green density of 800-1100 kg / m3 (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) to 1200 kg/m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and air dry density (ADD) 1050 kg / m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and is hard, strong and durable (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322). Description - Specific The trunk is straight, frown forest form due to close proximity to Tree 6. It has 2 trunk wounds 1 each on the SW and NW sides. It has high volume small and large deadwood throughout with 1 trunk wound to N likely caused by termites, but possibly of Aboriginal Cultural origin. Previously shed 1st and lower order branches leaving habitat hollows. Wound 1 Narrow linear, symmetrical, located on NE side of trunk, extending from 1050 – 4520 mm approx. and 450 - 500 mm approx. at widest at 1880 mm (Photograph 5.1). Wound face incomplete, extending from 1290 – 4220 mm approx. and 120 mm at widest at 1880 mm. Apex acute and base rounded. Margins successional with a partially bridged occlusion from 3020 – 3900 mm approx., cavity above with opening 300 mm approx. wide. Depth of margins: right 150 – 180 mm proximal – distal and left 170 mm near wound base. Width of margins: right 200 mm approx. and left 150 mm approximately. Initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 30% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be >125 - <150 years old. From the age of the tree and it’s expected from, size of the wound, depth of its margins and its location in a readily accessible position on the lower trunk it is likely to be of Aboriginal cultural origin.
5
Photograph 5.0
6
7
View to north Tree 5 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, Wound 1 on NE side of trunk. Trees 5, 6 and 7 shown with orange numbers.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Photograph 5.1 View to southwest Tree 5 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, length of Wound 1 on NE side of trunk indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
Page 30
Photograph 5.2 View to east Tree 5 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, length of Wound 2 on W side of trunk indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
Wound 2 Narrow oval, symmetrical, located on W side of trunk, extending from 750 – 2100 mm and 400 mm at widest at 1400 mm (Photograph 5.2). Wound face entire, extending from 1000 – 1500 mm and 65 mm at widest at 1250 mm. Apex acute and base acute. Margins entire. Depth of margins: right 65 mm and left 90 mm. Width of margins: right 100 – 120 mm approx. and left 180 – 200 mm approximately. Initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 10% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be >125 - <150 years old. From the age of the tree and it’s expected from, size of the wound, depth of its margins and its location in a readily accessible position on the lower trunk it is likely to be of Aboriginal cultural origin. Risks to tree Damage from fire, fungal decay, insect borers.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 31
4.1 Assessment of Tree/s Tree No. Genus & species Common Name
1. Age Class Y = Young M = Mature O = Over-mature (Senescent) 2. Age range of tree in yrs. approx.
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Form D = Dominant C = Codominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
F
F
Height in metres approx. / Crown spread approx. length x breadth metres / Crown spread orientation.
3. Age range of wound in yrs. approx. 6
1. M
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
2. 250 – <300
Forest Red Gum
3.0 100 - <150
Trunk diameter in mm @ 1.4m, or as stated / Trunk diameter orientation.
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating
Crown cover / Crown density approx. %
App A.
24
550x680,
85
MGVF – 9
9, Radial
615 Av.,
85
1
NE/SW 3.1 100 - <150
Description - General Forest Red Gum can attain a height of 20-30 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222) to 50 m with a trunk diameter up to 2 m DBH, typically with a straight trunk without branching for half the height (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) with a crown spread of 10-25 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222). E. tereticornis has a high green density of 800-1100 kg / m3 (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) to 1200 kg/m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and air dry density (ADD) 1050 kg / m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and is hard, strong and durable (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322). Description - Specific The trunk is straight, frown forest form due to close proximity to Trees 5 and 7. It has 2 trunk wounds 1 each on the SW and NW sides. It has high volume small and large deadwood throughout with 1 trunk wound to N likely caused by termites, but possibly of Aboriginal Cultural origin. Previously shed 1st and lower order branches leaving habitat hollows. Wound 1 Narrow linear, symmetrical, located on SW side of trunk, extending from 620 – 2480 mm approx. and 450 - 500 mm approx. at center (Photograph 6.1). Wound face entire, extending from 720 – 2240 mm and 125 mm at widest at 1800 mm. Apex and base acute. Margins entire but asymmetrical due to loading under tension along left wound margin. Depth of margins: right 60 – 80 mm proximal – distal and left 50 mm. Width of margins: right 220 – 240 mm approx. and left 100 - 120 mm approximately. Initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 20% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be 100 - <150 years old. From the age of the tree and it’s expected from, size of the wound, depth of its margins and its location in a readily accessible position on the lower trunk it is likely to be of Aboriginal cultural origin.
5
6
7
Photograph 6.0 View to north Tree 6 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, Wound 1 on SW side of trunk. Trees 5, 6 and 7 shown with orange numbers.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Photograph 6.1
View to north Tree 6 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, length of Wound 1 on SW side of trunk indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
Page 32
Photograph 6.2
View to north Tree 6 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, length of Wound 1, detail, on SW side of trunk indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
Wound 2 Narrow elliptical, symmetrical, forming a partial occlusion seam, located on NW side of trunk, extending from 1400 – 2750 mm and 400 mm, unable to determine width (Photograph 6.1). Wound face entire, mostly occluded, margins extending from 1550 – 1850 mm and 15 mm at widest at 1820 mm. Apex acute and base occluded. Margins occluded. Depth of margins: not able to be determined. Width of margins: not able to be determined. Width of initial margins: right 125 – 150 mm approx. and left 125 – 150 mm approximately. Termites active at wound face with mud blocking wound face. Initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 10% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be 100 - <150 years old. From the age of the tree and it’s expected from, size of the wound, depth of its margins and its location in a readily accessible position on the lower trunk it is likely to be of Aboriginal cultural origin. Risks to tree Damage from fire, fungal decay, insect borers.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 33
4.1 Assessment of Tree/s Tree No. Genus & species Common Name
1. Age Class Y = Young M = Mature O = Over-mature (Senescent)
Height in metres approx. / Crown spread approx. length x breadth metres / Crown spread orientation.
F
C
20
820x660,
85
MGVF - 9
10, Radial
740 Av.,
85
1
3. Age range of wound in yrs. approx. 7
1. M
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
2. 200 – <250
Forest Red Gum
3. 150 - <200
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating
Form D = Dominant C = Codominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
2. Age range of tree in yrs. approx.
Trunk diameter in mm @ 1.4m, or as stated / Trunk diameter orientation.
Crown cover / Crown density approx. %
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
App A.
/ NE/SW
Description - General Forest Red Gum can attain a height of 20-30 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222) to 50 m with a trunk diameter up to 2 m DBH, typically with a straight trunk without branching for half the height (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) with a crown spread of 10-25 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222). E. tereticornis has a high green density of 800-1100 kg / m3 (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) to 1200 kg/m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and air dry density (ADD) 1050 kg / m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and is hard, strong and durable (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322). Description - Specific The trunk is straight, frown forest form due to close proximity to Tree 6. It has 1 trunk wound on the N side. It has high volume epicormic shoots throughout, some stabilised and some new. Previously shed 1st and lower order branches leaving habitat hollows. Wound 1 Narrow linear, symmetrical, located on N side of trunk, extending from 1230 – 1900 mm approx. and 250 - 300 mm at widest at center (Photograph 7.1). Wound face absent with termite mud extending to cavity. Wound margins extending from 1330 – 1800 mm and 65 mm at widest at center. Apex and base acute. Margins entire. Depth of margins: right 150 mm and left 160 mm. Width of margins: right 100 mm approx. and left 100 mm approximately. Initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 5% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be 100 - <150 years old. From the age of the tree and it’s expected from, size of the wound, depth of its margins and its location in a readily accessible position on the lower trunk it is likely to be of Aboriginal cultural origin.
5
Photograph 7.0
6
7
View to north Tree 7 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, Wound 1 on N side of trunk. Trees 5, 6 and 7 shown with orange numbers.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Photograph 7.1 View to south Tree 7 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, length of Wound 1 on N side of trunk indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m. Risks to tree Damage from fire, fungal decay, insect borers.
Page 34
Photograph 7.2 View to southeast Tree 7 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, length of Wound 1, detail, on N side of trunk indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 35
4.1 Assessment of Tree/s Tree No. Genus & species Common Name
1. Age Class Y = Young M = Mature O = Over-mature (Senescent) 2. Age range of tree in yrs. approx.
Condition G = Good F = Fair P = Poor M = Moribund D = Dead
Form D = Dominant C = Codominant I = Intermediate S = Suppressed F = Forest E = Emergent
F
F-D
3. Age range of wound in yrs. approx. 8
1. O
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
2. 300 – <350
Forest Red Gum
3. 175 - <225
Height in metres approx. / Crown spread approx. length x breadth metres / Crown spread orientation.
Trunk diameter in mm @ 1.4m, or as stated / Trunk diameter orientation.
10x6
1140x640, 890 Av.
N/S
/
12
Crown cover / Crown density approx. %
SRIV Age, Vigour, Condition / Index Rating App A.
85
OGVF - 4
85
2
NE/SW
Description - General Forest Red Gum can attain a height of 20-30 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222) to 50 m with a trunk diameter up to 2 m DBH, typically with a straight trunk without branching for half the height (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) with a crown spread of 10-25 m (Elliot and Jones, 1986, p.222). E. tereticornis has a high green density of 800-1100 kg / m3 (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322) to 1200 kg/m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and air dry density (ADD) 1050 kg / m3 (Bootle 1983, p. 281) and is hard, strong and durable (Boland et al, 2006, p. 322). Description - Specific Located on the western bank of Macquarie’s Pond (Photograph 8.0) with structural root growth extending to the pond’s dry base. The trunk is straight, crown forest form with a wound on the northwest side. The trunk has a bottle butt indicative of decay and adaptive growth around the area. Trunk wound is extensive with decay and Phellinus sp. sporophores evident. The moderate lean of 23.4O to east appears to be self-correcting and stabilizing with the upper trunk upswept and vigorous buttress root development evident on SE side as reaction wood opposing the lean and on NE side resisting the lean as a column of adaptive growth along the trunk and a buttress root subject to compression (Photographs 8.3 and 8.5 respectively). The buttress root to SE is 220 mm wide at trunk and 310 mm wide at 400 mm from trunk and the buttress root to NE is 200 mm wide at 450 mm from the trunk. The large crown spread shows the tree was able to develop into the space provided after clearing and excavation for the pond and may Photograph 8.0 View to east Tree 8 Eucalyptus have been a young tree or in a stage of early tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, crown (center), arrow maturity when the pond was constructed and indicates location of Wound 1 on NW side of lower retained atop the bank which subsequently trunk. eroded and the tree gradually adapted its growth over time down to the base of the pond when it was disused and no longer held water from the early 1900’s.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 36
Wound 1 Narrow oval – linear, approximately symmetrical, located NW side of trunk, extending from 700 – 3000 mm and 900 mm approx. at widest at 1600 mm (Photograph 8.1). Wound face extending from 700 – 2150 mm and 360 mm approx. at widest at 1600 mm. Wound face incomplete with some sections broken and protruding proximally. Apex acute and base rounded. Depth of margins: right <90 mm and left <90 mm. Width of margins: unable to be determined. Wound shape altered by decay along left wound margin and Longicorn borer activity evident at 1250 mm adjacent the right margin, with successional wounding resulting along the left margin. A sporophore of the parasitic fungus Phellinus sp. was evident at 1900 mm adjacent the left wound margin (Photograph 8.1). The trunk around the wound has a bottle butt indicative of extensive decay and adaptive growth to counter it. The stub of a mature epicormic shoot 100x110 mm diameter was evident below the wound (Photograph 8.1) likely to have arisen in response to wounding or root disturbance as the tree leaned progressively. Initial wound is expected to have affected approximately 30% of trunk circumference in situ. The wound is expected to be 175 - <225 years old. From the age of the tree and it’s expected from, size of the wound, depth of its margins and its location in a readily accessible position on the lower trunk it is likely to be of cultural origin but of Non-Aboriginal cultural origin and expected to have originated as a surveyor’s blaze or a tree with a blaze for posting notices as a nail was evident in the wound face.
1. 2.
3.
Risks to tree Damage from physical and structural collapse, fire and fungal decay. The trunk should be examined with a Resistograph to assist in determining its remaining structural integrity.
Photograph 8.1
(above) View to northeast Tree 8 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing Wound 1 with arrow 1 indicating Phellinus sp. sporophore, and arrow 2 the nail with greater detail shown in Photograph 8.2. Arrow 3 shows stub of a mature epicormic shoot likely to have arisen in response to wounding or root disturbance as the tree leaned progressively.
Photograph 8.2 (right) View to northeast Tree 8 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing detail of Wound 1 with arrow 1 indicating the sporophore of the parasitic fungus Phellinus sp., and arrow 2 a nail possibly used to post notices.
1.
2.2.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 37
Photograph 8.3 (above left from base of Macquarie’s Pond) View to west Tree 8 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing buttress root to SE (bottom left) reaction wood loaded under tension opposing the lean to east, indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m. Photograph 8.4
(above right from base of Macquarie’s Pond) View to west Tree 8 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing detail of buttress root to SE (bottom left) reaction wood loaded under tension opposing the lean to east, indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m.
Photograph 8.5 (below left from base of Macquarie’s Pond) View to north Tree 8 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing buttress root to NE (bottom right) as adaptive growth loaded under compression opposing the lean to east, indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m. Arrow 1 indicates buttress root to SE. Photograph 8.6 (below right from base of Macquarie’s Pond) View to north Tree 8 Eucalyptus tereticornis – Forest Red Gum, showing detail of buttress root to NE (bottom right) as adaptive growth as root and rib along the trunk loaded under compression opposing the lean to east, indicated with a yellow folding ruler extended to 1 m. The tan coloured bark indicates recent growth where bark has not yet discoloured.
1.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
5.0
Page 38
CONCLUSION
This is provided in table form and summarizes the key information Tree No.
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8
Age of Tree
Age of Scar
Age range of tree in yrs. approx.
Age range of wound in yrs. approx.
200 - <300
1) 2) 1) 2) 3) 4)
200 - <250 200 - <250 150 - <200 120 - <150 >50 - <75 >100 - <150
1)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
2)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
1)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
2)
Abrasion impact event.
1) 2) 1) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 1)
50 - <75 >100 - <125 >50 - <75 125 - <150 125 - <150 100 - <150 100 - <150 100 - <150 >175 - <225
>300 - <400
250 - <300 125 - <150 150 - <200 250 - <300 250 - <300 300 - <350
Likely cause of Scar
3)
Abrasion impact event.
4)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
1)
Insect borer damage.
2)
Mechanical or fire damage.
1)
Mechanical and insect borer damage.
1)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
2)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
1)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
2)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
1)
Aboriginal cultural origin.
1)
Surveyor’s blaze or blaze for posting public notices.
6.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1
Monitor all trees for structural integrity, stability and protect from fire, termites, decay, soil erosion and vandalism.
6.2
Test Trees 2, 4 and 8 with Resistograph micro drilling to determine residual structural integrity and remaining safe retention or remedial works required to retain trees and reduce risks to targets such as park visitors, assets (play equipment, shelters, roads and fences) and vehicles within the park and additionally for Tree 8, pedestrian traffic and vehicular traffic in O’Connell Street.
Danny Draper Principal Consultant IACA ACM0012003 Urban Tree Management Australia P/L Dip. Hort. (Arboriculture), Assoc. Dip. Hort. (Pk. Mgmt.), Hort. Cert.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 39
REFERENCES 1.
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, Climate Statistics for Australian Locations, Parramatta North (Masons Drive), NSW, site accessed 27th April 2012,
.
2.
Boland DJ, Brooker MIH, Chippendale GM, Hall N, Hyland BPM, Johnson RD, Kleinig DA, McDonald MW & Turner JD 2006, Forest Trees of Australia, (5th edn.), CSIRO Publishing, Victoria, Australia, pp. 322, 323.
3.
Bootle KR 1983, Wood in Australia - types properties and uses, McGraw Hill Book Company Australia P/L, NSW, p. 281.
4.
Bowdler S 1982, Aboriginal sites on the Crown-timber lands of New South Wales, Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Australia.
5.
Burrows GE 2002, ‘Epicormic strand structure in Angophora, Eucalyptus and Lophostemon (Myrtaceae) – implications for fire resistance and recovery’, New Phytologist vol. 153, pp. 111–131.
6.
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) 2005, Aboriginal Scarred Trees in New South Wales – A Field Manual, Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Hurstville NSW, Australia.
7.
Draper BD and Richards PA 2009, Dictionary for Managing Trees in Urban Environments, Institute of Australian Consulting Arboriculturists (IACA), CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.
8.
Elliot WR & Jones DL 1986, Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants - suitable for cultivation (Vol. 4), Lothian Publishing Company, Port Melbourne, Australia, pp. 222, 223.
9.
IACA, 2010, Sustainable Retention Index Value (SRIV), Version 4, A visual method of objectively rating the viability of urban trees for development sites and management, based on general tree and landscape assessment criteria, Institute of Australian Consulting Arboriculturists, Australia, www.iaca.org.au .
10.
IACA, 2010, IACA Significance of a Tree, Assessment Rating System (STARS), Institute of Australian Consulting Arboriculturists, Australia, www.iaca.org.au
11.
James, KR Haritos, N & Ades, PK 2006, ‘Mechanical Stability of Trees Under Dynamic Loads’, American Journal of Botany vol. 93, (10), pp. 1361-1369.
12.
Mattheck K & Breloer H 1994, The body language of trees. A handbook for failure analysis, Published by TSO London, pp. 12-16, 183.
13.
Mattheck C 2004, The Face of Failure – In Nature and Engineering, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, p. 17.
14.
Mattheck C 2007, Field Guide for Visual Tree Assessment, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
15.
Mauldon Verena, Curator, Cultural Heritage, Parramatta Park Trust, personal communiques 2013 – 2014.
DISCLAIMER The author and Urban Tree Management take no responsibility for actions taken and their consequences, contrary to those expert and professional instructions given as recommendations pertaining to safety by way of exercising our responsibility to our client and the public as our duty of care commitment, to mitigate or prevent hazards from arising, from a failure moment in full or part, from a structurally deficient or unsound tree or a tree likely to be rendered thus by its retention and subsequent deterioration from modification/s to its growing environment either existing or proposed, either above or below ground, contrary to our advice.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 40
Appendix A Matrix - Sustainable Retention Index Value (SRIV) © Version 4, 2010 Developed by IACA – Institute of Australian Consulting Arboriculturists www.iaca.org.au
Age Class
The matrix is to be used with the value classes defined in the Glossary for Age / Vigour / Condition. An index value is given to each category where ten (10) is the highest value.
Vigour Class and Condition Class Good Vigour & Good Condition (GVG) Able to be retained if sufficient space available above and below ground for future growth. No remedial work or improvement to growing environment required. May be subject to high vigour. Retention potential Medium – Long Term.
Young
(Y)
Mature
(M)
Over-mature
(O)
YGVG - 9
Good Vigour & Fair Condition (GVF) Able to be retained if sufficient space available above and below ground for future growth. Remedial work may be required or improvement to growing environment may assist. Retention potential Medium Term. Potential for longer with remediation or favourable environmental conditions.
YGVF - 8
Good Vigour & Poor Condition (GVP)
Low Vigour & Good Condition (LVG)
Low Vigour & Fair Condition (LVF)
Low Vigour & Poor Condition (LVP)
Able to be retained if sufficient space available above and below ground for future growth. Remedial work unlikely to assist condition, improvement to growing environment may assist. Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with remediation or favourable environmental conditions.
May be able to be retained if sufficient space available above and below ground for future growth. No remedial work required, but improvement to growing environment may assist vigour. Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with remediation or favourable environmental conditions.
May be able to be retained if sufficient space available above and below ground for future growth. Remedial work or improvement to growing environment may assist condition and vigour. Retention potential - Short Term. Potential for longer with remediation or favourable environmental conditions.
Unlikely to be able to be retained if sufficient space available above and below ground for future growth. Remedial work or improvement to growing environment unlikely to assist condition or vigour. Retention potential Likely to be removed immediately or retained for Short Term. Potential for longer with remediation or favourable environmental conditions.
YGVP - 5
YLVG - 4
YLVF - 3
YLVP - 1
Index Value 9
Index Value 8
Index Value 5
Index Value 4
Index Value 3
Index Value 1
Retention potential Long Term. Likely to provide minimal contribution to local amenity if height <5 m. High potential for future growth and adaptability. Retain, move or replace.
Retention potential Short – Medium Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions. Likely to provide minimal contribution to local amenity if height <5 m. Medium-high potential for future growth and adaptability. Retain, move or replace.
Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions. Likely to provide minimal contribution to local amenity if height <5 m. Low-medium potential for future growth and adaptability. Retain, move or replace.
Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions. Likely to provide minimal contribution to local amenity if height <5 m. Medium potential for future growth and adaptability. Retain, move or replace.
Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions. Likely to provide minimal contribution to local amenity if height <5m. Low-medium potential for future growth and adaptability. Retain, move or replace.
Retention potential Likely to be removed immediately or retained for Short Term. Likely to provide minimal contribution to local amenity if height <5 m. Low potential for future growth and adaptability.
MGVG - 10
MGVF - 9
MGVP - 6
MLVG - 5
MLVF - 4
MLVP - 2
Index Value 10
Index Value 9
Index Value 6
Index Value 5
Index Value 4
Index Value 2
Retention potential Medium - Long Term.
Retention potential Medium Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions.
Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions.
Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions.
Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions.
Retention potential Likely to be removed immediately or retained for Short Term.
OGVG - 6
OGVF - 5
OGVP - 4
OLVG - 3
OLVF - 2
OLVP - 0
Index Value 6
Index Value 5
Index Value 4
Index Value 3
Index Value 2
Index Value 0
Retention potential Medium - Long Term.
Retention potential Medium Term.
Retention potential Short Term.
Retention potential Short Term. Potential for longer with improved growing conditions.
Retention potential Short Term.
Retention potential Likely to be removed immediately or retained for Short Term.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 41
Appendix B IACA Significance of a Tree, Assessment Rating System (STARS) © (IACA 2010)© In the development of this document IACA acknowledges the contribution and original concept of the Footprint Green Tree Significance & Retention Value Matrix, developed by Footprint Green Pty Ltd in June 2001. The landscape significance of a tree is an essential criterion to establish the importance that a particular tree may have on a site. However, rating the significance of a tree becomes subjective and difficult to ascertain in a consistent and repetitive fashion due to assessor bias. It is therefore necessary to have a rating system utilising structured qualitative criteria to assist in determining the retention value for a tree. To assist this process all definitions for terms used in the Tree Significance Assessment Criteria and Tree Retention Value - Priority Matrix, are taken from the IACA Dictionary for Managing Trees in Urban Environments 2009. This rating system will assist in the planning processes for proposed works, above and below ground where trees are to be retained on or adjacent a development site. The system uses a scale of High, Medium and Low significance in the landscape. Once the landscape significance of an individual tree has been defined, the retention value can be determined.
Tree Significance - Assessment Criteria 1. High Significance in landscape -
The tree is in good condition and good vigour; The tree has a form typical for the species; The tree is a remnant or is a planted locally indigenous specimen and/or is rare or uncommon in the local area or of botanical interest or of substantial age; The tree is listed as a Heritage Item, Threatened Species or part of an Endangered ecological community or listed on Councils significant Tree Register; The tree is visually prominent and visible from a considerable distance when viewed from most directions within the landscape due to its size and scale and makes a positive contribution to the local amenity; The tree supports social and cultural sentiments or spiritual associations, reflected by the broader population or community group or has commemorative values; The tree’s growth is unrestricted by above and below ground influences, supporting its ability to reach dimensions typical for the taxa in situ - tree is appropriate to the site conditions.
2. Medium Significance in landscape -
The tree is in fair-good condition and good or low vigour; The tree has form typical or atypical of the species; The tree is a planted locally indigenous or a common species with its taxa commonly planted in the local area The tree is visible from surrounding properties, although not visually prominent as partially obstructed by other vegetation or buildings when viewed from the street, The tree provides a fair contribution to the visual character and amenity of the local area, The tree’s growth is moderately restricted by above or below ground influences, reducing its ability to reach dimensions typical for the taxa in situ.
3. Low Significance in landscape -
The tree is in fair-poor condition and good or low vigour; The tree has form atypical of the species; The tree is not visible or is partly visible from surrounding properties as obstructed by other vegetation or buildings, The tree provides a minor contribution or has a negative impact on the visual character and amenity of the local area, The tree is a young specimen which may or may not have reached dimension to be protected by local Tree Preservation orders or similar protection mechanisms and can easily be replaced with a suitable specimen, The tree’s growth is severely restricted by above or below ground influences, unlikely to reach dimensions typical for the taxa in situ - tree is inappropriate to the site conditions, The tree is listed as exempt under the provisions of the local Council Tree Preservation Order or similar protection mechanisms, The tree has a wound or defect that has potential to become structurally unsound. Environmental Pest / Noxious Weed Species The tree is an Environmental Pest Species due to its invasiveness or poisonous/ allergenic properties, The tree is a declared noxious weed by legislation. Hazardous/Irreversible Decline The tree is structurally unsound and/or unstable and is considered potentially dangerous, The tree is dead, or is in irreversible decline, or has the potential to fail or collapse in full or part in the immediate to short term.
The tree is to have a minimum of three (3) criteria in a category to be classified in that group. Note: The assessment criteria are for individual trees only, however, can be applied to a monocultural stand in its entirety e.g. hedge.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 42
Table 1.0 Tree Retention Value - Priority Matrix. Significance 1. High Significance in Landscape
2. Medium Significance in Landscape
Significance in Landscape
3. Low Environmental Pest / Noxious Weed Species
Hazardous / Irreversible Decline
Estimated Life Expectancy
1. Long >40 years
2. Medium 15-40 Years 3. Short <1-15 Years
Dead
Legend for Matrix Assessment
Priority for Retention (High) - These trees are considered important for retention and should be retained and protected. Design modification or re-location of building/s should be considered to accommodate the setbacks as prescribed by the Australian Standard AS4970 Protection of trees on development sites. Tree sensitive construction measures must be implemented e.g. pier and beam etc if works are to proceed within the Tree Protection Zone. Consider for Retention (Medium) -
These trees may be retained and protected. These are considered less critical; however their retention should remain priority with removal considered only if adversely affecting the proposed building/works and all other alternatives have been considered and exhausted.
Consider for Removal (Low) -
These trees are not considered important for retention, nor require special works or design modification to be implemented for their retention.
Priority for Removal - These trees are considered hazardous, or in irreversible decline, or weeds and should be removed irrespective of development.
REFERENCES Australia ICOMOS Inc. 1999, The Burra Charter – The Australian ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, International Council of Monuments and Sites, www.icomos.org/australia Draper BD and Richards PA 2009, Dictionary for Managing Trees in Urban Environments, Institute of Australian Consulting Arboriculturists (IACA), CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. Footprint Green Pty Ltd 2001, Footprint Green Tree Significance & Retention Value Matrix, Avalon, NSW Australia, www.footprintgreen.com.au
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 43
Appendix C Glossary From Dictionary for Managing Trees in Urban Environments Institute of Australian Consulting Arboriculturists (IACA) 2009.
Wounds Abrasion Wound Mechanical wound causing laceration of tissue by an abrasive impact episode e.g. grazed by a motor vehicle or the continuous action of the rubbing of crossed branches or stems where no graft has formed.
Basal Trunk Wound A wound on the trunk extending to the root crown where the base of the wound is open at the ground and usually truncated. Dependent upon the width of its base such a wound may not become occluded.
Blaze A wound cut into a tree usually to the sapwood and sometimes extending to heartwood to create a marker point e.g. by a surveyor, the wound face may be further incised or painted to denote additional information.
Branch Tear See Branch Tear Out. Branch Tear Out Dislodging of a branch from its point of attachment where it is torn away from the branch collar snapping the branch tail causing a laceration, usually to the underside of the branch union of the branch or trunk to which it was attached forming a tear out wound.
Branch Tear Wound See Tear Out Wound. Callus Wood Undifferentiated and unlignified wood that forms initially after wounding around the margins of a wound separating damaged existing wood from the later forming lignified wood or wound wood.
Canker A wound created by repeated localised killing of the vascular cambium and bark by wood decay fungi and bacterium usually marked by concentric disfiguration. The wound may appear as a depression as each successive growth increment develops around the lesion forming a wound margin (Shigo 1991, p. 140, Keane et al 2000, p. 332).
Cavity A usually shallow void often localized initiated by a wound and subsequent decay within the trunk, branches or roots, or beneath bark, and may be enclosed or have one or more opening.
Decay Process of degradation of wood by microorganisms (Australian Standard 2007, p. 6) and fungus. Delaminate A mechanical wound caused when the bark is stripped from a tree, usually from the trunk as a continuous sheet back to the vascular cambium. This may occur from an impact or abrasion episode such as a collision with a motor vehicle and the tree may become ringbarked. See also Partially Delaminated.
Delamination The separation of fibres often evident as longitudinal splitting of wood (Lonsdale 1999, p. 313). Delignification The decomposition of lignin from wood by chemical deterioration, resulting in loss of strength, evident by separation of fibres into hair like strands. See also Lignification.
Depth of Margin Distance from outer trunk perpendicular to the wound face. This may assist in determining the age of a wound. Dieback Wound Wounding where dieback extends beyond a branch collar as with natural pruning and extends to other branches, trunk or roots. See also Secondary Crown and Stag-headed. Enclosed Wound Wound with a perimeter of wound wood with a well-defined apex, base and margins and often evident on an older wound. On a pruned branch that is rounded the enclosing wound wood from the branch collar may be circular with no definite apex or base evident. However, on a pruned branch where the wound face is oval in shape due to reaction wood, the enclosing wound wood from the branch collar may form a definite apex, base or margins. Environmental Wounding/Damage Wounding inflicted by environmental factors or modifications to the growing environment of a tree, e.g. sun-scald, drought, fire, water logging, wind damage to leaves, branches, bark or roots, phytotoxic damage from chemicals, or air, soil or water pollution.
Fire Wound Wounding caused by fire. Such wounds may cause initial damage or may be secondary from a previous wounding episode/s. Some fire damage may be superficial or may destroy a tree in full or part rendering it potentially vulnerable to failure. Note: fire damaged trees can be potentially hazardous and should be assessed carefully. Hollow A large void initiated by a wound forming a cavity in the trunk, branches or roots and usually increased over time by decay or other contributing factors, e.g. fire, or fauna such as birds or insects e.g. ants or termites. A hollow can be categorized as an Ascending Hollow or a Descending Hollow.
Horizontal Wound Usually superficial horizontal wounding from insects burrowing between bark layers and revealed by decorticating bark. Often evident on smooth bark Eucalypts.
Impact Wound Mechanical wound caused by an impact episode e.g. collision by a motor vehicle. Incision Wound caused by cutting or engraving. See also Laceration. Increment strip A linear, usually narrow, fluted section of adaptive wood, forming in a place of high stress indicating the pattern of force flow (Mattheck 2004, p. 140). Evident as lighter coloured bark usually occurring around the edges of a notch or branch stub, along a buttress, or along a sharp-edged rib.
Initial Wound Margin The site of initial wounding often evident as a faint line of discoloured bark or bark of a different texture to adjacent undamaged trunk. This may assist in determining the age of a wound.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 44
Insect Wound Wounding to any part of a tree caused by insect activity, e.g. borers and termites. Laceration Wound caused by tearing. See also Incision. Lightning Strike Wound A wound from a lightning strike. Such a wound may kill a tree outright or cause it to catch fire, or may destroy the tree in full or part, or no injury may be evident and a tree gradually declines through resulting stress. Bark may be exploded from the tree by pressure radiating from the core of the lightning path resulting in further compounded damage through water heating and steam explosions in the tissues and the electrical disruption of living cells (Coder 2004, pp. 35-44). Mechanical Wound Wounding inflicted by abrasion e.g. by motor vehicles, grass mowing equipment, grazing by horses, cows or birds (parrots); impact e.g. by motor vehicle collisions; drilling e.g. with increment cores, resistographs, cable bracing, hanging pots, hammocks etc.; branch tearing e.g. from wind damage, collision from falling branches, vandalism; and root severance e.g. root pruning for excavation for building or utility services or for agricultural cultivation. Open Wound Wound with poor to non-existent perimeter or callus wood or wound wood on an older wound without well-defined apex, base or margins and often this will be associated with a recent wounding episode or an older episode on a senescent tree or a tree in poor condition or of low vigour, or where repeated wounding episodes such as inflicted by ongoing borer activity damages and continually alters wound perimeters, or repeated scalping of exposed roots by lawn mowing equipment. Occlusion Growth processes where wound wood develops to enclose the wound face by the merging of wound margins concealing the wound and restoring the growing surface of the structure with each growth increment gradually realigning fibres in the wood longitudinally along the stem to maximise uniform stress loading. See also Axiom of Uniform Stress.
Partial Occlusion Wound wood growth that encloses some of the wound face by the merging and grafting of some sections of the wound margins. Usually evident by reduced wound face width and indicated where an apex or base is acute with the vertical extent often indicated by the length of an occlusion seam. Partially Bridged Occlusion Wound wood partly forming an occlusion by joining areas of the wound margins across the wound face at point/s other than the base or apex and may form an occlusion seam.
Pruning Wound A wound created by the act of pruning. Ram’s Horning Wound wood that becomes curled inward and can wrap around itself as it crosses a void such as a cavity and may succumb to cracking with those wounds susceptible to further infestation by decay pathogens.
Scarred Tree A tree containing a wound of cultural or scientific interest, inflicted initially for a specific purpose, e.g. by indigenous people to extract implements or carved as a marker or with a pattern for ceremonial purposes, or as a marker and blaze by a surveyor or explorer, or from an accidental wound that has not occluded.
Stepped Incision A localised area of deeper wounding often extending to the heartwood, usually proximally within a blaze, removing a vertical semi-circular wedge like section from the wound face with a horizontal bench like structure formed by deep cuts as its base. Such wound sections usually taper distally and may be cut around the outer edges to assist removal of the semi-circular wedge, and likely undertaken to inhibit regrowth.
Structural Wound Any wound occurring on a tree as a result of a structural failure e.g. branch splitting or hazard beam, diminishing its stability in full or part.
Succession Wound Preceding layers of failed wound margin/s forming a step like sequence away from the wound face, where present, to the current wound margin/s indicating repeated cycles of formation and failure of CODIT Wall 4.
Sun Scald Wounding Wounding usually on the upper side of branches after sudden exposure to sunlight especially in summer e.g. after excessive pruning of the upper crown, or following storm damage stripping foliage or branches e.g. Ficus spp.
Survey Marker Wound See Blaze. Tear Out See Branch Tear Out. Tear Out Wound A wound of usually concave shape created by a branch tear out. Wound Damage inflicted upon a tree through injury to its living cells, from biotic or abiotic causes, e.g. where vascular cambium has been damaged by branch breakage, impact or insect attack. Some wounds decay and cause structural deterioration or defects. Trees of normal vigour are able to resist and contain infection by walling off areas within the wood by compartmentalization. See Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT). An occlusion may eventually conceal a wound but the enclosed defect remains internally and decay may continue to develop further weakening the heartwood and sapwood compromising the tree’s structural integrity. The cause of a wound may be accidental e.g. branch tear out or deliberate e.g. carved tree. Wound Apex The distal end of a wound. The shape may be acute, irregular, jagged, obtuse, rounded, or truncate. Wound Apex Acute Apex of a wound that is tapering and the occlusion interface angle is less than <90O. Wound Apex Irregular The wound wood growth at the apex mostly interrupted forming an edge that is not uniform or jagged. Often this may be influenced by a successional wound resulting in disproportionate development of callous wood and wound wood. Wound Apex Jagged The wound wood growth or tissue damaged initially at the apex that is uneven and likely to have been caused by laceration.
Wound Apex Obtuse Apex of a wound that is tapering and the occlusion interface angle is greater than >90O. Wound Apex Rounded The wound wood growth at the apex that is curved. Wound Apex Truncate The wound wood growth or tissue damaged initially at the apex that is even and likely to have been caused by incision.
Wound Base The proximal end of a wound. The shape may be acute, irregular, jagged, obtuse, rounded, or truncate. Wound Base Acute Base of wound that is tapering and the occlusion interface angle is less than <90O. Wound Base Irregular The wound wood growth at the base mostly interrupted forming an edge that is not uniform or jagged. Often this may be influenced by a successional wound resulting in disproportionate development of callous wood and wound wood.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 45
Wound Base Jagged The wound wood growth or tissue damaged initially at the base that is uneven and likely to have been caused by laceration.
Wound Base Obtuse Base of wound that is tapering and the occlusion interface angle is greater than >90O. Wound Base Rounded The wound wood growth at the base that is curved. Wound Base Truncate The wound wood growth or tissue damaged initially at the base that is even and likely to have been caused by incision.
Wound Face Surface area of tissue exposed by injury, e.g. bark, sapwood, heartwood. Wound Face Cracks Horizontal Transverse cracks in a wound face indicative of failure from tension force (Mattheck & Breloer 1994, p. 183).
Wound Face Cracks Vertical Longitudinal cracks in a wound face indicative of failure from compression force (Mattheck & Breloer 1994, p. 183).
Wound Face Entire Surface of exposed tissue is uniform without damage extending to a different layer or unaffected by borers or decay, e.g. possibly described as wound face entire to dead sapwood.
Wound Face Incomplete Surface of exposed tissue is not uniform with damage extending to different layers or affected by borers or decay, e.g. possibly described as wound face incomplete with cavity at apex. See also Wound face entire.
Wound Face Exposed Heartwood Wound extending to reveal the heartwood, or has deteriorated through decay to reveal this layer of wood.
Wound Face Exposed Sapwood Wound extending to reveal the sapwood, or has deteriorated through decay to reveal this layer of wood.
Wound Margin The left and right sides of a wound as bound by the alignment of fibres along a stem or root longitudinally, being either the remaining undamaged living cells and new callus wood and wound wood on older wounds. Here the fibres are usually formed from meristematic cells. A wound margin may be circular on a pruning wound or form around the perimeter of a canker. Wound Margin Entire The wound wood growth in the margin is mostly uninterrupted forming a uniform edge. Wound Margin Irregular The wound wood growth in the margin is mostly interrupted and forms an edge that is not uniform e.g. where repeated wounding episodes such as inflicted by ongoing borer activity damages and continually alters the wound perimeter with callus wood and wound wood. See also Successional Wound.
Wound Margin Left The left side of a wound margin when the distal and proximal ends of the wound is known, to determine the wound apex and wound base, respectively.
Wound Margin Right The right side of a wound margin when the distal and proximal end of the wound is known, to determine the wound apex and wound base, respectively.
Wound Face Cracks
(Mattheck and Breloer 1994)
1. Wound Face Cracks Horizontal 2. Wound Face Cracks Vertical
3. Tension force 4. Compression force
3
1
4
2
3
Trunk
4
Trunk
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 46
Wound Margin Width Distance from wound margin to the site of initial wounding. Where evident the initial wound margin may be identified by discoloured bark or bark of a different texture to adjacent undamaged trunk. This may also assist in determining the age of a wound.
Wound Wood Aged callus wood around the margins of a wound that becomes differentiated to form CODIT Wall 4 producing new lignified wood. This wood may grow to surround a wound and may eventually develop to enclose the wound by occlusion.
Wound Diagrams
Wound Parts
14
6
1. Apex 2. Base 3. Wound Margin Left 4. Wound Margin Right 5. Wound Face 6. Partial Occlusion 7. Initial Wound Margin 8. Margin Width 9. Left Margin Depth 10. Right Margin Depth 11. Wound Wood 12. Cavity 13. Wound Face Entire 14. Occlusion Seam
1
6
7
3
5
6
2
6
6
6
4 3
7
6
1
6
Trunk 11
Outer Trunk
5 Wound Face
Outer Trunk
13 7
7
4
3
8
8 9
10
Examples of other Wound Faces 15. Wound face extending from dead sapwood to cavity in heartwood. 16. Oval shaped borer exit holes evident indicative of Longicorn Borer (Family Cerambycidae). 17. Linear laceration as made by an axe.
Wound Face
Outer Trunk
15
16
12 17
Outer Trunk
4
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Wounds, Margins, Apexes and Bases
3
5
4
1. Apex Acute 2. Base Acute 3. Apex Irregular 4. Base Irregular 5. Apex Jagged 6. Base Jagged 7. Apex Obtuse 8. Base Obtuse 9. Apex Rounded 10. Base Rounded 11. Apex Truncate 12. Base Truncate 13. Partially Occluded Apex 14. Partially Occluded Base 15. Left Margin Irregular 16. Right Margin Irregular 17. Left Margin Entire 18. Right Margin Entire
6
9
11
12
10 13
13 7
15
1 16
17
18 2
8 14
Distance wound starts above ground
Trunk
Apex Base Wound Face Initial Wound Margin Wound Margin Left Wound Margin Right Partial Occlusion Extent of Wound Extent of Wound Face
7 1 4 8
Extent of Wound Face above ground
Extent of wound above ground including any partially occluded areas
14
Basal Trunk Wound 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Page 47
9
4 6
5 3 2
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
5
Successional Wound 1. Initial wound face 2. Initial wound margins (concealed when viewed in Elevation) 3. Successive wound margins 4. Wound margins (current) 5. Trunk
4
1
3 4
Elevation 4
3 2
Trunk
1 5 Section
2
Partially Bridged Occlusion 1. Partially Bridged Occlusion 2. Wound face 3. Wound margins 4. Initial Wound Margins 5. Apex 6. Base
5
2 3 4
4
3 4
1
1 6
Page 48
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 49
Condition of Trees Condition A tree’s crown form and growth habit, as modified by its environment (aspect, suppression by other trees, soils), the st nd stability and viability of the root plate, trunk and structural branches (first (1 ) and possibly second (2 ) order branches), including structural defects such as wounds, cavities or hollows, crooked trunk or weak trunk/branch junctions and the effects of predation by pests and diseases. These may not be directly connected with vigour and it is possible for a tree to be of normal vigour but in poor condition. Condition can be categorized as Good Condition, Fair Condition, Poor Condition and Dead. Good Condition Tree is of good habit, with crown form not severely restricted for space and light, physically free from the adverse effects of predation by pests and diseases, obvious instability or structural weaknesses, fungal, bacterial or insect infestation and is expected to continue to live in much the same condition as at the time of inspection provided conditions around it for its basic survival do not alter greatly. This may be independent from, or contributed to by vigour. See also Condition, Fair Condition and Poor Condition.
Fair Condition Tree is of good habit or misshapen, a form not severely restricted for space and light, has some physical indication of decline due to the early effects of predation by pests and diseases, fungal, bacterial, or insect infestation, or has suffered physical injury to itself that may be contributing to instability or structural weaknesses, or is faltering due to the modification of the environment essential for its basic survival. Such a tree may recover with remedial works where appropriate, or without intervention may stabilise or improve over time, or in response to the implementation of beneficial changes to its local environment. This may be independent from, or contributed to by vigour. See also Condition, Good Condition and Poor Condition.
Poor Condition Tree is of good habit or misshapen, a form that may be severely restricted for space and light, exhibits symptoms of advanced and irreversible decline such as fungal, or bacterial infestation, major die-back in the branch and foliage crown, structural deterioration from insect damage e.g. termite infestation, or storm damage or lightning strike, ring barking from borer activity in the trunk, root damage or instability of the tree, or damage from physical wounding impacts or abrasion, or from altered local environmental conditions and has been unable to adapt to such changes and may decline further to death regardless of remedial works or other modifications to the local environment that would normally be sufficient to provide for its basic survival if in good to fair condition. Deterioration physically, often characterised by a gradual and continuous reduction in vigour but may be independent of a change in vigour, but characterised by a proportionate increase in susceptibility to, and predation by pests and diseases against which the tree cannot be sustained. Such conditions may also be evident in trees of advanced senescence due to normal phenological processes, without modifications to the growing environment or physical damage having been inflicted upon the tree. This may be independent from, or contributed to by vigour. See also Condition, Good Condition and Fair Condition. Dead Tree is no longer capable of performing any of the following processes or is exhibiting any of the following symptoms; Processes Photosynthesis via its foliage crown (as indicated by the presence of moist, green or other coloured leaves); Osmosis (the ability of the root system to take up water); Turgidity (the ability of the plant to sustain moisture pressure in its cells); Epicormic shoots or epicormic strands in Eucalypts (the production of new shoots as a response to stress, generated from latent or adventitious buds or from a lignotuber); Symptoms Permanent leaf loss; Permanent wilting (the loss of turgidity which is marked by desiccation of stems leaves and roots); Abscission of the epidermis (bark desiccates and peels off to the beginning of the sapwood).
Removed No longer present, or tree not able to be located or having been cut down and retained on a site, or having been taken away from a site prior to site inspection.
Periods of Time Periods of Time The life span of a tree in the urban environment may often be reduced by the influences of encroachment and the dynamics of the environment and can be categorized as Immediate, Short Term, Medium Term and Long Term. Immediate An episode or occurrence, likely to happen within a twenty-four (24) hour period, e.g. tree failure or collapse in full or part posing an imminent danger. See also Short Term, Medium Term and Long Term. Short Term A period of time less than <1 – 15 years. See also Periods of Time, Immediate, Medium Term and Long Term. Medium Term A period of time 15 – 40 years. See also Periods of Time, Immediate, Short Term and Long Term. Long Term A period of time greater than >40 years. See also Periods of Time, Immediate, Medium Term and Short Term.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 50
Vigour Vigour Ability of a tree to sustain its life processes. This is independent of the condition of a tree but may impact upon it. Vigour can appear to alter rapidly with change of seasons (seasonality) e.g. dormant, deciduous or semi-deciduous trees. Vigour can be categorized as Normal Vigour, High Vigour, Low Vigour and Dormant Tree Vigour.
Normal Vigour Ability of a tree to maintain and sustain its life processes. This may be evident by the typical growth of leaves, crown cover and crown density, branches, roots and trunk and resistance to predation. This is independent of the condition of a tree but may impact upon it, and especially the ability of a tree to sustain itself against predation. See also Vigour, Low Vigour and High Vigour. High Vigour Accelerated growth of a tree due to incidental or deliberate artificial changes to its growing environment that are seemingly beneficial, but may result in premature aging or failure if the favourable conditions cease, or promote prolonged senescence if the favourable conditions remain, e.g. water from a leaking pipe; water and nutrients from a leaking or disrupted sewer pipe; nutrients from animal waste, a tree growing next to a chicken coop, or a stock feed lot, or a regularly used stockyard; a tree subject to a stringent watering and fertilising program; or some trees may achieve an extended lifespan from continuous pollarding practices over the life of the tree. Low Vigour Reduced ability of a tree to sustain its life processes. This may be evident by the atypical growth of leaves, reduced crown cover and reduced crown density, branches, roots and trunk, and a deterioration of their functions with reduced resistance to predation. This is independent of the condition of a tree but may impact upon it, and especially the ability of a tree to sustain itself against predation. See also Vigour, Normal Vigour and High Vigour. Dormant Tree Vigour Determined by existing turgidity in lowest order branches in the outer extremity of the crown, with good bud set and formation, and where the last extension growth is distinct from those most recently preceding it, evident by bud scale scars. Normal vigour during dormancy is achieved when such growth is evident on a majority of branches throughout the crown. Good Vigour See Normal Vigour. Poor Vigour See Low Vigour. Health A tree’s vigour as exhibited by crown density, crown cover, leaf colour, presence of epicormic shoots ability to withstand predation by pests and diseases, resistance and the degree of dieback.
Age of Trees Age Most trees have a stable biomass for the major proportion of their life. The estimation of the age of a tree is based on the knowledge of the expected lifespan of the taxa in situ divided into three distinct stages of measurable biomass, when the exact age of the tree from its date of cultivation or planting is unknown and can be categorized as Young, Mature and Over-mature (British Standards 1991, p. 13, Harris et al, 2004, p. 262).
Young Tree aged less than <20% of life expectancy, in situ. See also Age, Mature and Over-mature. Mature Tree aged 20-80% of life expectancy, in situ. See also Age, Young and Over-mature. Over-mature Tree aged greater than >80% of life expectancy, in situ, or senescent with or without reduced vigour, and declining gradually or rapidly but irreversibly to death. See also Age, Young and Mature. Premature Aging Apparent hastened aging and deterioration of a tree where it has been subject to conditions or practices adverse to expected normal growth, resulting in a spiral of decline. The following are examples of processes that may start such cycles:
Top lopping of a mature tree In a new car park, the excavation of soil severing the roots of a tree close to its trunk and then sealing the soil surface with asphalt or concrete up to the trunk Open trenching alongside a street tree severing all roots in the trench, then top lopping it for power line clearance, and then extensive damage to bark by abrasion by trucks and excavation equipment as tree is adjacent to a construction site Root damage from soil compaction to substantial areas of the root plate.
Prolonged Senescence A phenomenon in an over-mature tree or tree with structural deterioration in its condition and often vigour as abnormal vigour as a result of modifications to the tree or the growing environment essential for its survival where it is sustained beyond the typical extent of its life cycle, or prevented from failing in full or part from structural deterioration by a beneficial artificial modification to its growing environment either by deliberate or incidental intervention, e.g. water from a leaking tap, water and nutrients from a leaking sewer pipe creating a hydroponic environment, or by physically propping up a tree with structural deterioration as with a veteran tree, or by it leaning or growing against another tree or structure for support. Axiom of Uniform Stress The principle that a tree is mechanically optimized growing only sufficient wood for support and loading. As a result, no area is under-loaded to breaking point or over-loaded with excess material (Mattheck & Breloer 1994, pp. 1213).
Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) A visual inspection of a tree from the ground based on the principle that, when a tree exhibits apparently superfluous material in its shape, this represents repair structures to rectify defects or to reinforce weak areas in accordance with the Axiom of Uniform Stress (Mattheck & Breloer 1994, pp. 12-13, 145). Such assessments should only be undertaken by suitably competent practitioners.
Drop Zone The distance away from a tree that may be physically influenced by a falling branch. Fall Zone The distance away from a tree that may be physically influenced if it was cut down or subject to collapse.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 51
Leaning Trees Leaning A tree where the trunk grows or moves away from upright. A lean may occur anywhere along the trunk influenced by a number of contributing factors e.g. genetically predetermined characteristics, competition for space or light, prevailing winds, aspect, slope, or other factors. A leaning tree may maintain a static lean or display an increasingly progressive lean over time and may be hazardous and prone to failure and collapse. The degrees of leaning can be categorized as Slightly Leaning, Moderately Leaning, Severely Leaning and Critically Leaning.
Slightly Leaning A leaning tree where the trunk is growing at an angle within 0O-15O from upright. Moderately Leaning A leaning tree where the trunk is growing at an angle within 15O-30O from upright. Severely Leaning A leaning tree where the trunk is growing at an angle within 30O-45O from upright. Critically Leaning A leaning tree where the trunk is growing at an angle greater than >45O from upright. Progressively Leaning A tree where the degree of leaning appears to be increasing over time. Static Leaning A leaning tree whose lean appears to have stabilized over time. Windthrow Tree failure and collapse when a force exerted by wind against the crown and trunk overcomes resistance to that force in the root plate, such that the root plate is lifted from the soil on one side as the tree tips over.
Symmetry Symmetry Balance within a crown, or root plate, above or below the axis of the trunk of branch and foliage, and root distribution respectively and can be categorized as Asymmetrical and Symmetrical.
Asymmetrical Imbalance within a crown, where there is an uneven distribution of branches and the foliage crown or root plate around the vertical axis of the trunk. This may be due to Crown Form Codominant or Crown From Suppressed as a result of natural restrictions e.g. from buildings, or from competition for space and light with other trees, or from exposure to wind, or artificially caused by pruning for clearance of roads, buildings or power lines. An example of an expression of this may be, crown asymmetrical, bias to west. See also Symmetrical and Symmetry. Symmetrical Balance within a crown, where there is an even distribution of branches and the foliage crown around the vertical axis of the trunk. This usually applies to trees of Crown Form Dominant or Crown Form Forest. An example of an expression of this may be crown symmetrical. See also Symmetry and Asymmetrical.
Crown Spread Orientation Direction of the axis of crown spread which can be categorized as Orientation Radial and Orientation Non-radial.
Crown Spread Orientation Non-radial Where the crown extent is longer than it is wide, e.g. east/west or E/W. Further examples, north/south or N/S, and may be Crown Form Codominant, e.g. A or B, Crown Form Intermediate e.g. A, or Crown Form Suppressed e.g. B, and crown symmetry is symmetrical e.g. A, or asymmetrical e.g. B.
Crown Spread Orientation Radial Where the crown spread is generally an even distance in all directions from the trunk and often where a tree has Crown Form Dominant and is symmetrical.
Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) Measurement of trunk width calculated at a given distance above ground from the base of the tree often measured at 1.4 m. The trunk of a tree is usually not a circle when viewed in cross section, due to the presence of reaction wood or adaptive wood, therefore an average diameter is determined with a diameter tape or by recording the trunk along its narrowest and widest axes, adding the two dimensions together and dividing them by 2 to record an average and allowing the orientation of the longest axis of the trunk to also be recorded. Where a tree is growing on a lean the distance along the top of the trunk is measured to 1.4m and the diameter then recorded from that point perpendicular to the edge of the trunk. Where a leaning trunk is crooked a vertical distance of 1.4m is measured from the ground. Where a tree branches from a trunk that is less than 1.4m above ground, the trunk diameter is recorded perpendicular to the length of the trunk from the point immediately below the base of the flange of the branch collar extending the furthest down the trunk, and the distance of this point above ground recorded as trunk length. Where a tree is located on sloping ground the DBH should be measured at half way along the side of the tree to average out the angle of slope. Where a tree is acaulescent or trunkless branching at or near ground an average diameter is determined by recording the radial extent of the trunk at or near ground and noting where the measurement was recorded e.g. at ground.
Significant Important, weighty or more than ordinary. Significant Tree A tree considered important, weighty or more than ordinary. Example: due to prominence of location, or in situ, or contribution as a component of the overall landscape for amenity or aesthetic qualities, or curtilage to structures, or importance due to uniqueness of taxa for species, subspecies, variety, crown form, or as an historical or cultural planting, or for age, or substantial dimensions, or habit, or as remnant vegetation, or habitat potential, or a rare or threatened species, or uncommon in cultivation, or of aboriginal cultural importance, or is a commemorative planting. Sustainable Retention Index Value (SRIV) A visual tree assessment method to determine a qualitative and numerical rating for the viability of urban trees for development sites and management purposes, based on general tree and landscape assessment criteria using classes of age, condition and vigour. SRIV is for the professional manager of urban trees to consider the tree in situ with an assumed knowledge of the taxon and its growing environment. It is based on the physical attributes of the tree and its response to its environment considering its position in a matrix for age class, vigour class, condition class and its sustainable retention with regard to the safety of people or damage to property. This also factors the ability to retain the tree with remedial work or beneficial modifications to its growing environment or removal and replacement. SRIV is supplementary to the decision made by a tree management professional as to whether a tree is retained or removed (IACA - Institute of Australian Consulting Arboriculturists 2005).
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 52
Form of Trees Crown Form The shape of the crown of a tree as influenced by the availability or restriction of space and light, or other contributing factors within its growing environment. Crown Form may be determined for tree shape and habit generally as Dominant, Codominant, Intermediate, Emergent, Forest and Suppressed. The habit and shape of a crown may also be considered qualitatively and can be categorized as Good Form or Poor Form. See also Forest Grown and Open Grown.
Good Form Tree of typical crown shape and habit with proportions representative of the taxa considering constraints such as origin e.g. indigenous or exotic, but does not appear to have been adversely influenced in its development by environmental factors in situ such as soil water availability, prevailing wind, or cultural practices such as lopping and competition for space and light. See also Poor Form.
Poor Form Tree of atypical crown shape and habit with proportions not representative of the species considering constraints and appears to have been adversely influenced in its development by environmental factors in situ such as soil water availability, prevailing wind, cultural practices such as lopping and competition for space and light; causing it to be misshapen or disfigured by disease or vandalism. See also Good Form. Plan View
Crown Form
E Elevation
C
S
C
I
D
C
F
D
(Source: D, C, I and S, and Elevation, Matheny and Clark 1998, E, F and Plan View, IACA 2005) D. Dominant, F. Forest, C. Codominant, E. Emergent, I. Intermediate, S. Suppressed
Crown Form Codominant Crowns of trees restricted for space and light on one or more sides and receiving light primarily from above e.g. constrained by another tree/s or a building. Crown Form Dominant Crowns of trees generally not restricted for space and light receiving light from above and all sides. See also Crown Form Emergent and Open Grown. Crown Form Emergent Crowns of trees restricted for space on most sides receiving most light from above until the upper crown grows to protrude above the canopy in a stand or forest environment. Such trees may be crown form dominant or transitional from crown form intermediate to crown form forest asserting both apical dominance and axillary dominance once free of constraints for space and light. Crown Form Forest Crowns of trees restricted for space and light except from above forming tall trees with narrow spreading crowns with foliage restricted generally to the top of the tree. The trunk is usually erect, straight and continuous, tapering gradually, crown often excurrent, with first order branches becoming structural, supporting the live crown concentrated towards the top of the tree, and below this point other first order branches arising radially with each inferior and usually temporary, divergent and ranging from horizontal to ascending, often with internodes exaggerated due to competition for space and light in the lower crown.
Crown Form Intermediate Crowns of trees restricted for space on most sides with light primarily from above and on some sides only.
Crown Form Suppressed Crowns of trees generally not restricted for space but restricted for light by being overtopped by other trees and occupying an understorey position in the canopy and growing slowly.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 53
Forest Grown A tree with crown form forest grown in a group with competition for space and light protected from wind, often resulting in a taller tree with a narrow spreading crown that is concentrated towards the top of the tree (Matheny & Clark 1998, p. 18). Open Grown A tree with crown form dominant, grown singly without competition for space and light, exposed to wind, often resulting in a shorter tree with a broad spreading crown that extends towards the ground (Matheny & Clark 1998, p. 18).
Deadwood Deadwood Dead branches within a tree’s crown and considered quantitatively as separate to crown cover and can be categorised as Small Deadwood and Large Deadwood according to diameter, length and subsequent risk potential. The amount of dead branches on a tree can be categorized as Low Volume Deadwood, Medium Volume Deadwood and High Volume Deadwood. See also Dieback. Deadwooding Removing of dead branches by pruning. Such pruning may assist in the prevention of the spread of decay from dieback or for reasons of safety near an identifiable target.
Small Deadwood A dead branch up to 10mm diameter and usually <2 metres long, generally considered of low risk potential. Large Deadwood A dead branch >10mm diameter and usually >2 metres long, generally considered of high risk potential. Low Volume Deadwood Where <5 dead branches occur that may require removal. Medium Volume Deadwood Where 5-10 dead branches occur that may require removal. High Volume Deadwood High Volume Deadwood Where >10 dead branches occur that may require removal.
Dieback Dieback The death of some areas of the crown. Symptoms are leaf drop, bare twigs, dead branches and tree death, respectively. This can be caused by root damage, root disease, bacterial or fungal canker, severe bark damage, intensive grazing by insects, abrupt changes in growth conditions, drought, water-logging or over-maturity. Dieback often implies reduced resistance, stress or decline which may be temporary. Dieback can be categorized as Low Volume Dieback, Medium Volume Dieback and High Volume Dieback. Low Volume Dieback Where <10% of the crown cover has died. See also Dieback, High Volume Dieback and Medium Volume Dieback.
Medium Volume Dieback Where 10-50% of the crown cover has died. High Volume Dieback Where >50% of the crown cover has died.
Epicormic Shoots Epicormic Shoots Juvenile shoots produced at branches or trunk from epicormic strands in some Eucalypts (Burrows 2002, pp. 111-131) or sprouts produced from dormant or latent buds concealed beneath the bark in some trees. Production can be triggered by fire, pruning, wounding, or root damage but may also be as a result of stress or decline. Epicormic shoots can be categorized as Low Volume Epicormic Shoots, Medium Volume Epicormic Shoots and High Volume Epicormic Shoots. Low Volume Epicormic Shoots Where <10% of the crown cover is comprised of live epicormic shoots. Medium Volume Epicormic Shoots Where 10-50% of the crown cover is comprised of live epicormic shoots. High Volume Epicormic Shoots Where >50% of the crown cover is comprised of live epicormic shoots. Epicormic Strands In some taxa of the Myrtaceae family narrow bands of meristematic tissue radiate in stems from pith extending to the outer bark containing bud primordia evident as small prickle or dimple structures up to 10 mm diameter, that after the stimulus of a trauma event such as fire or defoliation develop to form new buds allowing crown regeneration (Burrows 2001, Pp. 111-131).
Trunk Acaulescent A trunkless tree or tree growth forming a very short trunk. See also Caulescent. Caulescent Tree grows to form a trunk. See also Acaulescent. Trunk A single stem extending from the root crown to support or elevate the crown, terminating where it divides into separate stems forming first order branches. A trunk may be evident at or near ground or be absent in acaulescent trees of deliquescent habit, or may be continuous in trees of excurrent habit. The trunk of any caulescent tree can be divided vertically into three (3) sections and can be categorized as Lower Trunk, Mid Trunk and Upper Trunk. For a leaning tree these may be divided evenly into sections of one third along the trunk.
URBAN TREE MANAGEMENT © 2013, Our reference 14115.2, on behalf of Parramatta Park Trust. Report: Arboricultural Assessment of Scarred Trees.
Page 54
Appendices D Survey of Subject Tree/s Trees the subject of this report are marked on the following plan/s and are numbered as listed below. UTM Tree No. / Stand No.
Common name
Genus and species
1
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Forest Red Gum
2
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Forest Red Gum
3
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Forest Red Gum
4
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Forest Red Gum
5
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Forest Red Gum
6
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Forest Red Gum
7
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Forest Red Gum
8
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Forest Red Gum
APPENDIX D Survey of Subject Tree/s with wounds Parramatta Park, corner Macquarie and Pitt Streets, Parramatta NSW, Ref: 14115.2, 2013.
Prepared by Urban Tree Management Australia Pty Ltd 65 Excelsior Street, Merrylands NSW 2160 tel. 02 9760 1389
2.
7. 6. 5.
Site Plan - showing area of subject trees
4.
8. 3.
1.
Site Plan - detail
