21/09/2012

EKOLOGI SEMESTER GANJIL 2012 2013 Oleh : ANANG KADARSAH Fmipa unlam universitas lambung mangkurat Email : [email protected]

Ekologi ekosistem •Konsep Ekosistem •Aliran energi dan rantai makanan •Produksi dan Penguraian •Siklus Biogeokimia •Ekologi terapan /applied ecology / ecological engineering

1

21/09/2012

DAFTAR PUSTAKA •Chapin III, F.S., Matson, P.A., and Mooney, H.A. (2002). Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York.

•Newman, E.I. 1993. Applied Ecology. Blackwell Science, Ltd., Victoria •Brown,M.T. Ecological engineering: interface ecosystems and adaptive self-organization. In Ortega, E. & Ulgiati, S. (editors): Proceedings of IV Biennial nternational Workshop “Advances in Energy Studies”. Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brazil. June 1619, 2004. Pages 127-137

EKOSISTEM (Tansley, 1935; Chapin dkk, 2002) Organisme + Lingkungan fisik Ekosistem

dapat dikategorikan berdasarkanstruktur dan fungsi (Odum dan Barrett, 2005) Fungsi ; Proses yang dinilai pada skala ekosistem, misal aliran energi dan materi

Struktur ; Distribusi vertikal dan horizontal komponen ekosistem

2

21/09/2012

sintesis : pendekatan struktur dan fungsi (Myster, 2001) Fungsi ekosistem berbasis tumbuhan - Penghubung mayoritas pengolahan enegi dan nutrien dalam sebuah ekosistem - Penyusun biomassa terbesar dalam ekosistem - Pengatur ketersediaan nutrien

struktur dan fungsi suatu ekosistem menentukan jasa layanan yang diberikannya, termasuk bagi manusia. (Odum dan Barret, 2005: Chapin dkk, 2002)

Seberapa luas ukuran ekosistem? Ecosystem processes can be studied at many spatial scales.

3

21/09/2012

KONSEP EKOLOGI EKOSISTEM Ecosystem ecology addresses the interactions between organisms and their environment as an integrated system . The flow of energy and materials through organisms and the physical environment provides a framework for understanding the diversity of form and functioning of Earth’s physicaland biological processes.

4

21/09/2012

Proses dalam ekosistem Ecosystem analysis seeks to understand the factors that regulate the pools(quantities) and f luxes(f lows) of materials and energy through ecological systems.

•Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids

•Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem

•copyright cmasseng ale

•10

5

21/09/2012

•Begins with the SUN •Photosynthesis

•6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

•copyright cmassengale

•11

•Photosynthesis

•Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose ENERGY is stored in glucose Glucose is stored as starch in plants

• •

•copyright cmassengale

•12

6

21/09/2012

 Method of converting sun energy into chemical energy

usable by cells  Autotrophs: self feeders, organisms capable of making their own food  Photoautotrophs: use sun energy e.g. plants

photosynthesis-makes organic compounds (glucose) from light  Chemoautotrophs: use chemical energy e.g. bacteria that use sulfide or methane chemosynthesis-makes organic compounds from chemical energy contained in sulfide or methane

 6CO2 + 12 H2O + light

energy → C6 H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O  Carbohydrate made is glucose  Water appears on both sides because 12 H 2O molecules are

required and 6 new H 2O molecules are made  Water is split as a source of electrons from hydrogen atoms releasing O2 as a byproduct  Electrons increase potential energy when moved from water to sugar therefore energy is required

7

21/09/2012

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS. •copyright cmasseng ale

•15

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves. •copyright cmasseng ale

•16

8

21/09/2012

6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy



•CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose. •copyright cmasseng ale

•17

 Transformation of chemical energy in food into

chemical energy cells can use: ATP  These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. Process is called cellular respiration  Overall Reaction:  C 6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

9

21/09/2012

 Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm: the

liquid matrix inside the cell  At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways  Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation)  Aerobic cellular respiration

 Glycolysis  Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon glucose

molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate  Process is an ancient one-all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way  Yields 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down  Yields 2 NADH per glucose molecule

10

21/09/2012

 Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no

oxygen  Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds

 No oxygen used= ‘an’aerobic  Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways

serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis.  End products such as ethanol and CO 2 (single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)

11

21/09/2012

 Oxygen required=aerobic  2 more sets of reactions which occur in a specialized

structure within the cell called the mitochondria  1. Kreb’s Cycle

 2. Electron Transport Chain

12

21/09/2012

 Completes the breakdown of glucose  Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the

carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO 2 and H2O  Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2  Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up the

coenzymes with H+ and electrons which move to the 3rd stage

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy. •copyright cmasseng ale

•26

13

21/09/2012

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS. •copyright cmasseng ale

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•27

•Consumers that eat producers to get energy:

•Are first order (1st) or primary consumers •Are herbivores (plant-eaters)

•copyright cmassengale

•28

14

21/09/2012

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•Most of the

energy the primary consumer gets from the producer is used by the consumer.

•copyright cmasseng ale

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•29

•Some of the

energy moves into the atmosphere as heat.

•copyright cmasseng ale

•30

15

21/09/2012

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•Some energy in the primary consumer is STORED & not lost to the atmosphere or used by the consumer itself. •

•This energy is available for another consumer (predator). •copyright cmasseng ale

•31

•A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Energy:

•Is called a secondary or 2nd order consumer •May be a carnivore or a omnivore •May be a predator •May be a scavenger

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•copyright cmassengale

•32

16

21/09/2012

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•Most of the

energy the secondary consumer gets from the primary consumer is used by the secondary consumer. •copyright cmasseng ale

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•33

•Some of the

energy is lost as heat, but some energy is stored and can passed on to another consumer. •copyright cmasseng ale

•34

17

21/09/2012

•A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer:

•Is called a 3rd order or tertiary consumer •May be a carnivore or a omnivore •May be a predator •May be a scavenger KOMPONEN •copyright cmassengale

EKOSISTEM

•35

•Consumers that eat producers & other consumers

•Are

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

called

omnivores

•Omnivore

s eat plants and animals •copyright cmassengale

•36

18

21/09/2012

•Consumers that hunt & kill other consumers are called predators. •The animals that are hunted & killed are called prey. KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM •copyright cmassengale

•37

KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM

•Consumers that eat other dead consumers are called scavengers •copyright cmassengale

•38

19

21/09/2012

•The transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN.

•copyright cmasseng ale

•39

•Food Chains Show Available Energy

•copyright cmassengale

•40

20

21/09/2012

•More Food Chains

•copyright cmassengale

•41

•Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the •ENERGY PYRAMID •copyright cmasseng ale

•42

21

21/09/2012

•Energy Pyramids Show

•Amount of available energy

decreases for higher consumers Amount of available energy decreases down the food chain It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers

• • •

•copyright cmassengale

•43

•copyright cmassengale

•44

22

21/09/2012

•Food Webs:

•Are

interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

•

•copyright cmassengale

•45

•How Many Chains are in this web?

•copyright cmassengale

•46

23

21/09/2012

•Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers: Count the Food Chains!

•copyright cmassengale

•47

24