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BPM—Business Process Management

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BSA—Business Softward Alliance BTW—by the way

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xdkif;[email protected];qHk;aomtrsdK;orD;0ef}uD;csKyf *sLvdkifvqef;ydkif;ujyKvkyfonhfxdkif;EdkifiH.taxGaxG&GD;aumufyJGwGifzsL xdkif;(“xdkif;rsm;twGuf”)ygwDonftrwfedef&m500[donhfxdkif;jynfol@v$wf awmfwGiftrwfedef&m260jzihftEdkif&[d+yD;vlrsm;pkygwDjzpfvmumygwD.vuf[d t}uD;tuJwa,muftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifedefol,defvmho#defem0ghxfonfxdkif; EdkifiH.yxrOD;qHk;aomtrsdK;orD;0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmygonf?&GD;aumufyJGtEdkif& ol/,defvmho#defem0ghxfrS-olr.&GD;aumufwifajrSmufcH&r_onfolrtwGufaomf vnf;aumif;/zsLxdkif;ygwDtwG ufaomfvnf;aumif;atmifyJGw&yf[krajymvdk a=umif;/odk@aomfjynfolrsm;rSolrESifholr.ygwDtm;wdkif;jynftwGuftvkyfvkyf&ef wm0ef y D ; tyf j cif ; omjzpf a =umif ; /ol r ted e f j zif h t aumif ; qH k ; }ud K ;pm;aqmif &Gufvm;rnfjzpfyga=umif;ESifhrsm;pGmaomvkyfief;wm0ef&yfrsm;utoifhapmifh}udKedefa=umif;ygwDA[dkXgecsKyfwGif ajymqdkvdkufygonf?'Drdkc&ufxdcfygwD.t}uD;tuJ(wm0efv$JyD;vm;rnfhvuf[d0ef}uD;csKyf)tbdqdrSxdkif;&kyfjrifoH =um;Xgersm;odk@ajym=um;&mwGif-olonfyxrOD;qHk;aomxdkif;trsdK;orD;0ef}uD;csKyf.tpdk;&tzJG@zJG@pnf;r_udktjyK o azgaqmifpGmjrifwGdvdkyga=umif;/EdkifiH.pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifhtrsdK;om;&if=um;pda&;&dk@udktaumiftxnfaz: aqmif&GufEd_ifvdrfhrnf[kar#mfvifhyga=umif;/'Drdkc&ufxdygwDtedefjzifhrltwdkuftcHygwDw&yftjzpf&yfwnfzdk@tqif oihf[da=umif;ajymqdkvm;ygonf?at*k&GD;aumufwifajrSmufjcif;cH&onhf,defvmho#defem0ghxfonf2006ckESpft wGif;ppfzufrStm%m0ifodrf;pOfjynfyodk@xGuf+yD;wdrf;ao#mifvm;&onhf0ef}uD;csKyfxmhufqdefo#defem0ghxf.txGD; qHk;nDri,fjzpfonf?o#defe0ghxfnDtpfudk/armifESr9a,mufteuftxGD;qHk;vnf;jzpfumtar&Duefjynf axmifpk/ udefwufuDjynfe,fwuUodkvfrSrmpwm'D*&D(r[m0dZ…m)udk&[dxm;olvnf;jzpfonf?1932ckESpf/'Drdkca&pDpHepf p wift+cDwnf+yD;onhfaemufydkif;wGifppfzufrStm%modrf;r_18}udrfjzpfyGg;+yD;jzpfaomfvnf;xdkif;.'Drdkca&pD ESifhvl@t cGifhta&;vdkvm;onhf,Ofaus;r_rSm&nf&nfrGefrGef&Sifoefedefwkef;yifjzpfygonf? (bDbDpD/ *sLvdkif 3) trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkiv f / 2011 ckESpf

CA—Certificate Authority

CAD—computer-aided design CAE—computer-aided engineering CAI—computer-aided instruction CAM—computer-aided manufacturing CASE—computer-aided software engineering CAT—computerized adaptive testing CATV—cable television CBT—computer-based training CCD—charge-coupled device CCE—Certified Computer Examiner CCIE—Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert CCNA—Cisco Certified Network Associate CCNP—Cisco Certified Network Professional ccTLD—country code top-level domain CD—compact disc (Source: Discovering Computers 2008 / Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat)

pmrsufESm 5

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inc. – incorporated; including yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonf/ tygt0if?

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intro – introduction ed'gef;?rdwfqufaz:jycsuf?

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IOU – I owe you igrif;udktm;usa&?

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igrif;udkt}uGD;wifvm;Asm,f? IQ – Intelligence quotient Om%f&nfjyudef;? Om%f&nft qifhtwef;? IRA – individual retirement account yk*~vdut+idrf;pm;qdkif&mb%fpk iGDpm&if; I.R.A. – Irish Republican Army tdkif,mvef &DzgAvDuef wyfr awmf IRS – International Revenue Service tjynfjynfqkdif&mb¾ma&;0ef aqmifr_ Jr. – Junior *sLeD,m? vkyfoufEke,fol/ ti,f? Lab – Laboratory ody`HvufwGd"gwfcJGprf;oyfcef; Lat. – Latin vufwdefbmom/ vufwdefbmompum;?

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“tmumrSmbHkESifhjy\'f &ufuef;pifrSmEG,fESifhewf”

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pmrsufESm 7

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EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf

John Quincy Adams

*sGifuGdefpDt'rf (6a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw) rGD;ed? ? *sLvdkif 11/ 1767? b0oufwrf;? ? 1767 -1848? rGD;&yf? ? b&def;x&D; (vuf[duGdefpD)/ rufqmcsL;qufpfjynfe,f? trd? ? Abigail Smith Adams

awmiftar&duwdkufzvm;(2011). csefyD,H ,l&la*G (O&ka*G;)toif; tm;vnf;aumif;

urBmhzvm;trsdK;orD;(2011). csefyD,H *syeftoif; tm;vnf;aumif;

EdkifiHwuma&;&m&ud©Kifowif;pOfrSvSKdufvSJpGm*kPfjyKtyfygonf/ ‘EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf’0,f,ltm;yD;olrsm;/ulnDjzef@csDyD;olrsm;ESifh &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdK;aumif;orD;taygif;tm; txl;aus;Zl;wif[da=umif;rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf? Sources: (atpmapmifygowif;ESifhtcsuftvufrsm;udk atmufaz:jyygowif;Xgersm;ESifh pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;rS pkaqmif;&,lygonf?)

&cdkifa0g[m&tbd"gefusrf; (to#if0go0) &cdkifa&S;a[mif;+rdK@awmfrsm; (xGef;a&$cdkif—ppfawG aumvdyf) Time Magazine Oxford Essential Biographical Dictionary The New York Times Alamanac (2007) The New Book of Knowledge (2005) Student Discovery Encyclopedia (2003) Countries of the World and Their Leaders

trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkiv f / 2011 ckESpf

Yearbook (2004) Chronicle of the 20th Century The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ http://www.cnn.com/ http://www.news24.com/ http://www.topix.com/world/south-america

tz? ? John Adams ('kwd,ajrmuftar&DueforRw) r,m;? ? Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams om;orD;rsm;? ? a*smhcsf/*sGif/csm;vfpf/ vl;0dpf? aumvdyf^wuUodkvf? ? [m;Amh (Harvard)/ vdkif;'ef (Leiden) toufrGD;tvkyftudkif? ? }[deD? EdkifiHa&;vkyfouf? ? rufqmcsL; qufpfv$wfawmftrwf/txufv$wf awmftrwf/*&dwf+ADwdef/e,fomvef/ ay:wl*,f/y&yfo#m;ESifh&mo#m;EdkifiH rsm;qdkif&m0ef}uD;/EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ orRw/atmufv$wfawmftrwf? ygwD? ? z,f'&,fvdpf/ 'Drdkc&ufxdcf -&D z gAvD u d e f ? (Federalist / Democractic-Republican) a'ocHjynfe,f? ? rufqmcsL; qufpf? orR w &G D ; aumuf y J G o uf w rf ; w av#muftwdkuftcHrsm;? ? Henry Clay/ Andrew Jackson/ William H. Crawford? orRwoufwrf;? ? Mar 4, 1825 rS Mar 3, 1829 xd? 'kwd,orRw? ? *sGifpDudkvkef; (John C. Calhoun)?

http://www.smh.com.au/

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trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkiv f / 2011 ckESpf

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(tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh"gwfyHkrsm;udkatmufaz:jyygpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; ESifhtdefwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;rSxkwf,l&[dygonf) Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 2004 (Elicott, Karen) The New York Times Almanac 2011 (Wright, John W.) http://www.goss.org/ www.bbc.co.uk www.cnn.com www.google.com

uavmifoGD;uwfyg EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf odk@

pmrlrsm;yD;ydk@Ed_ifuwf+yD; pmapmifwGifyHkESdyfaz: jy&ef &GD;cs,fcH&ygu tqdkygpmrlyD;ydk@olwdkif;tm; ‘EdkifiHwuma&;&mowif;pOf’ wapmifpDudk todtrSwfjyKvufaqmiftjzpf (tar&DuefjynfaxmifpktwGif;wGif) yD;ydk@vm;rnf jzpfygonf? tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkjyifyrSqdkygu pmtkyftjynfhtpHkudk E-Mail rSwqifh yD;ydk@vm;rnfjzpfygonf?aus;Zl;wifygonf?

http://www.guardian.co.uk/ http://www.unhcr.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/ trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkiv f / 2011 ckESpf

pmrsufESm 15

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pmrsufESm 16

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ref'Jvm;vGwfajrmufrnfh&ufudkol.rdom;pk 0ifrsm;/tmz&DueftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf(African National Congress –ANC)tzJG@0ifrsm;/oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom awmiftmz&duESifhurBmhjynfoljynfom;rsm;apmifhqdkif; edefuwfonfrSm&mpkESpfwck.av;yHkwyHkumvudkausmf vmAsm,fjzpfygonf?(27)ESpf=umaxmifeef;pHedefc&onhf wdkifvGwfajrmufvmonhfedwGifyifajym=um;onhfref'J

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tqifhjrifht*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm; attpDtpOfonf&cdkiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdK;aumif;orD;rsm;/ &cdkifausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;tedefjzifhEdkifiHwumpme,fZif;rsm;/edpOfxkwf owif ; pmrsm;/ausmif ; oif c %f ; pmtk y f r sm;wG i f t *F v d y f p mzwf & mYyd k r d k oazgaygufem;vnfuwfpD&ef&nf&G,fv#uf}udK;pm;bmomjyefqdkwifquf xm;jcif;jzpfyga&?urBmeef@&ifabmifwef;Asm,fynmjynhf0/ ESvHk;vSa& tmC &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdkK;aumif;orD;wdjzpfvmEdkif uwfygpD? ? Balkanization: vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/e,f+rDaygif;pHkaygif;pkedefuwfaomfvnf;

&efzufrsm;jzpfedefuwfonhftcgudk,hftkyfpkESifhudk,fcJGxGufumwdkif;/ EdkifiHrsm;tjzpftoD;oD;&yfwnfjcif;?yxrurBmppft+yD;wGift,if uabmfvuefa'otjzpf&yfwnfcaome,f+rDxJrStcsif;csif;rsm; =um;&efzufrsm;jzpfedefuwfr_a=umihftwlwuGedefxdkifIrjzpfEd_ifawmh onhftqHk;,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/blvfa*;&D;,m;/*&d/t,fvfab;eD;,m;/ wl&uD/&dkar;eD;,m;ponfjzifhtkyfpkvdkuf/tydkif;vdkufoD;jcm;wdkif;/EdkifiH rsm;tjzpf&yfwnfvmuwfonfudkwifpm;ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;onhfEdkifiH a&;qd k i f & mtoH k ; tE_ e f ; jzpf y gonf ? 1980ausmf E S p f r sm;twG i f ; u vufbEGefwGifppfvdkvm;onhftkyfpkuJGrsm;rsm;pGmay:aygufedefcr_t ay: Balkanization ESifhEd_if;,SOfum Lebanonization [kyifwifpm;ac:a0: cuwfygonf?

trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:wGiftE_wfvuQ%mqefonhfxifjrif,lqcsuf rsm;/rl0g'rsm;csrSwfxm;[dwwfr_? Bicameral: Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg0ifr_? Bicameral government: Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg0ifzJG@pnf;xm;[d

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trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkiv f / 2011 ckESpf

pmrsufESm 19

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1107 S Washington St. Wheaton, IL 60189 U.S.A.

Ø1-630-682-3616 (Home) Ø1-630-956-3382 (Cell) [email protected]

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