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(!
Florence
Nigh
Nació
en
Florencia
el
año
1820,
en
el
seno
de
una
familia
británica
de
clase
alta.
En
1844
–en
contra
de
las
convenciones
sociales
y
con
la
reprobación
de
su
familia–
decidió
instruirse
como
enfermera.
!!
Viajó
por
varios
países,
donde
continuó
su
aprendizaje
y
relató
sus
experiencias.
Su
aportación
más
célebre
tuvo
lugar
durante
la
Guerra
de
Crimea:
en
1854,
ella
y
un
equipo
de
38
enfermeras
voluntarias,
entrenadas
por
Florence,
se
trasladaron
a
la
base
principal
británica
de
operaciones.
Su
gestión
redujo
el
índice
de
mortandad,
en
el
hospital
militar,
del
42%
al
2%,
ya
fuera
realizando
mejoras
en
la
higiene
o
recla‐ mando
a
la
Comisión
Sanitaria.
Durante
dicha
guerra
se
ganó
el
apodo
de
“La
dama
de
la
lámpara”
por
sus
frecuentes
visitas
nocturnas
a
los
enfermos. Nightingale
estableció
las
bases
de
la
profesionalización
de
la
enfermería
fundando
en
1860
su
escuela
en
el
Hospital
Saint
Thomas
de
Londres.
El
Juramento Nightingale –efectuado
por
las
enfermeras
al
graduarse–
fue
creado
en
1893
y
el
Día Internacional de la Enfermería
se
celebra
el
aniversario
de
su
nacimiento.
Fue
pre‐ cursora
en
la
representación
visual
de
la
información
–diagramas
e
histogramas
circulares–.
De
gran
cultura
matemática,
aplicó
sus
conocimientos
de
estadística
a
la
epidemiología
y
a
la
estadística
sanitaria.
Fue
la
primera
mujer
admitida
en
la
Royal Statistical Society
británica
y
miembro
hono‐rario
de
la
American Statistical Association.
Murió
en
Londres
en
1910.
13
Marie
Curie Pasión
por
la
invesKgación Nació
en
Varsovia
(Polonia)
el
año
1867
con
el
nombre
de
Marja
Sklodowska.
Se
licenció
en
Física
y
en
Matemá‐ ticas
en
la
Universidad
de
la
Sorbona
(París).
En
esa
misma
universidad
obtuvo
en
1903
el
doctorado
en
Ciencias
con
la
tesis
titulada Investigaciones sobre las sustancias radiactivas
inspirada
en
los
trabajos
del
,ísico
Henri
Becquerel.
Fue
la
!! primera
persona
en
utilizar
el
nombre
de
radioactividad
para
describir
la
impresión
dejada
por
un
compuesto
de
uranio
colocado
sobre
una
placa
fotográ,ica
cubierta
de
papel
negro. En
1895
se
casó
con
Pierre
Curie,
con
quien
compartía
su
entrega
exclusiva
a
la
investigación
cientí,ica
y
con
quien
realizó
sus
investigaciones
sobre
la
radio‐ actividad
natural.
En
1898
descubrieron
dos
nuevos
elementos
químicos:
el
polonio
y
el
radio,
ambos
contenidos
en
el
mineral
pechblenda.
El
descubrimiento
del
radio
pudo
suponer
a
la
familia
Curie
el
abandono
de
sus
penurias
económicas
si
hubieran
patentado
la
técnica
para
aislarlo
del
mineral
pero
decidieron
publicar
sin
restric‐ ciones
el
resultado
completo
de
sus
investigaciones,
según
el
más
puro
espíritu
cien‐ tí,ico. Marie
obtuvo
dos
premios
Nobel,
de
,ísica
en
1903
compartido
con
Pierre
y
Becquerel
y
de
química
en
1911,
siendo
hasta
el
momento
la
única
persona
en
recibirlos
en
distintos
campos
cientí,icos,
así
como
una
de
las
dos
mujeres
que,
hasta
la
fecha,
han
obtenido
el
premio
Nobel
de
,ísica.
También
fue
la
primera
mujer
a
quien
se
otorgó
una
cátedra
en
la
universidad
de
la
Sorbona,
a
partir
de
la
muerte
de
su
marido,
atropellado
en
1906.
Todos
estos
logros
se
debieron
a
su
fuerte
perso‐ nalidad
caracterizada
por
su
con,ianza
y
su
perseverancia
obstinadas.
Murió
el
año
1934
de
una
leucemia
causada
por
la
acumulación
de
radiaciones
en
su
médula
ósea. 14
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