Chemistry Name…………………….……………….. Charles’s Law Hour………... Background: In the previous activity you discovered the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. That is, as the pressure of a gas increases the volume decreases. This law is known as Boyle’s Law after the scientist Robert Boyle. If you have ever left a blown up balloon in a freezer you soon realize that a gas’s volume depends on its temperature. In 1787 Jacques Charles, a hot air balloon enthusiast, made measurements on the volume and temperature of a gas. In this activity you will discover another gas law, Charles’s Law. Learning Targets: At the end of this activity, you should be able to: 1. Graphically and mathematically describe Charles’s Law. 2. Solve problems using Charles’s Law. Target 1 & 2. Experiment overview: The purpose of this experiment is to describe mathematically and graphically the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas. This relationship was first described by Jacques Charles and is subsequently known as Charles’s Law. Read this! There are many ways in which objects can store energy. Objects in motion have kinetic energy -‐ the Greek prefix kine meaning movement. All gas particles have, on average, the same kinetic energy at a given temperature. The kinetic energy of a gas particle is often shown with an arrow (→); a longer arrow illustrates a larger kinetic energy and gas temperature. 1. Consider the image of the gas filled balloon below. You change the gas temperature by heating (top) and cooling (bottom) it. Draw the resulting balloons AND gas particles below. Indicate the kinetic energy of the particles with an arrow. Will the volume of each balloon change? Charles’s Law Page 1 of 5
2. Given your answer to #1, is the relationship between volume and temperature of a gas an inverse relationship like Boyle’s Law or something different? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Given your answers above, predict what a graph of volume vs. temperature of a gas would look like. Log-‐in to a classroom computer and follow the instructions provided to you. Data Table and Calculations: Volume Temperature Calculate k1 Calculate k2 (L) (K) k1 = volume/temperature k2 = volume × temperature 4. Looking at your data, what seems to be the relationship between volume and temperature of a gas? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Which variable did you change in the experiment (independent variable)? ____________________ 6. Which variable did you measure in the experiment (dependent variable)? ____________________ Charles’s Law Page 2 of 5
7. What variables, if any, were kept constant in the experiment? ____________________
8. Which calculation, k1 or k2, produced the most consistent result? ____________________
Graphing: Using your data, construct a volume (vertical axis) vs. temperature (horizontal axis) using either Logger Pro or Graphical Analysis. Sketch your graph on the axes at left. See your teacher for information on linearizing your graph, if necessary. This is a graphical description of Charles’s Law.
Discussion: 9. The general equation for a line is y = mx + b. Use this equation, and the axis labels on your linear graph, to write an equation for your linear graph. This is the mathematical equation for Charles’s Law! __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Charles’s Law describes the volume and temperature of a gas. This relationship is described as being a direct relationship. Explain why this is a direct and not an inverse relationship. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. In each experiment the gas pressure inside the container was held constant but the volume always changed with temperature. Provide a particle level explanation for this observation. (Hint: refer back to the definition of pressure from Boyle’s law) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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12. The three samples of identical gas molecules below all have the same gas pressure. Rank the samples from lowest temperature to highest temperature, and add arrows of appropriate size to illustrate the average kinetic energy of the particles in the samples.
13. The container below is filled with gas and sealed with an adjustable top. The initial volume of the container is 10 L and the temperature is 300 K. A person reduces the volume three different times by pushing on the top. Use Charles’s Law to determine the temperature at the three different locations.
14. On a different day, the person changes the temperature three times by heating the container. Use Charles’s Law to determine the volume at the three different locations.
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Use Charles’s Law to complete the following problems. Show all relevant work and equations. 15. A sample of gas at 288 K has a volume of 2.58 L. What volume of gas will this occupy at 311 K? (2.79 L) 16. A balloon inflated in a room at 297 K has a volume of 4.00 L. The balloon is then heated to a temperature of 331 K. What is the new volume of the balloon? (4.46 L) 17. A sample of gas occupies 6.80 L at 598 K. The gas is then cooled to 223 K. What is the new volume of the gas? (2.54 L) 18. Exactly 5.00 L of air at 263 K is compressed to a volume of 3.45 L. What is the new temperature of the air? (181 K) 19. A gas with a volume of 0.30 L at 423 K is heated until its volume is 0.75 L. What is the new temperature of the gas? (1058 K) Conclusion: Write a concise statement that summarizes Charles’s Law. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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