Chemistry                                                                                                            Name…………………….………………..   Charles’s  Law                                                            Hour………...     Background:  In  the  previous  activity  you  discovered  the  inverse  relationship  between  the  pressure   and  volume  of  a  gas.  That  is,  as  the  pressure  of  a  gas  increases  the  volume  decreases.  This  law  is   known  as  Boyle’s  Law  after  the  scientist  Robert  Boyle.  If  you  have  ever  left  a  blown  up  balloon  in  a   freezer  you  soon  realize  that  a  gas’s  volume  depends  on  its  temperature.  In  1787  Jacques  Charles,  a   hot  air  balloon  enthusiast,  made  measurements  on  the  volume  and  temperature  of  a  gas.  In  this   activity  you  will  discover  another  gas  law,  Charles’s  Law.       Learning  Targets:     At  the  end  of  this  activity,  you  should  be  able  to:     1. Graphically  and  mathematically  describe  Charles’s  Law.   2. Solve  problems  using  Charles’s  Law.         Target  1  &  2.       Experiment  overview:  The  purpose  of  this  experiment  is  to  describe  mathematically  and   graphically  the  relationship  between  the  temperature  and  volume  of  a  gas.  This  relationship  was   first  described  by  Jacques  Charles  and  is  subsequently  known  as  Charles’s  Law.       Read  this!     There  are  many  ways  in  which  objects  can  store  energy.  Objects  in  motion  have  kinetic  energy  -­‐  the   Greek  prefix  kine  meaning  movement.  All  gas  particles  have,  on  average,  the  same  kinetic  energy  at   a  given  temperature.  The  kinetic  energy  of  a  gas  particle  is  often  shown  with  an  arrow  (→);  a  longer   arrow  illustrates  a  larger  kinetic  energy  and  gas  temperature.                   1. Consider  the  image  of  the  gas  filled  balloon  below.  You  change  the  gas  temperature  by   heating  (top)  and  cooling  (bottom)  it.  Draw  the  resulting  balloons  AND  gas  particles  below.   Indicate  the  kinetic  energy  of  the  particles  with  an  arrow.  Will  the  volume  of  each  balloon   change?                         Charles’s  Law   Page  1  of  5  

2. Given  your  answer  to  #1,  is  the  relationship  between  volume  and  temperature  of  a  gas  an   inverse  relationship  like  Boyle’s  Law  or  something  different?     __________________________________________________________________________________________________________   3. Given  your  answers  above,  predict  what  a  graph  of  volume  vs.  temperature  of  a  gas  would   look  like.                             Log-­‐in  to  a  classroom  computer  and  follow  the  instructions  provided  to  you.       Data  Table  and  Calculations:     Volume     Temperature     Calculate  k1   Calculate  k2   (L)   (K)   k1  =  volume/temperature   k2  =  volume  ×  temperature                                                                                                     4. Looking  at  your  data,  what  seems  to  be  the  relationship  between  volume  and  temperature  of   a  gas?     __________________________________________________________________________________________________________     5. Which  variable  did  you  change  in  the  experiment  (independent  variable)?  ____________________     6. Which  variable  did  you  measure  in  the  experiment  (dependent  variable)?  ____________________   Charles’s  Law   Page  2  of  5  

7. What  variables,  if  any,  were  kept  constant  in  the  experiment?  ____________________    

8. Which  calculation,  k1  or  k2,  produced  the  most  consistent  result?  ____________________  

  Graphing:     Using  your  data,  construct  a  volume  (vertical  axis)  vs.  temperature  (horizontal  axis)  using  either   Logger  Pro  or  Graphical  Analysis.  Sketch  your  graph  on  the  axes  at  left.  See  your  teacher  for   information  on  linearizing  your  graph,  if  necessary.  This  is  a  graphical  description  of  Charles’s  Law.              

  Discussion:     9. The  general  equation  for  a  line  is  y  =  mx  +  b.  Use  this  equation,  and  the  axis  labels  on  your   linear  graph,  to  write  an  equation  for  your  linear  graph.  This  is  the  mathematical  equation  for   Charles’s  Law!     __________________________________________________________________________________________________________     10. Charles’s  Law  describes  the  volume  and  temperature  of  a  gas.  This  relationship  is  described   as  being  a  direct  relationship.  Explain  why  this  is  a  direct  and  not  an  inverse  relationship.       __________________________________________________________________________________________________________     11. In  each  experiment  the  gas  pressure  inside  the  container  was  held  constant  but  the  volume   always  changed  with  temperature.  Provide  a  particle  level  explanation  for  this  observation.   (Hint:  refer  back  to  the  definition  of  pressure  from  Boyle’s  law)     __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________      

 

Charles’s  Law   Page  3  of  5  

12. The  three  samples  of  identical  gas  molecules  below  all  have  the  same  gas  pressure.  Rank  the   samples  from  lowest  temperature  to  highest  temperature,  and  add  arrows  of  appropriate   size  to  illustrate  the  average  kinetic  energy  of  the  particles  in  the  samples.                      

13. The  container  below  is  filled  with  gas  and  sealed  with  an  adjustable  top.  The  initial  volume  of   the  container  is  10  L  and  the  temperature  is  300  K.  A  person  reduces  the  volume  three   different  times  by  pushing  on  the  top.  Use  Charles’s  Law  to  determine  the  temperature  at  the   three  different  locations.    

 

  14. On  a  different  day,  the  person  changes  the  temperature  three  times  by  heating  the  container.   Use  Charles’s  Law  to  determine  the  volume  at  the  three  different  locations.  

 

 

      Charles’s  Law   Page  4  of  5  

Use  Charles’s  Law  to  complete  the  following  problems.  Show  all  relevant  work  and  equations.       15. A  sample  of  gas  at  288  K  has  a  volume  of  2.58  L.  What  volume  of  gas  will  this  occupy  at                             311  K?           (2.79  L)   16. A  balloon  inflated  in  a  room  at  297  K  has  a  volume  of  4.00  L.  The  balloon  is  then  heated  to  a   temperature  of  331  K.  What  is  the  new  volume  of  the  balloon?           (4.46  L)   17. A  sample  of  gas  occupies  6.80  L  at  598  K.  The  gas  is  then  cooled  to  223  K.  What  is  the  new   volume  of  the  gas?           (2.54  L)   18. Exactly  5.00  L  of  air  at  263  K  is  compressed  to  a  volume  of  3.45  L.  What  is  the  new   temperature  of  the  air?           (181  K)   19. A  gas  with  a  volume  of  0.30  L  at  423  K  is  heated  until  its  volume  is  0.75  L.  What  is  the  new   temperature  of  the  gas?           (1058  K)   Conclusion:  Write  a  concise  statement  that  summarizes  Charles’s  Law.       __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  

 

   

Charles’s  Law   Page  5  of  5  

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