Hoya Foliage A
Pictorial guide Foliage of Hoya Species By Dale Kloppenburg & Dr. Monina Siar
Dale Kloppenburg 6427 N. Fruit Ave, Fresno, California © All Rights Reserved 1
Hoya foliage, their leaves
H
oya leaves are highly variable in size, shape, thickness, texture and venation. They may be glabrous or hairy. The leaf is made up of a petiole and a blade (see labeling on previous page). The blade may have hairs on both surfaces or on only one surface. These hairs are simple or uniseriate. They are thin-walled, very fine, and usually white and vary in length and dispersion. The texture varies from thin e.g. Hoya microphylla, to very thick and succulent e.g. Hoya australis ssp. rupicola, depending on the species and also its habitat. There is usually one or a group of nectariferous glands at the junction of the petiole with the leaf blade. The leaf surface is covered with a relatively thick wax layer (cuticle) above the single celled epidermis. Below the epidermal layer are palisade cells and below this the spongy parenchyma, throughout which is the scattered vein system. Below then the lower epidermis. In Hoya species the mesophyll varies from undifferentiated to strongly differentiated. There is usually a lot of sclerenchymatous mesophyll fibers, like a mat of tangled spider webs. This later also varies in its presence and thickness among the different species. It should be mentioned that leaf size shape are the most variable structure of a hoya plant due to environmental factors of light, nutrition, genetics and other factors even in the wild and more so under domestication. Leaves of hoya may have various distinctive markings on the upper leaf surface. This can be spotting, streaks and blotching. This arises from irregular concentrations of chromoplasts (colored cell inclusions) in cells immediately below the upper leaf surface. Veins give a very characteristic appearance to the leaves and is of two primary types: pinnate and palmate. In pinnate venation the veins branch off the midrib laterally along nearly the entire length. These veins (also referred to as nerves) may be at acute angles to the midrib or in some species perpendicular to the midrib. Most of these veins form loops along and near the margins. Extensive looping connections is termed anastomosing venation. Veins of this type can also be so extensive as to be netted. Veins that arise near the base of the blade in three, five or even seven (including the midrib) primary veins are termed palmate. There are variations as to the positioning of these paired veins off the midrib base, giving rise to many distinct types. The venation of hoya leaves is complex and make an interesting presentation. In this study we have tried to add the angle of the veins to the midrib, primarily the second vein pair from the leaf base. The angle is standard within a range of variability for each species. They do vary, however even within a single leaf and more so under different environments. The data should, however provide some significance in species determinations. Petioles arise from the stem at various angles and are usually slightly twisted. As mentioned before they may be circular but many are grooved on the surface toward the blade. Mostly the petioles are held at about a right angle to the stem. The blade normally then turns another 90º. This creates a anchoring structure, so the vine can entrap itself in surrounding vegetation, thus is an aid in climbing to reach more favorable conditions.
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Leaves may vary in size in species from smaller than a dime to more than 12” long and 8” wide. Even the leaves of one species may be variable. Leaves of wild plants are usually thicker and smaller then the same plant grown in cultivated more ideal conditions. A plants leaves in the wild may look nothing like the foliage that develops in a greenhouse. They not only will show a different size or thickness but even the shape may be drastically different.
GROWING HOYAS FROM LEAVES
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n 1856, Dr. Attilo Tassi, Professor of Botany & Agriculture, Director of the I. & R. Botanical Garden of Lucca presented a paper to the Royal Academy of Lucca, Italy, regarding a seed pod that had matured on a 20 year old Hoya carnosa R. Br. plant. In his lecture he mentioned the methods of propagation for hoyas as being cuttings and from leaves "si moltiplica po per talea, o medianthe le foglie caldo e sotto compana come 1' Aloe, le Glxine, le Calanchoe ecc.". We could add to this that hoyas are also grown from seed. In the past many of us have stuck a leaf in some potting mix, it rooted readily, but then just sat there, not dying, but also never developing into a plant. Most hoya growers have given up on this method. There are, however reasons for developing this means of propagation since there are some very beautiful and exotic foliaged hoyas and leaves which are much easier to mail and transport. This is not a fool-proof method and further study should be conducted on why it succeeds sometimes and not others. A number of years back, Chanin Thorut of Thailand was kind enough to send me 10 leaves and associated flowers from a collecting trip he made into Southern Thailand. These were beautiful leaves, so after making measurements and photographing them, I placed each in its own 4" square dark green plastic pot full of potting mix. These were inserted at a 45° angle and the potting mix firmed up around the leaf peduncle, buried clear up to the leaf base. As usual they rooted quickly in the greenhouse (it was summertime). In the succeeding months 8 of these leaves developed shoots and are now beautiful vigorous healthy plants. Subsequent to this I received a number of exotic and beautiful leaves and flowers collected in Borneo by Ted Green of Kaaawa, Hawaii. I was also able to develop these into plants. The majority of these are Hoya finlaysonii type species along with a couple of Hoya ridleyi types. It seems to me that leaves from plants grown in the tropics will send up shoots much more readily than plants I grow here in Fresno, California, USA. I assume the vigor of the plant, the intensity or type of sunlight or nutrition it has received are factors. It is well established that plants used for tissue culture, form shoots more readily when the derived tissue is from outdoorsvigorous plants. There are some tricks we can use to enhance our success with leaf propagation. The petiole of the leaf calluses over and also produces a mass of roots. The trick is to get this callous to produce meristematic cells and develop shoots. The idea is to stimulate it either by mechanical or chemical means (providing it does not act spontaneously). Sometimes, you can raise the root mass slightly making small cuts into the petiole to mechanically irritate the tissue. This alone will provide the necessary stimulation.
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Chemical stimulation is by means of hormones such as adenine sulfate, kinetin, 2-4 D, gibberelic acid, etc. Since I had a number of these chemicals left over from tissue culture work, I have tried all of the above. 2-4 D is a weed killer and needs to be used in an extremely weak solution-say a drop in a gallon of water (the actual upper limit is 3 parts per million (ppm). I use it with an eyedropper and let the solution run down the center of the leaf on to the root mass and petiole. Gibberelic acid, I have found, produces a weak spindly growth that is unsatisfactory. Lately, I have also used indole-3-buturic acid; only a small crystal in a glass of water and painted it on the leaf-base and petiole after they have rooted. I have not tried these on small or thin leaves. I have had mixed success with Hoya carnosa, pallida, kerrii, diversifolia and finlaysonii. I am sure the process is possible but needs further research. It is worth pursuing and perfecting.
Other aspects of the Hoya Plant
Leaf petiole, base of leaf blade, usually twisted, round and often grooved above.
Node (usually a pair of leaves arise here, however occasionally one will fall. Sometimes 2-3 pairs of leaves will appear to arise from a single node). Leaf blade. Internode (stem between nodes).
Leaf base, here obtuse (rounded). Leaf apex (tip), here acute. A typical section of a hoya stem (reduced).
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Terms Associated With Hoya Leaves Not a complete coverage of terms
Forms and shapes
Definitions from Botanical Latin by W. T. Stern Apex blunt (obtuse)
Shape (oblanceolate) Wider toward the apex
Base (cuneate)
Obtuse…………(Blunt) terminating gradually in a rounded end. Oblanceolate…..reversed lanceolate. Cuneate………..wedge shaped. Apex (obtuse)
Shape (ovate)
Base (obtuse) Ovate…………broadest at the lower end. (egg like) Apex (acuminate)
Shape (elliptic-lanceolate)
Base (obtuse) Acuminate……Tapered point. Elliptic………...(oval) acute at both ends. Lanceolate……narrowly elliptic, tapering to each end.
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Apex (acute).
Shape (elliptic)
Base (cordate) Acute………sharp pointed; without tapering in any degree. Cordate........having two rounded lobes at the base.
Shape (orbicular)
Orbicular…perfect circular.
Shape(suborbicular) or sub-rotund.
Sub…………nearly or almost. Rotund……..a little inclined to be oblong, broadest in the middle. Apex (apiculate)
Shape Elliptic-ovate.(oval)
Base sub-truncate to obtuse Apiculate……terminating abruptly in a little point. Truncate…….as if cut off straight across.
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Shape (linear) or (subulate) or (fasciculate)
Linear………narrow, line like. Subulate……linear, very narrow, tapering to a fine point. Fassciculate..narrow, very long.
Apex (truncate) Shape (cuneiform)
Truncate……terminating very abruptly. Cuneiform…...wedge shaped.
Edges (undulant)
Undulant…..wavy.
Shape (oblong)
Oblong……elliptic, obtuse at each end.
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Nervation (veins) types.
Pinnately veined leaf. With nerves on opposite sides of the midrib.
A Palmately veined leaf. 3-5 nerves from the leaf base. Trinerved, Quinquinervis, Septinervis all defining the number of nerves arising from the leaf base. Hoya pottsii is a Trinerved example.
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Another Palmate veined leaf. Many leaves that are palmate as the one above have cordate or obtuse bases but some like this one have narrow bases, nearly cuneate. This one is 3 palmate.
A Triplinerved species. With the two lateral nerves emerge from the midrib a little above its base. If Quintuplinerved (with 5 nerves) etc.
Triplinerved hoya species. Hoya samoensis, Hoya upoluensis and Hoya pycnophylla are all quintuplinerved species. Also Hoya aurantiaca and Hoya siarae.
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Key Type Nerves: P.................pinnate T................triplinerved Pl...............palmate O...............obscure 5................quintuplinerved R................reticulate ┴...............perpendicular Shape: V................narrow linear thick O...............ovate C...............cordate E................elliptic Ob............obovate Oc.............obcordate Obl............oblong L................lanceolate
Apex/Base: Cu..............cuneate Ob.............obtuse Cd.............cordate Ap.............apiculate A...............acute Ac.............acuminate At..............attenuate
Ø...............glabrous P................pubescent
All measurements converted and presented in Centimeters, cm. Species Hoya acicularis Green & Klopp. 1992 Hoya acuminata Bentham ex Hook. 1883 Hoya acuta Haworth 1821 Hoya aeschynanthoides Schlechter 1908 Hoya africana Decaisne 1844 Hoya alagensis Kloppenburg 1990 Hoya alata K. Hill 1986 Hoya albiflora Zipp. ex Blume 1848 Hoya aldrichii Hemsley 1890 Hoya alexicaca Moon 1824 Hoya amboinensis Warburg 1907 Hoya ambyolepis Schlechter Hoya amoena Bakhuizen 1950 Hoya angustifolia Elmer ex Burton Hoya angustifolia Traill 1830 Hoya angustisepala Burton 1987 Hoya andalensis Kloppenburg 2005 Hoya anncajanoae Klopp. & Siar 2007 Hoya anulata Schlechter 1905 Hoya apiculata Scheffler 1876 Hoya apoda S. Moore 1916 Hoya apoensis Kloppenburg & Siar 2010 Hoya archboldiana C. Norman 1937
Type nerve
T P T P P P P P PL P
Apex/ base AA Ac O/A O/A Ob O/A Cd A Ob A ObAc Cd A Ob A ObOb Cu A CuOb CuOb Ob A Ob CuAc CuAc CdAp
P P
Cu Ac Cd A
P P/O T/P P P/R PL P T
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Shape terete Ø Obl P L/Ac OE O/Obl ØL Ø O ØO ØO Ø Ø Ob Ø Ob Obl ØV ØL Ø Obl ØO Ø LE OObl ØOrb
ØE Ø Obl
Measurements cm. 3 x .66-.8 7.5-10 x 2.5-3.7 5-10 x 2.5 1.5-2.3 x 1-1.8 11 x 4.5-5 3.7 x 2.5-5 10.6 -20 x 3.3-6.25 8-12 x 4-4.5 3.75-8.75 6-7 x 2.5-5 8-11 x 3.5-4.4 3-12 x 0.5-2 10-15 x 1.25 15 x 6 5 x 2.2 5-9 x 1.5-2.8 6-8 x 4-4.5 7.5 x 5 4.5-6 x 1.5-1.6 13 x 7
Hoya arnottiana Wight 1834 Hoya attenuata Christophersen 1934 Hoya aurantiaca Klopp. & Siar 2009 Hoya australis R. Br. 1830 Hoya aust. subsp. nathaleae 2010 Hoya bandaensis Schlechter 1908 Hoya bella Hooker 1848 Hoya benguetensis Schlechter 1906 Hoya benvergarai Klopp. & Siar 2007 Hoya betchei Schlter. ex Whistler 1913 Hoya bhutanica Grierson & Long 1979 Hoya bicarinata A. Gray 1861 Hoya bicknellii Kloppenburg 1999 Hoya bicolensis Kloppenburg 1994 Hoya bicolor Kloppenburg 2003 Hoya billardieri Decaisne 1844 Hoya bilobata Schlechter 1906 Hoya blashernaezii Kloppenburg 1999 Hoya blumeana Schlechter 1913 Hoya bonii Costantin 1912 Hoya bordenii Schlechter 1906 Hoya brevialata Kleijn &Donkelaar 2001 Hoya brittonii Kloppenburg 1992 Hoya brooksii Ridley 1925 Hoya browniana Koorders 1911 Hoya bruensis Miquel 1869 Hoya brunioniana Wight 1834 Hoya bulusanensis Elmer 1920 see H. panchoi Hoya burmanica Rolfe 1920 Hoya buotii Kloppenburg 2002 Hoya burtoniae Kloppenburg 1990 Hoya cagayanensis (Sch.ex Elmer) Burton1987 Hoya callistophylla Green 2000 Hoya calycina Schlechter 1908 Hoya campanulata Blume 1826 Hoya camphorifolia Warburg 1904 Hoya cardiophylla Merrill 1920 Hoya carnosa R. Brown 1802 Hoya caudata Hooker 1883 Hoya cebuensis Klopp. & Siar Hoya cembra Kloppenburg 1990 Hoya chinensis Traill 1830 H. carnosa Hoya chlorantha Rechinger 1908
P P 5 P P P P T 5 P TP P P T P
ObAc ObAt C- Ac Ob Ac C Ap ObAc ObAc ObAc ObAc ObAp Ob A O Ac CuAp ObAc O Ap CdAc ObOb CuA
Ø EL Ø EL
ObA ObAc Ob Cu Cu A CuAc OB A ObAc ObAc +O Ac ObAc OA Ob A
ØO Ø LObl Ø ObE Ø ØE Ø Obl Ø OE ØObl+O Ø Ob + O ØOL ØEL PO Ø OL
8-10 x 3.8-7 11-18 x 2.5-4.5 2-2.5 x 1.2-1.4 8x3 5x2 20 x 6-7.5
ØEL PO Ø OL Ø OE ØC ØOObl ØO ØOL ØE
10-20 x 6-10 16-20 x 9-12 13-17 x 2.5-7 6-9 x 2.5-3.5
P
CuAt CdAp ObAc obA CdAc ObAc O Ac ObA Ob A
P
CuAc
ØL
10 x 2
P T P T P P P T P P TP P P P T P P P T P P P
11
Ø Ob ØO Ob PO ØEO ØO Ø EO Ø EL Ø LE ØE PO ØO Ø OL Ø OCd ØO ØE OB Ø EL
7.5-20 5-8 x 1.7-2.8 7.5-13 x 3.0-5.0 2-8 6.5 x 3.6 10-12 x 5-7 2 6-10 x 2.5-4 9-13 x 2-3 6.9-9.5 x 1.8-2.3 9-15 x 3-4.5 9-12 x 0.6-0.8 7.8– 12.5 x 0.4
1.7-2.2 x 1.3-1.8
10-12.5 x 1.75 1.5 diam + 4.56.5 x 2.5-3.5 5-8 x 1.3-2 10 x 2.5 3 x 0.2 6.5-8.5 x 2.5-3
5-9.5 x 3-4 7.5-17 x 5-7.5 9x4 8-10 x 2-3
Hoya chlorantha var. tutuilensis 1935 Hoya chloroleuca Schlechter 1913 Hoya chunii P. T. Li. 1984 Hoya cinnamomifolia Hooker 1848 Hoya citrina Ridley 1922 Hoya clandestina Blume 1848 Hoya collettii Schlechter 1913 Hoya collina Schlechter 1913 Hoya cominsii Hemsley 1890 Hoya commutate Gilbert & Li 1995 Hoya compacta Burton 1990 Hoya cordata Li & Huang 1985 Hoya coriacea Blume 1826 Hoya coriacea Lindley 1839 H. multiflora Hoya costantinii P. T. Li 1984 Hoya crassicaulis Elm. ex Klopp. 1995 Hoya crassifolia Haworth 1811 Hoya crassifolia Ridley 1912 Hoya crassior Hochreutiner 1935 Hoya crassipes Turczaninow 1948 Hoya cumingiana Decaisne 1844 Hoya curtisii King & Gamble 1903 Hoya cystiantha Schlechter 1913 Hoya dalrympleana F. Muell 1861 Hoya darwinii Loher 1910 Hoya dasyantha Tsiang 1936 Hoya davidcummingii Klopp. 1995 Hoya dennisii Forster et D. Liddle 1993 Hoya densifolia Turczaninow 1848 Hoya dickasoniana P. T. Li. 1994 Hoya dictyoneura K. Schumann 1905 Hoya dimorpha F. M. Bailey 1898 Hoya diptera Seemann 1861 Hoya dischorensis Schlechter 1913 Hoya diversifolia Blume 1826 Hoya dodecatheiflora Fosberg 1940 Hoya dolichosparte Schlechter 1916 Hoya edanoi C. M. Burton 1991 Hoya edeni King ex Hooker 1883 Hoya eitapensis Schlechter 1909 Hoya elliptica Hooker 1883 Hoya elmeri Merrill 1929 Hoya el-nidicus Kloppenburg 1991 Hoya endauensis Kiew 1989
P P
OA Cu A
ØO Ø LE
13-24 x 6-8 6-8 x 2-2.3
PL PL P P P PlT
ObAc Ob A ObAc ObA CuOb CdA
ØO ØC Ø EObl Ø LObl Ø EO ØEO
12.5 x 6.2 10-11.2 x 7.5 12.5-20 7.5-11.3 3.5-5.5 x 1.8-2.7 10-11.3 x 6.3
P P P
Cd Ac Cd A ObAc
Ø Ø ØE-Ob
5.5-6 x 3 5-9 x 4.5-5 7.5-12.5
P P P P P P P P
ObA ObAC ObAc CuAt ObAc ObA OBA CuAc
ØE ØOb ØOb ØL Ø EOb PC ØO ØO-L
8-17 x 5-8 10 15 x 6.3 4-6 x 1-1.6 7-13 x 4.5-8.5
┴ P P P P 5 P P P P P 5 P P P P P P P 12
ObA ObA CuOb ObAc ObOb Cu-Ob Ob ObA ObAc ObA ObA ObOb CuAc Cu Ob CuAc CuA ObOb CuAc ObAp ObOb
ØEObl ØO Ø LE ØLO Ø OblE ØEO ØObl ØObl ØOE ØO ØOE ØEL Ø ØR ØObE ØEO ØE ØE ØO ØOCd
1.5 x 1.5 7.5-11.3 x 15-20 x 5-6 4-7.5 x 3-4.8 5-7.5 x 2-2.5 7.2 x 3.0 1.5-4 x 2-4 0.9-10 x 0.5-1 5-8.5 x 3.5-6 5-12.5 x 5 3.5-8 x 2-2.3 6.5-11.5 x 2.8-6.3 5-11.3 x 2.5-6.3 8 x 12 9-13.5 x 6.5-9 3-7 x 3-5 7.5-10 x 2.5-4.4 3-5 x 1.2-2 1.5-2.5 x 1-1.5 11-15 x 5- 6.5 8.5–10.3 x 5.1-6.8 2-2.5 x 2-2.5
Hoya engleriana Hosseus 1907 Hoya epedunculata Schlechter 1913 Hoya erythrina Rintz 1978 Hoya erythrostemma Kerr 1939 Hoya esculenta Tsiang 1936 Hoya excavata Teijsm. & Binn. 1863 Hoya exilis Schlechter 1913 Hoya fauensis Klopp. & Siar 2008 Hoya fetuana Kloppenburg 2003 Hoya filiformis Rechinger 1908 Hoya finlaysonii Wight 1834 Hoya fischeriana Warburg 1904 Hoya fitchii Klopp. & Siar Hoya flagellata Kerr 1940 Hoya flavescens Schlechter 1913 Hoya flavida Forster et D. Liddle 1993 Hoya forbesii King & Gamble 1903 Hoya formosana Yamazaki 1968 Hoya fraterna Blume 1849 Hoya fungii Merrill 1934 Hoya fusca Wallich 1831 Hoya fuscomarginata N. E. Brown 1910 Hoya gigantanganensis Klopp. 1992 Hoya gildingii Kloppenburg 2001 Hoya glabra Schlechter 1908 Hoya globiflora Ridley 1915 H. acuta Hoya globulifera Blume 1849 Hoya globulosa Hooker 1882 Hoya golamcoana Kloppenburg 1991 Hoya gonoloboides Regel 1883 Hoya gracilipes Schlechter 1905 Hoya gracilis Schlechter 1908 Hoya grandiflora Sprengel 1825 Hoya graveolens Kerr 1939 Hoya greenii Kloppenburg 1995 Hoya griffithii Decais.1883 H. acuminata Hoya griffithii Hooker 1883 Hoya gymnanthera Wight 1834 leafless Hoya hainanensis Merrill 1923 Hoya halconensis Kloppenburg 1990 Hoya halophila Schlechter 1913 Hoya hasseltii Miquel 1856 Hoya hellwigiana Warburg 1907 Hoya hellwigii Warburg 1901 ms Hoya heuschkeliana Kloppenburg 1989
P P PL T P P P P P P P T P P P P P 5 P ┴ 5┴ P P P PL PL-T P P P P P P P P P
ObA CuAc CdA CuAc
PEL ØE ØObl ØE
1.5 x 0.4 11-18.5 x 4.5-7.5 15 x 5 10 x 4
ObAp ObAc ObAp ObAt ObAc ObAc CuA ObAp CdA CuAc CuA ObAc ObAt CdA ObA ObAc CuAp CuAp CuAp ObAc Ob-A ObA ObAc Ob CdAc CuAc CuA ObAc CuAc ObAc
ØOObl ØEL ØOE ØE ØLO ØOblL ØL ØO ØL ØLObl ØEO ØEObl ØO ØOObl ØEObl ØLObl ØE ØE ØL ØO ØO ØOE PEObl ØOc PCdO ØEL ØEL ØO-L ØOblE ØE
15 x 9 5-10 x 1.5-3.3 4-5 x 2.2
P
ObAc
ØObl L
15-22.5
P P P P P
A Ac ObA ObA ObA CuA
ØOE ØOE ØO ØO ØLObl
6 x 2.5-4 9-12.5 x 4-6 3.5-5 x 2.3-2.4 5-7 9-15
P
CuOb
ØOb
2.5 x 0.5-2
13
6x2 12.5-17.5 x 3.8-5 12-19 x 4-7 4.7-8.5 x 2-2.5 10-16 x 3.7-4.3 1.4 x 4.5 10-17.5 x 6.3-10 7-9 x 4-5 15-30 x 8-14 x 4.5-8 12.5-20 x 2.5-3 11-16 x 2 -2.4 11-16 x 2.4-6.2 14-16 x 7.5-9.5 6.5 x 3.5 7.5-8.8 7-8 x 1.5-2 3 x 2.5 7.5-10 x 2-3 5.5-7.5 x 1.8-2.3 2.5-5 5-8.3 x 2-3 12-15 x 3-4
Hoya hirsuta Moon 1824 Tylophora Hoya hookeriana Wight 1834 Hoya hypolasia Schlechter 1913 Hoya imbricata Decaisne 1844 Hoya imperialis Lindley 1846 Hoya inconspicua Hemsley 1894 Hoya incrassata Warburg 1904 Hoya incurvula Schlechter 1916 Hoya intermedia Schlechter ms name Hoya intermedia A. C. Smith 1942 Hoya ischnopus Schlechter 1913 Hoya juannguoana Kloppenburg 2002 Hoya kanyakumariana Henry & Swam.1978 Hoya kastbergii Kloppenburg 2003 Hoya kenejiana Schlechter 1913 Hoya kentiana Burton 1991 Hoya kerrii Craib 1911 Hoya keysii Bailey 1884 Hoya kingdonwardii P. T. Li 1994 Hoya klosii Moore 1906 Hoya krohnian Kloppenburg & Siar 2010 Hoya kuhlii Koorders 1012 Hoya kwangsiensis Tsiang et Li 1974 Hoya lactea S. Moore 1914 Hoya lacuna Wight 1834 Hoya lacunosa Blume 1826 Hoya lamingtoniae Bailey 1898 Hoya lanceolaria Moore 1916 Hoya lanceolata Lindley 1826 = acuta Hoya lanceolata Wallich ex Don 1825 Hoya lancilimba Merrill 1932 Hoya landgrantensis Klopp. & Siar 2009 Hoya lantsangensis Tsiang et P. T. Li 1974 Not a Hoya Hoya lasiantha Blume ex Korthals 1848 Hoya lasigynostegia P. T. Li 1984 Hoya latifolia G. Don 1838 Hoya laurifolia Decaisne 1838 Hoya laurifolia Miquel 1863 Hoya laurifoliopsis Hochreutiner 1936 Hoya lazeroi Kloppenburg & Siar 2007 Hoya leembruggeniana Koorders 1911 Hoya leucantha S. Moore 1916 Hoya leucorhoda Schlechter 1913
PL P P P P P P
ObA CdAc ObOb CdA ObAc ObOb
ØOblL Ø/PL ØO ØObl ØL ØOObl ØOE
15-25 x 2.5-3.8 12-20 x 3.3-5.3 6-12 round 15-22 x 3.8.5-6 -10 9-14 x 5-6 2.5-4 x 1.2-2
P P P P
ObA CdOb CuAp ObOb
ØObl ØO ØOE ØObObc
8-12 x 2-4.5 9-11 x 5-6 11.3-15 x 5-6.3 1.5-3.3 x 1.5-2.2
P P P P P P P P P P P P┴ T P
ObOb ObA Cu A CuCd CdA Cu A ObOb C Ap CuAc ObA ObOb ObAc ObA CuAc ObAt
ØO Ø Obl ØE ØOb POCd ØE ØO
6 x 4.5 6-10 x 0.5-0.8 3-12 x 0.8-1.5 4-12 x 5-9.5 2.5-3.8 x 1.9-2.5 1-1.7 x 0.5-1 4-6 x 1.5-2.5
ØL ØL ØObO Ø-P ØO-OE ØL ØOObl
5-15 x 2.5-4 8-17 x 2-4 9-12 x 4.5-6.5 6.3-15 x 5-11.3 2.5-3.8 5-7.5 x 2.5 5.5-7.5 x 1.3-2.9
P P T P
CuAc CuA Ob Ac CuCd
ØL ØL
2.5-5 11-14 x 2.5-3.5 8.8 x 3 2-3 x 1.5-2.5
P P PL P P P P P P
ObAc ObA CdAc CuA ObA CuAc Cu Ac CuA ObA ObAc
ØE L ØOL ØO ØLObl ØOObl ØE ØE ØEObl ØLAc ØO
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ØO
ØLE ØOb
10-15 x 2.5-5 4.5-7 x 1-2.7 17.5-25 x 10-25 6-10 x 3-3.5 6-10 x 3-3.5 11 x 2.8 4-6.5 x 2.3-3.3 3.5-4.5 x 0.9-1 7-11 x 4.5-6
Hoya leytensis Elmer ex Burton 1938
P
Ob
Hoya liangii Tsiang 1936 Hoya limonica S. Moore 1921 Hoya linavergariae Klopp. & Siar 2006 Hoya lindaueana Koorders 1911 Hoya lindleyana F. Vill. 1880 Hoya linearis Wallich 1834 Hoya lipoensis P. T. Li 1985 Hoya litoralis Schlechter 1905 Hoya lobbii Hooker 1883 Hoya loheri Kloppenburg 1991 Hoya longifolia Wallich 1834 Hoya longifolia (Bl.) Miquel 1857 Hoya lucardenasiana Klopp. & Siar 2009 Hoya lucyae Klopp. & Siar 2006 Hoya luzonica Schlechter 1904 Hoya lyi Leveille 1907 Hoya macgillivrayi Bailey 1914 Hoya macgregorii Schlechter 1906 Hoya macrophylla Blume 1826 Hoya macrophylla Wight 1834 = latifolia Hoya magnifica Forster & Liddle 1995 Hoya magniflora P. T. Li 1984 not hoya Hoya maingayi Hooker 1883 Hoya manipurensis Deb 1954 non Hoya Hoya marginata Schlechter 1905 Hoya matavanuensis Klop. & Siar 2008 Hoya maxima Teijsm. & Binnen. 1863 Hoya maxima Warburg 1907 Hoya megalantha Turrill 1915 Hoya megalaster Warburg 1901 Hoya mekongensis Gilbert & Li 1995 Hoya meliflua Blanco ex Merrill 1837 Hoya membranifolia Costantin 1912 Hoya memoria Kloppenburg 2004 Hoya mengtzeensis Tsiang & Li 1974 Hoya meredithii Green 1989 Hoya merrillii Schlechter 1904 Hoya micrantha Hooker 1883 Hoya microphylla Schlechter 1913 Hoya microstemma Schlechter 1913 Hoya minahassae Schlechter 1916 Hoya mindanaensis Elmer 1938 Hoya mindorensis Schlechter 1906
P 5 P T
CdOb ObAt ObA CuAc
P P P P P P P P P P P P P T PL P
CuA Cucaud. CuAc CdA CuA
ØObl R
2-3.5 x 0.6-1 1-1.2 ØObObl 4.5-7.5 x 3-4.5 ØO 7-8 x 3-3.5 4-5 x 1.1-2.7 ØEL ØE 12-21 x 5-10
CuA ObA ObOb CdAc CuAc ObAc Ob-Cd Ac CdAAc
ØEL ØObl POblL ØEO ØLE ØOObl ØO PEO
3-8-5 9-15 x 3-5 4.5-7 x 1.3-2.2 5-7.5 2.5-6 x .8-1.5 10-15 5-12.5 x 1.3-2.5 5.5 x 3.8 6-10 x 1.8-2.0 9-13 5-6.8 x 12.5-2 10 x 5 7-11 x 2.5-3.5 7.5-21.3 17.5-25 x 10-25 19 x 10
P P 5-7 P
AcOb CuObCd CdAc ObA ObAc2
ØELOb Ø ØEO ØEAt ØEObl
8-20 x 6.2-8.8 2-3 x 1.5-2.5 13-17 x 5.5-10 2.5-5 x 1-1.5 20 x 10
P P P P P P P P 5 P P P P P P
ObAt CdAp Ob Ac ObA ObAc ObA ObAc ObAc ObAc CuA ObA CuA CuA ObA ObAc
ØEO ØO P Ob L ØObl ØL ØL ØL ØO ØO ØOE ØO ØE ØLE ØEL ØOblE
6.5 x 3 8-14 x 5-9 10-13 x 4-5 9-13 x 5-6 7-12 x 1.4-3.2
15
CuAc
PL ØE ØL ØE-O Ø Ob ØL ØL
ØO
6-11 x 1.5-2 7.5-18 x 12-30 6-9 x 5-6.5 5-10 x 3.1-3.8 1.2-1.7 x 0.7-1.2 2-3.3 x 0.8-1.5 4-7 x 1.5-2.5 15 x 6 9-12 x 3.5-4.5
Hoya mindorensis ssp. superba Klop.& Siar Hoya minima Costantin 1912 Hoya mitrata Kerr 1940 Hoya montana Schlechter 1913 Hoya motoskei Teijsm. & Binn. 1852 Hoya mucronulata Warburg 1901 Hoya multiflora Blume 1823
P
ObA
ØE
9-12 x 3.5-4.5
CuA ObAc ObAc OBA ObOb CuAc Cu-R Ac ObA CdAp ObAc CuAAc ObA ObAc ObA Ob A ObOb
ØL ØOblE ØOblE PO ØObl ØOblL Ø Ob Ø OL ØE ØOObl ØL ØOObl ØO ØO ØL ØO
4-5.5 x 0.7-1 6.5-12 x 4.7-6 7.5-11 x 3.5-5
P T P
ObAp CuA ObA
ØO ØE ØO
0.9-1.6 x 1.2-2.5 6.8 x 2 1.2 x 1.2
P P P P P 3-5 P P P P
CuAc CuAc ObOb ObCd CuAp CuA CdAp ObAc CuA CuAc
ØObl ØOblL ØOb ØOc ØE-Ob ØE ØObl ØO ØLE ØE-L
10-15 5-8 x 0.4-0.8 5-11 x 4-10.5 1.25-2.5 x 2.25-2.5 2-10 x 4 10 x 4-4.5 10-15 x 5-7.5 10 x 5 2-7 x 1 3.5-5 x 1.3-2.2
P P P P P P P P
OBAc ObAp Ob A CdAAp ObAc ObA Cu -Ob ObAc
ØOObt ØL ØEO ØLO ØEO Ø ØE ØLE
5.5-7.5 x 2.3-3.5 2.3-3 x 0.5-0.8 4-12 x 3-8 12 x 5.5 9.5-3.5 1.3 x 1.3+ 5-7 x 1.8-2.9 6.5-17 x 4.3-4.5
P P P P P P P Hoya myanmarica P. T. Li 1994 Hoya nabawanensis Klopp& Siar2008 P P Hoya naumanii Schlechter 1908 PL Hoya neocaledonica Schlter. 1906 5 Hoya neoebudica Guillaumin 1937 P Hoya nervosa Tsiang et Li 1974 5 Hoya nicholsoniae Mueller 1866 P Hoya nicobarica Br. ex Traill1830 P Hoya nyhuusiae Kloppenburg 2003 P Hoya nummularia Deca. ex
Hook.1883 Hoya nummularioides Costantin 1912 Hoya nuuliensis Klopp. & Siar 2008 Hoya obcordata Hooker 1883 Hoya obcordata Teijs. & Binn.1866 Hoya oblanceolata Hooker 1883 Hoya oblongacutifolia Cost. 1912 Hoya obovata Decaisne 1844 Hoya obreniformis King 1901 Hoya obscure Elmer ex Burton 1986 Hoya obscurinervia Merrill 1923 Hoya obtusifolia Wight 1834 Hoya occlusa Ridley 1912 Hoya odetteae Kloppenburg 1998 Hoya odorata Schlechter 1906 Hoya odoratissima Lind.ex Regal 1884 Hoya oleoides Schlechter 1913 Hoya oligantha Schlechter 1913 Hoya oligotricha K. Hill 1986 Hoya onychoides P. I. Forster 1995 Hoya opposita G. Don 1834Sperlingia Hoya orbiculata Wall. ex Wight 1834 Hoya oreogena Kerr 1939 Hoya oreostemma Schlechter 1913
16
6-12 x 3-5 14-18 x 10-15 4.1-16 x 1-3.3 6-10 x 2.5-4 10 x 7.5 5-9 x 3-5 7-9 x 3-3.5 8.5-17 x 4-6.3 7.5-12.5 x 3.8-5 5-10 x 2.5-5 1.9 round
Hoya orientalis Li 1984 H. reticulate Merrill Hoya ottolanderi Koorders 1911 Hoya ovalifolia Wight & Ar. 1834 Hoya ovalifolia Wallich revoluta 1834 Hoya oxycoccoides S. Moore 1916 Hoya pachyclada Kerr 1939 Hoya pachyphylla Lauter.& Schu.1907 Hoya pachypus Moore 1914 Hoya padangensis Schlechter 1916 Hoya palawanica Kloppenburg 1990 Hoya pallida Lindley 1826 acuta Hoya pallida Dalz. & Gibs 1861 Hoya panayensis Klopp. & Siar Hoya panchoi Kloppenburg 1988 Hoya pandurata Tsiang 1939 Hoya paniculata Sprngl. 1825 Tylophora Hoya papillantha K. Schumann 1898 Hoya papuana Schlechter 1913 Hoya parasitica Wallich 1830 acuta Hoya parviflora Wight 1834 Hoya parvifolia Schlechter 1908 Hoya patella Schlechter 1913 Hoya pauciflora Wight 1848 Hoya paxtonii Nichols 1852 bella ? Hoya paziae Kloppenburg 1990 Hoya pedunculata Schlechter 1913 Hoya pendula Wight & Arnott 1834 Hoya pendula Wight 1918 Hoya pentaphlebia Merrill 1918 Hoya perakensis Ridley 1910 Hoya persicinicoronis He, Li et al. Hoya philippinensis Li. 1984 Hoya phyllura O. Schwartz 1931 Hoya picta Siebold 1848 Hoya picta Blume 1848 Hoya picta Miquel 1856 Hoya piestolepis Schlechter 1913 Hoya pilosa Seemann 1861 Hoya planiflora Wall. ex Wight 1861
5 P
CuAc CuAAc Cu Ac CuOb CuAc ObAp
ØL ØE ØO ØOOrb ØOb ØEObt
P P P P/
ObObA CuAAc
ØOObl ØE EL ØOL
6.5-8 x 4-5 7-10 x 1.3-2 13.2-14.5 x 3.8-4.2 5-10 x 2.5
P P P
ObAp ObOb ObAc
E
13.2-14.5 x 3.8-4.2 0.9-1.5 4-7 x 1
P P T/P P P P P
ØObl ØLE Ø L/Ac
P P P P 5 5 P
ObA CuAc O/A Ac CuA ObAc ObOb Ac ObAc ObOb ObAc ObOb ObA ObA Cu Ob
ØE ØObl-E ØOblO ØEO-L ØO-E ØO Ø EO
6-7 x 2.5-3 1.2-1.7 x 0.8-1
P P P P P P P
CuAc ObAt ObA ObA CdAc CdA CdAc
ØOblE ØOL ØO ØO ØOblE Ø /PE
8-16 x 3.2-5.2
PO
5-10
P 5 P
17
ObAc
ØO ØObl
ØL ØL
POblE ØLObl
15-28 x 4-7.5 5-7 1.2-1.8 x 0.7-.8 7.8-10.5 x 5.2-6 7-11 x 5-6.5
11 x 7 6-8 x 1-2.3 5-10 x 2.5 6.3-10 x 1.3-1.9 5-10 x.0.9-1.9 6.5-9 x 2.7-3.4 2.5-5 x 0.6
3.8 x 6.3 8-16 x 6-9 11.3 x 7.5 6-10 x 4-5
0.3-0.5 x 4.4 12-15 x 5.5-7
Hoya plicata King &. Gamble 1908 Hoya piminteliana Klopp. 1999 Hoya polyneura Hooker 1883 Hoya polystachya Blume 1849 Hoya poolei White & Francis 1828 Hoya pottsii Traill 1830 Hoya praetorii Miquel 1856 Hoya pruinosa Miquel 1856 Hoya pseudolanceolata Cost.1912 Hoya pseudolittoralis Norman 1937 Hoya pseudomaxima Koorders 1919 Hoya pseudovalifolia Costantin1912 Hoya pubens Costantin 1912 Hoya puber Blume 1826 Hoya pubescens Reinecke 1898 Hoya pubicalyx Merrill 1918 Hoya pubifera Elmer 1938 Hoya pulchella Schlechter 1913 Hoya purpurascens Teij.& Bin.1863 Hoya purpureofusca Hooker 1849 Hoya pusilla Rintz 1987 Hoya pusilliflora S. Moore 1916 Hoya pycnophylla Rechinger 1908 Hoya querinoensis Klopp.& Siar 2007 Hoya quinquenervia Warburg 1904 Hoya quisumbingii Klopp. 1992 Hoya radicalis Tsiang et Li1974 Hoya ramosii Klopp. & Siar 2007 Hoya rosarioae Klopp. & Siar 2009 Hoya recurvifolia Zipp.ex Blume1849 Hoya recurvula Kloppenburg 2000 Hoya reflexa Bent. & Hooker 1880 Hoya reticulata Costantin 1912 Hoya reticulata Schlechter 1913 Hoya reticulata Merrill 1920 Hoya retusa Dalzell 1852 Hoya retusa Warburg 1907 Hoya revolubilis Tsiang et Li 1974 Hoya revoluta Wight 1883 Hoya rhodostele Ridley 1923 Hoya rhodostemma Schlechter 1913
P P P 5 P PL P P P P imbricate P T P P P P P T 5 P┴ P 5 5 PL P P P P
CuAc CuAc ObAc ObAc AcCu CdAp ObAc ObOb CuAt ObA
ØOL
ØObl-O ØEOb ØL ØO
7.5-15 -1.3 4-9 x 1.1-2.2 7-9 x 3-4.5
ObAc ObAp ObA ObAc ObAc ObOb ObA CdA ObtAc ObAc ObOb CuA ObAp ObAc CuAp CuAc Cu Ac Cu Ap
ØO ØoObl
4.2-6 x 2.4-3 9.5-13 x 3.6-6.8 1.5-2.5 6-9 x 4-6 10-14 x 3-5 12 x 3 1.7-2.2 x 0.9-1.3 8.5 x 5 10-12.5 8x3 6-7 x 1.8-2.4 9-10 x 2-3 16.5 x 5.5 6.5 x 4 8-12.3 x 2-2.3 10-21 x 3-4
P
ObA
ØL
8-12 x 3.5
P P P
CuAc ObOb Obac ObOb ObAc CuOb CuOb Cu A CuAc
ØObl ØE ØOObl Ølinear POb ØE ØOL ØO-L ØL
11-18 x 3-4.5 6.5-10 x 3-5 8-12 x 4-7 3.8-5 x 0.4-0.5 10-15 x 7-10 6-9 x 2-3 3.8-7.5 x 1.9-2.5 3.8-5 x 1.3-1.9 9-14 x 4.2-7.3
P P P P P
18
PL
ØOL ØOObl ØLO
7.5 x 2.5 6-10 x 2.5-3 7.5-10 x 2.5-6.3 7.5-12.5 6-9 x 2-3
ØO
PEObl
POOb ØOblO POblL
ØOOb ØO ØO ØOL ØL-O ØL Ø EL ØO ØL ØObl ØL Ø Ob L
4.6-6.3 x 2.2-3
Hoya ridleyi King & Gamble 1908 Hoya rigida Kerr 1939 Hoya rizaliana Kloppenburg 1991 Hoya rosea Schumann 1905 Hoya rotundifolia Siebold 1840 Hoya rubida Schlechter 1901 Hoya rufolanata Ridley 1923 Hoya rumphii Blume 1826 Hoya rupicola K. Hill 1988 Hoya ruscifolia Decaisne 1844 Hoya salweenica Tsiang et Li 1974 Hoya samoensis Seemann 1866 Hoya sana Bailey 1897 Hoya sarcophylla Ridley 1917 Hoya schlechteriana Moore 1916 Hoya schneei Schlechter 1921 Hoya scortechinii King & Gamble 1908 Hoya serpens Hooker 1883 Hoya shepherdii Short ex Hooker 1861 Hoya siamaca Craib 1911 Hoya siarae Kloppenburg 2002 Hoya sikkimensis Graf 1992 Hoya silvatica Tsiang et P. T. Li 1974 Hoya sipitangensis Klopp.&Wiberg 2002 Hoya skinnerae Klopp. & Siar Hoya smithii Klopp. & Siar Hoya sogeriensis Moore 1913 Hoya solaniflora Schlechter 1913 Hoya sororia Schumann 1905 Hoya spartioides (Kuntz)Klopp. 2001 Hoya splendens Maingay 1837 Hoya stenophylla Schlechter 1913 Hoya stoneana Kloppenburg 2006 Hoya suaveolens Miquel 1856 Hoya subglabra Schlechter 1913 Hoya subquaterna Miquel 1856 Hoya subquintuplinervis Miquel 1869 Hoya tamaleaaensis Klopp. & Siar 2009 Hoya tauensis Klopp. & Siar 2008 Hoya tenggerensis Bakhuizen 1950 Hoya teretifolia Griffith ex Hooker 1883 Hoya teysmanniana Miquel 1856
P 5 P P P P P P P P P T P P P P P P P T P P P P T or PL P T P P P P T 5 5 T P P
19
CuA Cuac CuA CuAc ObA ObAc ObA ObAc OA A ObOb ObAc ObA ObA OB CuAc CdAc ObOb CuA ObAc ObA
ØOObl ØO-E ØOE ØL ØEO ØO-E
ØLObl ØL
1.3-1.9 5-15 x 1.3 3.7-9.5 x 1.5-2.2 14 x 3.5
CuAc CuA ObA ObA ObOb ObAc ObAc ObOb
PEObl
8-11 x 2.5-4
Ø OE
10-20 x 8-12 10-16 x 3-4 4.5-9 x 1.3-2.8 5-6 x 1 1 x..5
ObAp ObA ObAc Ac Ac ObAp Ob At ObAt ObAc CuA ObOb
PV POL
6-8 x 3.5-4.5 5-8.5 x 1.5-2.5
ØOE ØE ØO ØO Ø OE ØOE ØOObl ØV ØLObl
9-13.5 x 3.5-5.5 10-17.5 7.5-9.4 x 5-7.5 4.5-5.5 x 2.5-3 6.7-9.7 x 2.3-4.8 10-12 x 5.5-6 12.5-17.5 7.5-12.5 x 2.5-3.8
PO
ØObl L ØO
ØO ØEObl ØOE PObL
ØL ØObt ØE ØO-L POE ØV
ØL Ø ØL ØEObl ØL
7.5-12.5 x 3.1-4.4 12-14 x 4.5-6.3 3.6 x 1.2 2.5 -5 x 0.8-1.5 12-13 x 10 4-6 x 2-3 11.3-11.9 x 7.5 5-7.5 x 5 14 x 3.0-7.0 1-12.5 x 3.5-4.5 7-10 x 3.5-5.8 3.8-8.1 8.5 x 3 10-11 x 3.8-4.5 8-11 x 3-4.5
Hoya thomsonii Hooker 1883 Hoya tiapeansis Hochreutiner 1938 Hoya tjadasmalangensis Bakhuizen 1950 Hoya tjampeaensis Hochreutiner 1936 Hoya tomatoensis Green & Kloppenburg Hoya torricellensis Schlechter 1913 Hoya treubiana Schlechter 1908 Hoya trigonolobos Schlechter 1905 Hoya trinervia (Hort.) Mach.ex Regal 1865 Hoya trinervis Trail 1830 Hoya trukensis Hosakawa 1937 Hoya tsangii Burton ex Klopp. 1989 Hoya tsiangiana P. T. Li 1984 Hoya tsoi Merrill 1934 Hoya tutuilensis Klopp. & Siar 2008 Hoya uncinata Teijsm. & Binnen. 1863 Hoya upoluensis Reinecke 1893 Hoya vacciniiflora Schwartz 1931 Hoya vaccinioides Hooker 1883 Hoya variegata Siebold 1846 Hoya variegata De Vriese 1853 Hoya variifolia Ridley 1926 Hoya velutina Griffith 1854 Hoya venusta Schlechter 1913 Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don 1837 Hoya villosa Constantin 1912 Hoya vitelina Blume 1849 Hoya vitellinoides Brink f. 1950 Hoya vitensis Turrill 1915 Hoya volubilis Griffith 1835 Hoya warburgii Schlechter Unpub Hoya wariana Schlechter 1913 Hoya walliniana Klopp. & Nyhuus 2003 Hoya wayetii Kloppenburg 1993 Hoya waymaniae Kloppenburg 1995 Hoya weebella Klopp. & Siar 2005 Hoya whistlerii Kloppenburg 2002 Hoya wibergiae Kloppenburg 2001 Hoya wightiana Thwates 1864
P P P┴ P P P P P 3-5
ObAc CuAc Ob Ac CuAp ObAp CuAc ObOb Ob A ObA
POObl
PL P P
ObAc Ob Ac CuAc
P 5 P 5 P P P
Ob Ac ObA ObAc CuAc CuA Ob A CuA ObA ObAc ObA CuAc ObA ObAc ObAp ObOb CuAc ObAc Ob At ObA
ØOObl ØEO ØV Ø ØOE Ø OL ØL ØEO ØOblL ØE ØO + EL ØOEObl ØEOb + L ØOL ØL -E ØObl
P P P P P P P P T P P P P P P T P
20
CuAp Ob A CuA ObOb ObAc ObAp CuAc
ØE
ØO ØE ØOE ØE ØOblO ØOObl ØO
POblE
ØOblL ØObl ØEObl ØOL Ø ØV ØO ØV P Ø Ob ØL ØE ØL
5-7.5 x 1.7-3.8 10-25 x 4.5-10 19.5 x 12 10-25 x 4.5-10 10.7 x 3.8 9-14 x 4-4.3 13-18 x 4.5-5.5 14 x 7 6.5-10 x 3.8-5
4-5.5 x 2-2.5 5-12 x 1-1.5 6-8 x 1.5-2 5.5-6.5 x 3-3.5 9 x 3.5 7-15 x 5 1.25
2-5 1.5 x 0.5 4 x 0.2 3.8 3-5 x 0.9-1.7 7.5 x 3.1 7-11 x 3.8-4.8 8-22 x 4.5-8.5 14-16 x 7-7.5 10 x 7
2.5-5.5 x 3.5-5.5 5-14.5 x 1.5-2.7 5-9 x 3-5 1.8 x 0.9 5.5-10.5 x 3.8 6.5-11 x 2.5-3 2.5-7.5 x 5-12.5
Hoya wightii Hooker f. 1883 Hoya wrayi King & Gamble 1908 Hoya yuennanensis Kand_Mass 1936
P┴ P P
21
CuAc CuAp Ob Ap
ØE ØLO Ø
5-10 3.5-4 x 1-1.25 6-11
