eJOURNAL CRNA TODAY TM

CONTINUING EDUCATION

September 2017

Plagiarism and Copyright in Scholarly Publishing: What CRNA Authors Need to Know Jennifer Holmes, ELS

Continuing Education eJournal Target Audience- Continuing Education (CE) courses are “Provider-Directed Independent Study” as defined by the AANA, “self-paced learning activity developed for individual use”. These CE’s are intended for Nurse Anesthetist’s practicing anesthesia looking to expand their knowledge. Courses are presented as a group of articles in an e-Journal which can be accessed from any web-based browser. Program- Articles are presented as individual CE material with accompanying Post Test. Course Objectives are provided at the beginning of each article with bibliography and references or links to -specific videos, websites, and/ or additional material. To get FULL CE credit for this program you’ll need to first read each article and pass each Post Test. A passing grade of at least 80% is required to get CE. You’ll have up to three testing opportunities to pass. The Post Test can be completed any time prior to expiration of the course. Attendance records are sent to the AANA at the end of each month, provided you have supplied the correct AANA ID. It is your responsibility to complete all courses in a timely fashion and before the expiration date. Educated Hand and the CRNA Today website are not responsible or liable for the untimely completion of the courses/credits. Each article is the work of the individual presenter, therefore they are experts in the topic and responsible for the content. CRNA Today reviews each article along with outside Editors and Copy Editors, doing our best to assure accurate and current knowledge Author

Jennifer Holmes, ELS

Editor-in-Chief

Thomas Schultz, PhD, CRNA

Copy Editor

Jennifer Holmes, ELS

Journal Designer

Sheri Harvey, Shar Graphics

Publisher

Nicholas G. Crofut CRNA

Published by Educated Hand Pub, LLC 806 Greenwich Grand Ledge, MI 48837

 eJOURNAL CRNA TODAY TM

CONTINUING EDUCATION

September 2017

September 2017 Vol. 2 Issue 9

Plagiarism and Copyright in Scholarly Publishing: What CRNA Authors Need to Know Jennifer Holmes, ELS

“There is NO Financial Relationship between the products, devices, or services advertised with the author and CE activity. 2

DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this educational activity are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of The Educated Hand Publishing. This educational activity does not endorse one particular type of technique, nor is it intended to dictate an exclusive course of practice. It presents one of numerous recognized methods of clinical practice for consideration by CRNAs for incorporation into their practices. Variations of practice taking into account the needs of the individual patient, resources, and limitations unique to the institution or type of practice may be appropriate. Disclosure about patient confidentiality, standards of care, or course of management does not imply endorsement or disapproval of products. For full Terms and Conditions of Use click here – www.crnatoday.com CRNA Today

Plagiarism and Copyright in Scholarly Publishing: What CRNA Authors Need to Know Jennifer Holmes, ELS Disclosure: Author is Copyeditor for CRNA Today eJournal

Learning Objectives 1. Describe how to accurately and ethically attribute the work of others in their publications. 2. List 3 examples of self-plagiarism. 3. Discuss when to seek permission to use part of a previously published work and how to do so. Stories of plagiarism often make top news. Some of Neil Gorsuch’s writing came under close scrutiny leading up to his confirmation to the US Supreme Court.1 Étienne Klein was set to lose his post as President of the Institute for Advanced Studies for Science and Technology in Paris in early April 2017 amid allegations that he plagiarized more than a dozen sources in his books and articles.2 That same week Ed Sheeran settled a plagiarism lawsuit out of court over the song Photograph.3 You may not be a Supreme Court nominee, a celebrated French physicist, or a scruffy, red-haired English singer-songwriter. Fewer people may read your scholarly publication on a nurse anesthesia topic than watch a Supreme Court confirmation hearing or download an Ed Sheeran song. Yet regardless of the extent of your readership, you have the same responsibilities to your readers to accurately present what is your work and what is the work of others. As Roig4 explains, when you write, you are essentially entering into a contract with your reader in which the reader assumes that the material was written by you, is new, and is accurate. In a research article, you will draw on the work of others to provide your readers with a background for your topic and to put your findings in context. However, you must give the reader appropriate signposts to make clear which ideas are those of others and which ideas are your own. In this article, I describe how to provide these signposts to avoid plagiarism, discuss 3 categories of self-plagiarism (duplicate publication, redundant publication, and text recycling), and explain copyright and how to seek permission to reuse a table or figure published previously. PLAGIARISM Plagiarism as defined in the AMA Manual of Style is “the failure to attribute words, ideas, or findings to their true authors.”5 Are you giving your reader enough signposts in your writing to make clear which ideas are yours and which September 2017

are others? The following guidelines are summarized from Roig:4 ● Always acknowledge the contributions of others to your work. ● If you quote text verbatim, enclose the text in quotation marks and cite your source. ● If you paraphrase text from another source, you do not need to use quotation marks, but you still need to cite a source. ● If you paraphrase text from another source, be sure that you are retaining the author’s meaning. Study the examples of good and bad paraphrasing on the Office of Research Integrity website.6 When you paraphrase, you must do more than simply change a few words of the original author’s text. Restate the concepts in your own words. Use your own voice and writing style. The paraphrased text should be “sufficiently modified so as to be judged as new writing.”6 Note that many journals use plagiarism detection software such as iThenticate, which compares a written work against a database of full-text content from web pages and published articles, books, conference proceedings, and journals (http://www.ithenticate.com/). The journal’s publisher will receive a report showing highlighted words or sentences in the submitted article that match works found in the database. To avoid plagiarism in your writing, the AMA Manual of Style gives the following helpful advice to authors: “The best defense against allegations of plagiarism is careful note taking, record keeping, and documentation of all data observed and sources used.”5 SELF-PLAGIARIZING In my first job as a technical editor for a journal, I was editing a journal article and started to feel I had made the same exact edits before. I looked up the author’s most recently published article and found that most of the introduction of the previously published article and that of the article I was currently editing for publication was exactly the same. The journal’s managing editor got in touch with the author and tactfully explained that he would have to revise the newer submission so as not to plagiarize the previous publication. I remember his frustration, “But I wrote it, and there’s only so many ways to say this!” However, the same ethical guidelines that preclude plagiarism—that the work was written by you, is 3

new, and is accurate—also apply to using material that you have written and published previously. Self-plagiarism is the use of “some or all elements of a previous publication (e.g., text, data, and images)…in a new publication with ambiguous acknowledgement or no acknowledgement at all”4 of the previous publication. Another issue with reusing text you have written is that if you signed a copyright release for the original publication, you no longer own that text; the publisher does. (For further discussion of copyright and permissions, see the section COPYRIGHT.) Note that some journals are more lenient in the reuse of parts of your methods section. The Office of Research Integrity generally does not pursue the limited use of identical or nearly identical phrases that describe a commonly used method.7 Your description of the methods you used must be precise and detailed enough for another investigator to repeat your work. However, continue to be precise in how you reuse the text. Refrain from simply copying and pasting whole sections of your methods because you run the very real risk of pasting in a method that you did not actually use in the second paper.4 The 3 categories of self-plagiarism that we will discuss here are as follows:4 ● Duplicate publication, ● Redundant or overlapping publication (salami publication), and ● Text recycling. Duplicate Publication As defined by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, duplicate publication is the “publication of a paper that overlaps substantially with one already published, without clear, visible reference to the previous publication.”8 Cases do exist (an original publication in one language published again in a different language, for example) in which secondary publication may be justifiable. In these cases, however, the author should receive approval from the editors of both journals and the secondary publication must cite the primary publication.8 What this means to you as an author is that you cannot submit your article to more than one journal simultaneously. The online submission process at most journals will include a step in which you acknowledge that the paper you are submitting for review is not currently in review or in press elsewhere. Redundant or Overlapping Publication Overlapping publication is also known as “salami” publication, because the findings from one dataset are sliced into small publications like salami on a meat slicer. As the name implies, this form of self-plagiarism often includes a substantial amount of overlap of both text and data.4 Rather than being thinly sliced, multiple articles from the same study should present distinct aspects of the study or could “report the study in distinctly different ways for different readerships.”9 Be sure to tell the journal’s editor in 4

your cover letter that the article you are submitting is one of more than one article from the same study. Again, provide the appropriate signpost to your readers also to alert them that this publication is part of a larger study. Reference the other papers that have been published or are in press.9 Text Recycling The example I gave at the beginning of this section of an author reusing the text of his introduction is an instance of text recycling. Even if you are using the same literature as background in more than one article, be sure that you are writing original sentences for each new publication. There are some instances in which it is acceptable to recycle text, however. These include the following:4 ● You can recycle text from institutional review board applications, animal care and use committee applications, and internal grant applications. ● You can reuse text from your methods section. ● You can prepare a paper based on a paper or abstract you delivered at a conference. ● You can publish your thesis or dissertation work as a journal article or book. Note that if you present a paper at a conference and the conference papers are collected and published, you should first check to see whether the conference organization permits republication. You will also need to alert the journal editor about the earlier published version of the paper.4 Carter-Templeton10 and Resnick11 give advice on publishing a Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) capstone project in a scholarly journal. Carter-Templeton10 writes that in this era of evidence-based practice, “students engaged in DNP projects should be encouraged to disseminate and publish information about their study and subsequent findings.” Talk with your supervisor about a publication strategy, including co-authorship, and follow the journal’s instructions for authors.9 Case Studies Q: I presented my research as an abstract or poster at a conference. Can I submit the same research for publication in a journal? A: Yes. ● Refrain from distributing a complete copy of your article at the conference. ● Note in your article that your findings were presented previously. ● Here is an example of how to note the previous presentation of your research from the AMA Manual of Style (2.10.12 Previous Presentations)5: The results of this study were presented at AANA2017, the Nurse Anesthesia Annual Congress; September 8, 2017; Seattle, WA. CRNA Today

Q. I wrote up my study as a capstone project. Can I submit the same study to a journal? A. Yes. ● Talk about a publication strategy, including coauthorship, with your supervisor. ● If your study leads to more than one publication, note in your article that the paper is part of a larger work and reference the other publications. ● Note in your article that your findings were presented previously. COPYRIGHT In the United States, copyright is covered by the Copyright Act of 1976, which extends protection to both published and unpublished works, once they are fixed in a tangible form, for the life of the author plus 50 years.12 If you want to use any content you did not personally create, you must cite your source as already discussed and seek permission to use any material that is copyrighted.13 Such content could include ● photographs, ● figures, ● tables, ● maps, ● screenshots, and ● websites. For material published in the United States, you will want to seek permission for all content published since 1950.13 (In their useful publication on journal permissions, Wiley also offers guidance for authors seeking to use material published in Europe and Australia.13) Most publishers of scientific journals require authors to sign a statement transferring copyright to the publisher.5 This means that if you want to reuse something that has been published previously in a journal, you will need permission from the journal’s publisher. (One exception to the usual transfer of copyright is for US government employees. Work conducted as a federal employee is not protected by the Copyright Act.5) Not Everything on the Internet is Free Credit lines or copyright may not be indicated on photographs on websites, blog posts, and Google Image searches. You should not assume this means that these images are in the public domain.13 Use due diligence in searching the provenance of images you find on the web. What Is the Difference Between Adapting and Reproducing? Let’s say you are writing an article and find an excellent table in one of your sources that you want to include. Can you reproduce the table in your article? AMA advises that “although 1 or 2 lines of information from a table might be used without permission, reprinting the entire table without permission is inappropriate.”5 You can use the 1 or 2 lines of data from the previously published table in a new table you create and cite the original table (which September 2017

you are adapting) in a footnote. You could also create a new figure or table from the data in 2 or more previously published figures or tables as long as no single source makes up more than 75% of the new figure or table.13 In this case, you would not need permission, but you would still need to cite all of your sources. If you wish to reproduce a table or figure as it appeared in the original publication, seek permission from the publisher and then add a source note as a footnote. Also, if you create a new figure (or table) and use more than 75% of the content of the original figure (or table), you will need permission and your figure legend (or table footnote) should read that the figure is adapted from the relevant sources with permission. Box 1 shows examples of how to appropriately cite the original source for a table or figure you are either adapting or reproducing. How Do I Get Permission?Visit the Copyright Clearance Center (www.copyright.com). Enter the title or ISBN/ISSN of the publication you wish to use in the search box at the top of the page. The search results will return the most frequently requested publications first. Depending on the publication you select, permission may be available for purchase (the “Price & Order” option), the Copyright Clearance Center may not be able to grant permission but will supply the contact information for the copyright holder, or the publication may be in the public domain and no permission is needed.14 It can take from a few minutes to several months to obtain permission, so be sure to allow time for clearance in your publication plan.13 If you are unable to obtain permission to reuse the content, you will need to remove the content from your publication. If you are adapting a table or figure, include a credit line as a table footnote or in the figure legend: Table 1 is adapted with permission from Powers BW, Milstein A, Jain SH. Delivery models for high-risk older patients: back to the future? JAMA. 2016;315(1):23-24. Copyright 2016 American Medical Association.

If you are reproducing a table or figure, include a credit line as a table footnote or in the figure legend:

Reproduced with permission from Powers BW, Milstein A, Jain SH. Delivery models for high-risk older patients: back to the future? JAMA. 2016;315(1):23-24. Copyright 2016 American Medical Association.

SUMMARY CRNAs can advance their careers and contribute to evidence-based medicine by writing and publishing in clinical and medical journals. Doing so ethically requires an understanding of plagiarism and how to properly attribute the work of others. Table 1 summarizes standards on responsible publication from the Committee on Publication Ethics.15 5

Table 1. Responsible Publication: Standards for Authors from the Committee on Publication Ethics ● Relevant previous work and publications, both by other researchers and the author’s own, should be properly acknowledged and referenced.

● Data, text, figures, or ideas originated by other researchers should be properly acknowledged and should not be presented as if they were the author’s own. Original wording taken directly from publications by other researchers should appear in quotation marks with the appropriate citations. ● Authors should adhere to publication requirements that submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere in any language. Work should not be submitted concurrently to more than one publication unless the editors have agreed to co-publication. If articles are co-published, this fact should be made clear to readers. ● Authors should inform editors if findings have been published previously or if multiple reports or multiple analyses of a single data set are under consideration for publication elsewhere. ● Multiple publications arising from a single research project should be clearly identified as such and the primary publication should be referenced.

● Applicable copyright laws and conventions should be followed. Copyright material (eg, tables, figures, or extensive quotations) should be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgment.

Source: Committee on Publication Ethics. Adapted from Reference 15.

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CRNA Today

References 1. Blake A. Neil Gorsuch’s 11th-hour plagiarism scare. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/ the-fix/wp/2017/04/05/neil-gorsuchs-11th-hour-plagiarism-scare/?utm_term=.b521e244c10e. Published April 5, 2017. Accessed April 11, 2017. 2. Enserink M. French physicist accused of plagiarism seems set to lose prestigious job. Science. http://www.sciencemag. org/news/2017/04/french-physicist-accused-plagiarism-seems-set-lose-prestigious-job. Published April 6, 2017. Accessed April 11, 2017. 3. Ellis-Petersen H. Ed Sheeran may regret Photograph that led to $20m copyright case. The Guardian. https://www. theguardian.com/music/2017/apr/11/ed-sheeran-20m-dollar-copyright-claim-matt-cardle-x-factor. Published April 11, 2017. Accessed April 11, 2017. 4. Roig M. Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: a guide to ethical writing. Office of Research Integrity website. https://ori.hhs.gov/avoiding-plagiarism-self-plagiarism-and-other-questionablewriting-practices-guide-ethical-writing. Revised 2015. Accessed April 4, 2017. 5. American Medical Association. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 10th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007. 6. ORI Policy on Plagiarism. US Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Research Integrity website. https://ori.hhs.gov/plagiarism-9. Accessed April 17, 2017. 7. ORI Policy on Plagiarism. US Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Research Integrity website. https://ori.hhs.gov/ori-policy-plagiarism. Published December 1994. Accessed April 17, 2017. 8. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. ICMJE website. http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/. Updated December 2016. Accessed April 6, 2017. 9. Wiley. Writing for Publication. An easy to follow guide for nurses interested in publishing their work. http://www.wileydocs.com/HSJ-14-63694_Writing_for_Publication_lowres.pdf. Published 2014. Accessed April 19, 2017. 10. Carter-Templeton H. Converting a DNP scholarly project into a manuscript. Nurse Author & Editor. 2015;25(1):2. http://naepub.com/student-authorship/2015-25-1-2/. Published April 20, 2015. Accessed April 17, 2017. 11. Resnick B. Publishing a DNP capstone: the where, what, and how. Geriatr Nurs. 2013;34(2):95-97. doi: 10.1016/j. gerinurse.2013.02.003 12. Library of Congress. Highlight: Congress Passes the Current Copyright Act. Copyright.gov website. https://www. copyright.gov/timeline/timeline_1950-1997.html. Accessed April 19, 2017. 13. Wiley. Journal Permissions: Obtaining Permission to Reproduce Material. https://authorservices.wiley.com/asset/ photos/licensing-and-open-access-photos/Journal-Permissions-8-April-2016.pdf. Published April 8, 2016. Accessed April 19, 2017. 14. Copyright Clearance Center. Ordering Permission on Copyright.com. http://www.copyright.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015/09/Ordering-Permissions-on-Copyright.com_.pdf. Published 2015. Accessed April 11, 2017. 15. Wager E. Kleinert S. Responsible research publication: international standards for authors. A position statement developed at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, Singapore, July 22-24, 2010. In: Mayer T, Steneck N, eds. Promoting Research Integrity in a Global Environment. Singapore: Imperial College Press/World Scientific Publishing; 2011:309-316. https://publicationethics.org/node/11184. September 2017

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Questions: POST TEST 1. Plagiarism can be defined as: A. Publishing a scholarly work anonymously. B. Presenting the work of others as your own. C. Quoting and citing the work of others in your publication.

A. Salami publication

D. Reproducing another person’s work in your publication with permission.

C. Duplicate publication

2. If you paraphrase text written by someone else: A. You can change the author’s original meaning to better suit your publication. B. Place the paraphrased text in quotation marks and cite your source. C. You should not change the text so much that it appears to be new writing. D. You do not need to place the paraphrased text in quotations marks but you must cite your source. 3. If you quote text verbatim from another source: A. Place the quoted text in quotations marks and cite your source. B. As long as you place the quoted text in quotation marks you do not need to cite your source. C. You do not need to put the quoted text in quotation marks as long as you cite your source. 4. You can plagiarize yourself. A. True B. False 5. Some journals are more lenient about reusing text from which part of your journal article? A. Abstract B. Introduction C. Methods D. Results E. Discussion 8

6. Self-plagiarism can include which of the following questionable publication practices? B. Text recycling D. All of the Choices 7. There are no situations in which duplicate publication of an article in multiple journals is acceptable. A. True B. False 8. You should submit your article to more than one journal simultaneously to increase your chances of publication. A. True B. False 9. You can recycle or repurpose text in which of the following cases? A. You can recycle text from your methods. B. You can recycle text from an institutional review board application. C. You can publish a journal article from your capstone project. D. You can prepare a journal article from an abstract presented at a meeting. E. All of the above. F. None of the above. 10. You presented an abstract at a conference and want to write up your research for publication in a journal. Which of the following steps should you take? A. Distribute a rough draft of your full article at the conference for comments. B. Prepare the journal article with no mention of the CRNA Today

previous presentation of the abstract because it was not published.

15. If you wish to reproduce a figure that was published previously, you must:

C. Include a note in your Acknowledgments or on the title page that the study findings were presented previously.

A. Seek permission from the copyright holder.

D. None of these steps are appropriate.

C. Note that the figure is being reproduced with permission.

E. All of these steps are appropriate. 11. You are interested in publishing your DNP capstone project in a journal. Which of the following steps should you take? A. Follow the journal’s instructions to authors when preparing your article. B. Discuss authorship with your supervisor. C. Include a note in your Acknowledgments or on the title page that the study findings were presented previously. D. None of these steps are appropriate. E. All of these steps are appropriate. 12. In the United States, the copyright of a published work is protected for the life of the author plus: A. 40 years B. 50 years C. 60 years D. 70 years 13. A photo on a blog post may be copyrighted even if a credit line or copyright does not appear with the image. A. True B. False 14. In which of the following cases could you reuse a previously published table without permission? A. 80% of the new table you create from 2 or more previously published tables is from one of the previously published tables and you cite all the sources. B. 25% or less of the new table you create is from the previously published table and you cite the original source. C. You reproduce the original table as it appeared with no changes and cite the original source. D. You can never use a previously published table without permission.

B. Cite the original publication of the figure in a source note.

D. All of the above. 16. To request permission to reuse a publication or parts of a publication, visit: A. iThenticate B. Committee on Publication Ethics C. American Medical Association D. Copyright Clearance Center 17. If you are unable to obtain permission to reuse the content you wanted to use: A. You are protected under the Copyright Act as long as you tried to reach the copyright holder at least 3 times. B. You are protected under the Copyright Act as long as you retain proof that you tried to contact the copyright holder and you cite the original source of the content. C. You must remove the content from your publication. D. You can assume that the content is now in the public domain. 18. You always need permission to reuse content produced by a government employee. A. True B. False 19. You should not submit your article to more than one journal in hope of increasing your chances of publication. A. True B. False 20. Writing multiple papers based on the data from one study is known as: A. Goulash publication B. Bologna publication C. Salami publication D. Pot luck publication

September 2017

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1. American Heart Association (AHA) http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/ AboutArrhythmia/What-is- Atrial-Fibrillation-AFib-or-AF_UCM_423748_Article.jsp#.VkFLu4Tl7zI. Retrieved on Nov 9, 2015. 2. Hall, JE, and AC Guyton. “Textbook of Medical Physiology.” Saunders London (2011) 3. Silbernagl, S, and A Despopoulos. “Color Atlas of Physiology.” Thieme (2009) 4. Narouze, S, HT Benzon et al. “Interventional Spine and Pain Procedures in Patients on Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Medications” Reg Anesth Pain Med 40.3 (2015): 182-212.

Across



1. pacemaker of the heart (two words) 3. the surgical removal of body tissue 4. hollow part of the organ 5. the process of being interrogated 8. one that takes the lead or sets an example 11. ischemic condition 12. lodestone or attraction Down 2. insert or engraft 6. relating to the heart 7. depolarizing the heart cells 9. open roofed entrance hall 10. regular repeated pattern of sound

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