THE DUWAMISH LIGHTHOUSE:

Sensing & Communicating Sculpture Gives a Life to Industrial River

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DUWAMISH RIVER PUGET SOUND COMPLEX TRANSNATIONAL PROBLEMS HUMAN PYSCHOLOGY OF RISK & REACTION CAN A HUMAN HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH A RIVER? DUWAMISH LIGHTHOUSE BREAKDOWN MECHATRONIC ART & NEW SENSING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Partners

Duwamish Revealed Nicole Kistler & Sarah Kavage Port of Seattle Seattle Public Utilities Seattle Arts & Cultural Affairs Thanks to Duwamish Revealed’s Community and Agency Partners:

Special Thanks JYDO : Alan, Brett & Ben Colin Dietrich Code for Seattle UW Seattle : Tyler Sprague Lund/Opsahl

Georgetown Merchants Association South Park Neighborhood Association Welcome to Our Native Land Seattle CityLight South Park Arts South Seattle College Shoreline Community College

Lund Opsahl Engineering Lafarge Concrete Grid Engineers Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition / McDowell Pile King Technical Advisory Group Fabrication Specialities Port of Seattle YMS Recycling Olympic Sculpture Park / Seattle Art Boeing Museum Jones Stevedoring Company Duwamish Longhouse & Cultural Center A growing list of Duwamish businesses Zeroplus Architects The Project Room have donated materials and services Loretta’s Northwesterner South Park Information & Resource Cen- in support of Duwamish Revealed. ter (SPIARC) and the Promotoras Thanks to our Business Partners: King County Feet First Pacific Pile & Marine Equinox Studios ConGlobal Industries Jack Straw Productions Recology Cleanscapes

DUWAMISH RIVER Dkhw’Duw’Absh,meaning “people of the inside” in Lushootseed, language of Coast Salish people. Straightened in 1913. 14 miles of living shoreline to 5 miles of industrial. Native Estuary & River Mostly Gone, filled. Immense Importance to the Duwamish, the Muckleshoot, and the Suquamish. Declared Superfund Site by EPA in 2001. Some of the most polluted sites cleaned up since then. 2015 90% cleanup plan adopted.

1987 fish kill 2300 Chinook sewage chemical spill 113 fish kills 19771987 (fobes, 1987)

Seattle Public Library South Park Branch 8604 Eighth Avenue South, at South Cloverdale St. Seattle, WA 98108 (206) 615-1688

EPA Seattle Office Superfund Records Center, 1200 Sixth Avenue Seattle, WA 98101 (206) 553-4494 or (800) 424-4372

Fishing for the Safest Seafood from the Lower Duwamish River? Eat Salmon.

The main way people are exposed to chemicals in the river is through eating fish. Don’t eat resident fish, shellfish, or crab that live year-round in the river. Salmon are the healthiest choice because they spend a short time in the river.

SAFE TO EAT

Chum

2-3 meals per week

Coho

DO NOT EAT RESIDENT FISH, SHELLFISH, or CRAB Especially WOMEN who are or may become PREGNANT, NURSING MOTHERS, and CHILDREN. They have chemicals that can harm the growth and brain development of babies and children.

Pink

Sockeye

OR Chinook (King)

OR Blackmouth

Resident Chinook caught during winter

LIMIT

1 meal per week

Flounder

Crab

Perch

CAUTION

2 meals per month

Clams

For more information call 1-877-485-7316 www.doh.wa.gov/fish

Sole

What Happens Next?

Lower Duwamish Waterway (LDW) Early Action Area (EAA) River Mile

0.0

Superfund List (NPL) & MTCA Hazardous Listing

Duwamish/Diagonal EAA

Remedial Investigation (RI) & Risk Assessments

2001

2007 2010

Feasibility Study

Georgetown

1.0

Complete Early Cleanups Source Control

3. 0

Slip 4 EAA

South Park

Boeing Plant 2/ Jorgensen Forge EAA

T-117 EAA

Oregon Elliott Bay

4.0

Seattle

wa Du

Puget Sound

m i sh R.

±

0 0

Norfolk EAA 0.5

0.5

1 1

Kilometers

Miles

2013

Publish Record of Decision

2014

The Lower Duwamish Waterway Record of Decision Cleanup Early Action Areas

NOW

Negotiate Cleanup Agreement

2015

Baseline Sampling

2016 +

Design Remedy

0 2.

Washington

Proposed Plan

Construct Remedy Long-Term Monitoring

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) - man-made chemical Arsenic - by-product PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) - burning Dioxins and furans - burning EPA Announced 90% Cleanup Plan 2015. Estimated to cost about $342 million and is scheduled to take 17 years. 7 years of active cleanup and 10 years of monitored natural recovery An estimated total of 177 acres will be actively cleaned up 105 acres of dredging or partial dredging and capping 960,000 cubic yards would be dredged 24 acres of capping 48 acres of enhanced natural recovery Question is that 10%, to what level? Eating crab again? Swimming? Humans rediscovering/imagining.

PUGET SOUND

COMPLEX TRANSNATIONAL PROBLEMS 1999 A handful of scientists predict rising CO2 emissions may change sea chemistry enough to harm corals by late in the 21st century. (Unexpectedly fast) 2012 Scientists say they’re certain ocean acidification is killing Northwest oysters. Computer models based on new data project that the acidified water that occasionally kills Northwest oysters will be common every day on half the U.S. West Coast in less than 40 years. Scientist Nina Bednarsek finds pteropods in Antarctica already dissolving. 2013 Researchers show baby king crab die in high numbers when exposed to CO2-rich waters expected later this century. Mathis finds North Pacific sea chemistry at certain times of the year already is that bad. — Craig Welch

pteropod shell in ocean water at pH predicted for ocean water in 2100

NOAA

went to work for Turenscape in Beijing for 5 months to study the Big Foot Revolution, “The Art of Survival”

Asia has polluted rivers and bays too just like us.

POPULATION 4 : 1 ratio China 1,351,000,000 USA 313,900,000

CITIES OVER 1 MILLION 22 : 1 ratio China 200 USA 9

Momentum and scale of the challenge is species wide. Only thinking regionally is limited.

men fishing in a Beijing equivalent of the Duwamish

Pyschological and marketing underpinning is American based, and potentially problemattic or powerful

OUR SPECIES IS PROBLEM AND THE SOLUTION. HUMAN PYSCHOLOGY OF RISK & REACTION

I consider humans a species with strengths and weaknesses like any organism. Worthwhile learning from this perspective of a biologist or alien looking in. What do we look like when we draw objective observations about our species unemotionally? Why did I care, but not do anything? Perhaps because of species constraints.

Farmers in Illinois were asked to recall salient temperature or precipitation statistics during the growing season of seven preceding years (Weber & Sonka, 1994). Those farmers who believed that their region was undergoing climate change recalled temperature and precipitation trends consistent with this expectation, whereas those farmers who believed in a constant climate recalled temperatures and precipitations consistent with that belief. Both groups showed similar degrees of error in their weather event memories, but farmers’ beliefs and expectations biased the direction of the errors. (2009, Pyschology & Global Climate Change - APA Task Force)

1. Human understanding is skewed to personal beliefs and emotions.

Because rare events have a smaller probability of having occurred recently, they tend (on average) to have a smaller impact on the decision than their objective likelihood of occurrence would warrant. (Yechiam, Barron, & Erev, 2004). Recent surveys conducted in Alaska and Florida... show that such exposure (to climate change) greatly increases their concern and willingness to take action (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 2004; Leiserowitz & Broad, 2008). (2009, Pyschology & Global Climate Change - APA Task Force)

2. “RECENCY” Humans give events close to the present more weight than distant.

Evidence... indicates that risk perceptions... are influenced by associative and affect-driven processes as much or more than by analytic processes (Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996). Our associative processing system is evolutionarily older, automatic, and fast. Analytic processing, on the other hand, works by algorithms and rules... that must be taught explicitly. It is slower and requires conscious effort and control. (2009, Pyschology & Global Climate Change - APA Task Force)

3. Humans process instinctively by affect and associative means instantly. Analytic processing is learned, slow, and a choice.

In cases where the outputs from the two processing systems disagree, however, the affective, association-based system usually prevails, as in the case of phobic reactions, for which people know perfectly well that their avoidance behavior is at best ineffective and possibly harmful to them, but cannot suspend it (Loewenstein et al., 2001). (2009, Pyschology & Global Climate Change - APA Task Force)

4. When the two systems disagree, the associative/affective system usually wins.

This comparative lack of concern about climate change consequences is strongly related to political ideology (Dunlap & Saad, 2001) and poses a problem for effective communication about these risks (Comeau & Gifford, 2008; Marx et al., 2007). Hardisty, Johnson, and Weber (2009) found that 65% of Republicans were willing to pay a CO2 emission reduction fee ... when the fee was labeled as a carbon offset (and first generated arguments for purchasing it), but that this percentage dropped to 27% when the fee was labeled as a carbon tax, a label that generated negative visceral reactions in this group and led them to first generate arguments. (2009, Pyschology & Global Climate Change - APA Task Force)

5. Politics, Group Identity and Marketing.

People often apply sharp discounts to costs or benefits that will occur in the future (e.g., a year from now) relative to experiencing them immediately.(Ainslie, 1975; Loewenstein & Elster, 1992). While the costs of mitigating actions are incurred immediately, their uncertain and future benefits get discounted, making the deliberative consideration of such actions unlikely to arrive at socially responsible and long-term sustainable behavior. (2009, Pyschology & Global Climate Change - APA Task Force)

6. Pyschological barrier of “Future Discountability”

Evidence from the health literature, the social psychological literature, and the risk communication literature suggests that these social and cultural processes (“middlemen” info-transfer entities) serve to modify perceptions of risk in ways that can both augment or decrease response in ways that are presumably socially adaptive. (2009, Pyschology & Global Climate Change - APA Task Force)

6. People are being constantly manipulated through “middlemen” messaging.

BUT THERE’S GOOD NEWS.

To the extent that people’s assessments of the future risks of climate change can be changed to become similar to those of smoking (with the aid of educational efforts or the reframing of choice options), people might become more willing to undertake lifestyles changes that lead to mitigation. (2009, Pyschology & Global Climate Change - APA Task Force)

GOOD NEWS #1. It’s been done before with smoking cessation, ozone, and insurance.

Research indicates that ... materialism... hinders well-being and is more detrimental to the environment than alternative aspirations. (Kasser, Ryan, Couchman, & Sheldon, 2004; Kasser & Ryan, 1993). In economically developed countries, there is only a small positive correlation between individual income and selfreported subjective wellbeing (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002) The relation between income and well-being is stronger in poorer countries. (Clark, Frijters, & Shields, 2008) This suggests that once basic needs are satisfied, increasing income and consumption are less relevant for happiness.

GOOD NEWS #2. We can adjust carbon & consumption and be happier for it.

LEVEL 5: CONTEXT

Institutional

Social & Cultural

· Physical infrastructure (e.g., urban design) · Laws & regulations · Media & advertising

· Prescriptive & descriptive norms · Direct personal contact with influence agents · Family, organizational, & community structures

Demographic Drivers

Physical Environment

· Climate demanding characteristics of residence (e.g., temperature)

LEVEL 4: INDIVIDUAL FACTORS Psychological Drivers

· Age, income, household size

· Intrapersonal factors (e.g., needs, wants, goals) · Ideologies, beliefs, attitudes & worldviews about the environment · Perceptions of prescriptive & descriptive norms

LEVEL 3: ECONOMIC CONSUMPTION

Organization Behaviors

· Purchase goods & services · Investment in equipment, production facilities, & means of distribution of goods

Individual Behaviors

· Purchase goods & services · Investment in housing & transportation

LEVEL 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSUMPTION

Organization Behaviors

· Climate-driving characteristics & use of goods & services · Climate-driving characteristics & use of equipment, production facilities & distribution of goods & services

34

Individual Behaviors

· Climate-driving characteristics & use of goods & services

LEVEL 1: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Carbon Dioxide

fiGure 7: examples of predictors and climate-change relevant consequences of environmental consumption.

Methane

Nitrous Oxide

LEVEL 0: CLIMATE CHANGE Temperature Change

Precipitation Change

Sea Level Rise

Extreme Events

GOOD NEWS #3. A few changes in policy can be a powerful partner to individuals changing behavior.

TAKEAWAYS: 1. Humans primarily use affect and associative processing. Analytical processing is learned & intentionally chosen. 2. Humans heavily discount the importance of events the further they are from the present moment. 3. Experiencing negative consequences in the present greatly catalyzes human reaction to risk. 4. Humans are manipulated easily through language choices, and skew data by personal affect and associative factors. 5. Policy or Context level changes and messaging has changed mass behavior, E.g. Smoking, Insurance, Investment, Etc.

IF HUMANS PROCESS DECISIONS BY FEELINGS, EXPERIENCE, AND RELATIONSHIPS. HOW CAN THIS BE CALIBRATED FOR WATER POLLUTION ISSUES?

HUMANS TRUST THEIR SENSES. CONCRETE VS ABSTRACT

“A system that consists of a group of sensory cell types that responds to a specific physical phenomenon, and that corresponds to a particular group of regions within the brain where the signals are received and interpreted.” “Faith is defined as belief, confidence or trust in a person, object, religion, idea or view despite the absence of proof.”

SIGNAL #1 / MEDIA http://bcove.me/csnuswy3 http://tox-ick.org/stormwater-videos/

SIGNAL #2 / DIRECT OBSERVATION OF RISK

SIGNAL #3 / ABSTRACT SIGNAL OF RISK

SIGNAL #4 / PERSONAL HUMAN COMMUNICATION

WATER HEALTH INVISIBLE = THE DUWAMISH LIGHTHOUSE

WATER IS ANIMATE = BREATHING DATA SIGNAL

FORM : APPROPRIATION OF INDUSTRY FOR NEW FUTURE FORMS DRIVEN BY EFFICIENCY / FORMS DRIVEN BY ART

EARLY CONCEPTS

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

SITE Data Collector & Lighthouse

SITE Data Collector & Lighthouse

SITE Data Collector & Lighthouse

DATA Sensing + Computing

DATA $35 Microcomputers

ROBOTICS RPi GPIO Pins & Arduino

ACCESSIBLE DATA Environmental Sensing

DATA Image Reading - Watch Pixels

ELECTRONICS RPi to Real Power

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION RPi Collector to RPi Breather

LIGHTING CONTROL RPi Pulse Width Modulation

WRIA HABITAT-LIMITING FACTORS AND RECONNAISSANCE REPORT - PART II - 2000

BREATH : RELAXED TO SPASMODIC Algorithm for EPA Standards & CSOs

LIGHTING Tyvek Cloth

LIGHTING High Efficiency LEDs & 30,000 Lumens

PERMITTING Temporary Structural & ECA Area for Art

STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Souped Up Geodesic Dome Technology

STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Souped Up Geodesic Dome Technology

MODELING + PROTOTYPING Rhinocerus & Wood

CREATING CONVERSATIONS social media, partners, website

PIECE AS PROCESS relationships to river formed

RELATIONSHIP BUILDING Pledging and Donating Function

BUILDING ON THE LIGHTHOUSE. 1. Could signals have a place in every community? What about signaling systems? Current gunshot detectors for police. 2. Public Art and Social Practice. Temporary Public Art. Art as urban experimenter. Limitations to Mechatronic Art. 3. Robotics in enforcement in remote locations like offshore fishing. The XPrize for ocean acidification as an example of the need. 4. Landscape Architects absense in the field of ocean water, beneath the surface. Coral regeneration projects.