Consultation Response Form Q1. Do you agree that the law in Scotland should be changed to give the SSPCA the powers as set out in section 4.1? Yes

No X

X

Q2. Please set out your reasons for your answer to Q1. Comments Question : Do you agree that the law in Scotland should be changed to give the SSPCA the powers as set out in Section 4.1 ?  Answer : NO.      Please set out your reasons for your answer to Q1.    Reasons :  I note that the  consultation document includes at para.4 the following :‐  “ the mechanism for creating any new powers is not set out here as views are being sought on the principle of extending powers, not on how that might be achieved in law.” The mechanism by which that might be achieved in law is an important part of the context  in which the power could be exercised : it is unfortunate that no hint whatever is able to  be given as to how it is proposed to be done.   In the absence of such explanation I set out below some of the reasons why I am opposed  to any extension of the existing powers and some of the legislative framework within  which a power would require to be formulated.   It should be borne in mind that you should  examine legislation in not only the light of the  benefits which it will convey if properly administered but also in the light of the wrongs it  would do and the harm it would cause if improperly administered.  The principle that “ the proper use of anything is inseparable from its abuse”  has been  referred to in the Supreme Court in recent times in the context of press freedom : it is  equally relevant in the present context.  The courts are already only too familiar with instances of the improper use, if not the 

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abuse, of existing powers by campaigning organisations in connection with the  prosecution of crime. Indeed, a number of relatively high profile prosecutions have failed  by reasons of such abuses.  I have had it said to me in a public forum by a senior representative of a sister  organisation to the SSPCA words to the effect that “ our Royal Charter empowers us to  investigate (wildlife) crime and we will do that regardless of what the courts say.”  Efforts over many years to encourage such organisations to operate within the existing  authorised framework of, in particular, the exercise of powers of search have met with  opposition.    Seizure :   It must be borne in mind that what  is in contemplation is the granting of powers of search  and seizure to a private campaigning organisation which is not answerable to any public  authority for the application of its policy . Snaring and badger culls are current examples  of such policy conflicts where activity which is authorised by law is opposed by the  organisation to which Parliament proposes to give power of seizure of materials in the  investigation of wildlife crime.   Every employee exercising such powers as are contemplated has a patent conflict of  interest which could impact on any objection taken to the legality of  seizures or searches  carried out under such powers. How a grant of such powers to a private organisation  could be made responsibly is a matter which would require extraordinary justification :  how it could be granted to such an organisation in the face of patent conflict of interest is  inconceivable.  Judicial examples exist of e.g. RSPCA seeking to expel from it organisation members who  are opposed to any particular policy position which the organisation happens to adopt  from time to time.     This proposal is also being contemplated within the framework of an existing legislative  structure which already enables the appropriate investigating public authority, namely the  police, to call on the assistance of organisations such as the SSPCA to assist in the  investigation of crime where the police consider it necessary. Such assistance is  authorised by warrant.  Whilst the consultation document does not address “ the mechanisms” for achieving such  an extension of powers it is inconceivable that such a mechanism as is mentioned at 4.1  and which  authorised the “seizing” of evidence should not also regulate what should be  done with such evidence after it has been “seized.”   Is an item seized, for example, to be available to SSPCA officers for handing over to their 

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own in‐house or favoured “experts” for examination and reporting ?   Is it to be handed over to the police and/or PF ? If so when ?  Section 18 (3) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act provides that any article seized by  police or procurator fiscal will be presumed  to be in the same condition on examination  as at seizure : is such a presumption to be contemplated ?   The existing chain of transmission of evidence is a vital step in preserving that  presumption.  Contamination of evidence, in the widest sense of that expression,  is a familiar and  routine problem for investigating police officers who are required to take well recognised  and regulated steps for the proper preservation of evidence : where stands the evidential  value when a member of a campaigning organisation with a proveable conflict of interest  simply removes a vital piece of evidence from a crime scene and hands it over to a  favoured “expert” for examination and reporting ?  Such situations are not hypothetical and examples of  abuses within the existing  structures are well known.    Search :  As I have already observed above, what is in contemplation is the extending of powers of  search to a campaigning organisation which is not accountable to any public authority.  That is to say, that a private organisation is to be given powers to invade the privacy of  another private individual where the potential consequences can include imprisonment.  It is often a matter of fine judgement as to whether a particular incident of the exercise of  existing powers of search is in fact a search to investigate a crime which has been  committed or is a “fishing exercise” to identify whether or not a crime has actually been  committed. It is a distinction with which the courts are familiar and in respect of which a  significant corpus of law already exists.  Within that corpus of law are other examples of non‐police organisations being given  powers, sometimes extensive, of search. Such organisations will, in general if not  exclusively, be arms of Government e.g. HM Revenue and Customs and the Health and  Safety Executive.  Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights is a provision which is still very  much in a process of development : it provides for respect for private life, family life home  and correspondence.  Funke v France (1993 A256‐A) and other similar cases have been considered in the context  of Article 8  ; in Funke Customs Officers had the exclusive right to determine the length  and scope of an investigation including the exercise of powers of search and seizure. Their  actions were found to be unlawful on the basis that “the domestic law was too lax and full 

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of loopholes.”    The conjunction of the “right to roam” and extended powers of search will almost  inevitably give rise to increased risk of instances of surveillance : examples of such  surveillance already abound in cases under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the  product of such surveillance is commonly released into the public domain by  countryside  campaigning organisations such as the SSPCA.   Such instances of surveillance are known to have resulted in the failure of prosecutions  for  serious wildlife crimes . To whom would, for example, photographs taken of an  alleged crime scene belong ? Would the SSPCA officer concerned be able at will to move  from his capacity as purely an SSPCA employee to his capacity as carrying out a legally  authorised search?   Are those capacities interchangeable or are they in fact one and the same ?  When would e.g. photographs become the property of the prosecuting authority or would  they always be the property of SSPCA to use as they see fit ?  Peck  v  UK ( from Peck  v Brentwood Council [1998] EMLR 697 ) was a case in which an  individual had attempted suicide in a public street which had been caught on CCTV : on  that material coming into the public domain it was held that the disclosure of the material  caught on CCTV was a serious interference with the right to respect for private life and  constituted a violation of Article 8.  Use of such material by the SSPCA in any public forum e.g. seminars conferences and the  like could give rise to some interesting questions. Assuming liability as in Peck, (above)  would this be a breach of Article 8 by “a public authority” or by a private individual, viz the  SSPCA.  Examples can be pointed to where campaigning organisations  have covertly informed  broadcasting organisations of forthcoming searches and have facilitated coverage by such  broadcasters. We need look no further than one very recent high profile example of such  behaviour by a police force collaborating with the BBC to confirm that such events take  place.  Views expressed thereon by the Attorney General as to possible consequences for  the legality of the search would require to be taken into account. The consequences of  such facilitation in the most recent case are yet to be determined but have also given rise  to a measure of public hostility.   The campaigning organisations cannot be placed in a position in which they have powers  of search and seizure which in fact exceed those of the police. Police surveillance is  accountable and is regulated by, inter alia,  the Regulation of Investigatory Powers  (Scotland) Act 2000. One of the purposes of that particular piece of legislation is to  provide a system which would be compatible with the right to privacy under Article 8 of  the European Convention of Human Rights. 

6  

 The suggestion  that the benefits flowing from these proposals would include “ an additional specialist resource made available at no cost to the public purse” is specious.  That could be said of a number of private organisations in a variety of settings in law  enforcement.  On the  application of the same logic it could as easily be said that if the SSPCA are  suitable to do the job then the police can reduce the number of officers dedicated to  wildlife law enforcement or remove them altogether. That is a short step and it will be  borne in mind that the RSPCA in England is numerically the second biggest prosecutor in  England , second only to the CPS. Adverse judicial comment on a number of these  prosecutions is a factor which cannot be ignored .    The suggestion that the powers are necessary or desirable because they would enable  quicker response times in circumstances where police resources are restricted is equally  specious : the fact that an SSPCA officer can arrive at an alleged crime scene before a  police officer is not a reason for granting him a power of search and seizure . On the  contrary it is an invitation to vigilantism and an acknowledgement that the police are  under resourced in this area of law enforcement.      Generally : many people including myself have worked over many years in an effort to  break down the well  known  hostilities which exist between sections of the wildlife  community.  In my opinion the extending of the powers of the SSPCA in the way proposed is capable of  undermining such limited progress as has been made and has the potential to  have an  adverse effect on wider relations within the wildlife community.          

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Q3. If you would prefer to see changes to the SSPCA’s powers to investigate wildlife crime other than those set out in section 4.1, please describe them. Comments The status quo should not be disturbed.

Please return the completed forms to: [email protected]

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