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2 Slaves of Sultans© Alan Machado (Prabhu), 2015 [email protected] +91-80-94801 02236 (Bangalore, India) Co-published in 2015 by Goa,1556, Saligão 403511 Goa, India. http://goa1556.goa-india.org, [email protected] +91-832-2409490 and ATC Publications, P.O. Box 8444, Bangalore 560 084, India. http://www.atcbooks.in

Cover art by Alpa Machado Printed by Brilliant Printers Pvt. Ltd, www.brilliantprinters.com (Bangalore) Typeset in LyX http://www.lyx.org. Text in Palatino ISBN 978-93-80739-93-9-

Rs. 500 in India

About the author Alan Joseph Machado (Prabhu) belongs to the Macedo (Machado) Prabhu family, originally ganvkars of Aldona, in Bardez, Goa. The Prabhu family was converted to Christianity sometime after 1605, and emigrated to Mermajal, near Mangalore circa 1680, along with a significant part of Bardez’s population. The family was taken captive by Tipu Sultan to Srirangapatna in 1784; only João survived. Alan’s interest in the traumatic history of his family, most of it forgotten, has led him onward through a long journey of which Slaves of Sultans is the latest and most comprehensive. Alan is an engineer by profession and has worked in Australia and the UK.

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Contents Preface: Reflections on the traumas inflicted on subjects by policies of the state, specifically those of the Nação Portuguesa and the saltanat-ikhudadad on Goa's population. Introduction: Need for reappraisal of the historiography of the Captivity, the deportation of Kanara's Goan Christian immigrants by Tipu, as projected by earlier authors, and of Tipu by British historians. 1. An Alliance of King with God: The complex political- religious scenario of 18th century south India; a ruler’s use of religious beliefs in bolstering political power; the difficulty in defining ‘Hinduism’; the alliance of kshatriya and brahman; trade and the spread of Buddhist and Jaina influence; suppression of Jainas in Tamil Nadu; Muslim influence from the north and southern coasts in south India; dasara in Vijayanagara 2. A Tale of Two Islands...: Srirangapatna and Goa-islands of enslavement; the suppression of Jainas in Karnataka; Portuguese consolidation in Goa; motivation for the ‘spiritual conquest’ of Goa; the Inquisition and auto-da-fé. 3. And that of a Third: The East India Company's loot of Bengal; Haidar Ali’s reaction. 4. Exodus Goa: “Of what use is to you, O Goa, the King of Portugal who treats you as a slave?" --Bishop Mateus de Castro, 1654; dramatic decline of Goa’s economy; emigrations to Kanara. 5. Extracting Honey from Stones: Growth of Kanara’s Christian population; individual family histories; by 1779, 21% of the Christian population of Goan origin, about 50,000, lived in Kanara. 6. The Men in Cassocks and the Nawab: Christianity in the Kannada and Tamil regions; Pe Cinnami and the Mysore missions; Bishop Noronha and Pe Joachim Miranda; Haidar in Mangalore (1768). 7. Kanara: Goa’s relations with Kanara and the Ikkeris; brief outline of Ikkeri history and Goa's forts at Mangalore, Kundapur, Honavar, and Gangoli.

4 8. Beyond Mysore: Annexation of Ikkeri and Malabar; forced translocations. 9. Haidar’s Army: Transformation employing European tactics. 10. Hanging their Harps to Weep: Haidar's 52 English slave boys; military slavery- origins in Baghdad, employment in India before Haidar; the Christian dread of circumcision. 11. Haidar’s chelas: Haidar’s military slaves from Chitradurga, the Carnatic, and England; their training by circumcised English prisoners and sepoys. 12. The Hat Wearers and Others: Haidar's Christian soldiers -- topasses, Tamils, Kannadigas, mestiços; the lack of fighting skills of Goan and Kanara Christians. 13. A Tornado Defused: Haidar’s death; tributes from friend and foe alike; Sheik Ayaz’s defection; Gen. Mathews's capture of Nagar and Kanara in 1783. 14. The Shadow of God over Mangalore: Tipu in Mangalore; a series of disasters that threatened his rule while he was there-the French withdrawal, the decimation of his cavalry by monsoon rains, Shamaiya's attempted coup, Muhammad Ali's revolt, Fullarton's capture of Coimbatore and Palghat; the fall of Kannur. 15. Legitimizing a Legacy: The politics of legitimization in Indo-Muslim states; Tipu’s strategy; the tiger emblem, organ, throne, and bubry; the politics of temple patronage and demolition; the nasrani (European, Christian) as a target of the legitimization process. 16. To God, and towards Him only: The bitter Muslim-Portuguese rivalry along India's west coast; Tipu’s library; the Tuhfat al-mujahidin. 17. An Appropriation of nasranis: The enslavement of the Christians, Kodavas, and Nairs; suppression of Christianity. 18. The Making of Myths: The Captivity-the debunking of associated myths; analyses of charges made against the Kanara Christians: inviting the English to invade Kanara in 1781-82; provisioning and assisting Mathew's army when it landed and took possession of Honavar; plundering the treasury at Nagar; accompanying the detachment which captured Mangalore, provisioning it, guiding the detachment that defeated Husain Ali Khan and helping to repair the fort; loan of Rs 330,000 to the English; Christian soldiers deserting from Tipu's army to join the English.

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6 19. Early One Morning: The Captivity: statistics and individual stories; the date. 20. The Long and Winding Road: Rediscovering the road to exile-the main road connecting Kanara to the interior. Just short of 300 kms, it passed by Jamalabad, through the Kodekallu ghat, passed the forts of Ballalrayandurg and Vastare, through Belur, Hassan, and Channarayapatna to Srirangapatna. 21. Srirangapatna, City of Exile: Refuting Abbe Dubois; Christianity goes underground; the Virajpet records. 22. The Sultan’s Slaves: The lashkar-i-ahmadi composed on Kanara Christians and Kodavas; evidence from the Barkur Manuscript, Scurry, Bristow and others; women slaves; Scurry’s wife. 23. A Goan Coup of Sorts: The failed coup of 1787-the first planned revolt by Indians, Goan Christian priests in this case, against European rule 70 years before the so-called “Indian Mutiny”; Tipu’s suspected role. 24. Heavy is the Crown: Tipu's Malabar campaign of 1789; Tellicherry as a refuge for Kanara Christians.

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25. On a Night of a Million Stars: February 6, 1792; freedom in Kodagu; stirrings of revival in Kanara. 26. The Gathering Storm: The build up to the end. 27. May 4, 1799: The bitter end; Tipu’s death. 28. Missing out on Martyrs: The politics of martyrdom; its absence in the post-1799 reconstruction of the Christian identity. 29. This Land is my Land: Rehabilitation; re-writing history; fictional heroes -- Balthu Chutney, Sardar Simanv Pedru Prabhu; the real heroes of the Captivity. Bibliography: 15 pages listing references on a range of topics and covering a period of centuries-ideal source material for future scholarship on these subjects. Those interested in listed e-books may contact the author for copies of those which are copyright-expired.

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7 Sarasvati's Children is Alan's first serious attempt to explore the history of Mangalore's Catholic community of Brahman origin. It takes us through the traditions Children of the migrations theserious Sarasvat Brahmans to Goa, Sarasvati's is Alan's of first attempt to explore thethe history of conversion of sections of their community to Christianity, their furtherthe migration to Mangalore's Catholic community of Brahman origin. It takes us through Kanara, and their deportation to Srirangapatna by Tipu. traditions of the migrations of the Sarasvat Brahmans to Goa, the

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conversion of sections of their community to Christianity, their further migration Captivity of 1784: Re-appraising Causes and by Conclusions is a booklet that toThe Kanara, and their deportation to Srirangapatna Tipu. examines the Tipu’s motives in ordering the Captivity. The Captivity of 1784: Re-appraising Causes and Conclusions is a booklet that Shades within Shadows, a novel, uses simple and elegant language, with a rhyme examines the Tipu’s motives in ordering the Captivity. and rhythm that adds a lilting touch to its prose, to tell a very human story of humanwithin foiblesShadows, and quirks, weakness and inner adversitywith and asurvival, Shades a novel, uses simple andstrength, elegant language, rhyme exuberant and athe loneliness of its theprose, ageing, andadeath. Set in the period from and rhythm youth that adds lilting touch to to tell very human story of Tipu’s foibles arrivaland in Mangalore to the Captivity, delves into the Mangalorean human quirks, weakness and inner it strength, adversity and survival, Catholic community’s in Tulunadu’s rich cultural world.SetItin is,the in the words exuberant youth and thelife loneliness of the ageing, and death. period fromof Mangalorean.com, “a blendtoofthe raw history and mature Tipu’s arrival in Mangalore Captivity, it delves intonarrative.” the Mangalorean Catholic community’s life in Tulunadu’s rich cultural world. It is, in the words of For copies of Slaves of Sultans and Shades Shadows (others out of print) Mangalorean.com, “a blend of raw history andwithin mature narrative.” contact: For copies of Slaves of Sultans and Shades [email protected] Shadows (others out+91-80-25487444 of print) ATC Publications, [email protected], Bangalore: contact: Goa: Goa,1556, [email protected], +91-832-2409490, 98221 22436 ATC Publications, [email protected], Bangalore: Mangalore: +91-824-2434259, 99647 16942 [email protected] +91-80-25487444 : Goa,1556, [email protected], +91-832-2409490, 98221 22436 Goa Overseas/mail order: [email protected], +91-832-2409490, +91-9822122436; Mangalore: +91-824-2434259, 99647 16942 atcbooks.in, +91-80-25487444; [email protected] Overseas/mail order: [email protected], +91-832-2409490, +91-9822122436; atcbooks.in, +91-80-25487444; [email protected]

Slaves of Sultans 432 pages Slaves of Sultans 147000+ words 432 pages 147000+ Glossary words (of Kannada, Konkani, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic-origin words) Konkani, Portuguese, Sanskrit, (of Kannada, Glossary Persian, Arabic-origin words) Select chronology Select Index chronology Index Nine pages of maps Nine pages of maps Makes a great gift ... Makes a great gift ...