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Explain the different types of cancers
K. Srinivasulu Subject Expert, Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions, Hyderabad
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (Musculo skeletal system, neural control and coordination) This unit covers the most important systems in human body like musculo-skeletal system and nervous system including brain, spinal cord, nerves and nerve impulse.
Importance of topic I) Musculo-skeletal system includes the structure of skeletal muscle, mechanism of muscle contraction, muscle fatigue and types of muscle fibers. Types of skeleton like axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, types of joints etc., II) Human nervous system includes the CNS with brain and spinal cord; peripheral nervous system with cranial nerves and spinal nerves; autonomic nervous system with sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Synaptic transmission, human eye and ear etc., As medical aspirants, students should know the fundamental information about muscles, contraction, endoskeleton including the bones of skull, vertebral column, ribs, girdles, limb bones and joints etc., They have to learn about the parts of brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves and autonomous nervous system along with transmission of impulse through axon. Information about two vital
sense organs like eye and ear is also very important to the students. Tips to preparation for IPE ❖
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This unit carries 8 – 10 marks for IPE in the form of 1 LAQ + 1 VSAQ or 1 SAQ + 2 VSAQs. Should prepare the mechanism of muscle contraction for long answer question. Structure and functions of the brains of man is also important. Should practice neat labelled diagrams for all answers.
Important VSAQs 1. Give the dental formula of adult human beings. A: Dental formula represents the arrangement of various types of teeth in each half of both the jaws of man in the order……… Incisors, Canines, Premolars and Molars. In adult man, it is …. 2123 = 32 . 2123
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Dental formula of milk dentition is 2/2, 1/1, 0/0, 2/2 = 20 What is the hardest substance in the human body? What is its origin? Enamel of tooth is the hardest substance in the human body. It covers the crown of tooth. Enamel is secreted by ameloblasts of ectodermal origin. What is chyme? Partially digested acidic food formed in stomach is known as chime. Name the valves that guard the left and right atrio – ventricular apertures in man. Bicuspid valve (or) Mitral valve – Left – atrio – ventricular
Sr. Inter Zoology
aperture. Tricuspid valve – Right atrio – ventricular aperture. 5. What is triad system ? A. In a skeletal muscle each transverse tubule (T – tubule) is flanked on either side by several terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. T – tubule and the two terminal cisternae at its sides form the triad system. Most of the stored calcium of the sarcocyte is present in the cisternae.
6. Distinguish between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. A. Diabetes insipidus : Deficiency of vasopressin causes a disease called diabetes insipidus. It does not involve loss of sugar in urine. Diabetes mellitus : low secretion of insulin by the pancreatic gland (hyposecretion) increases the level of glucose in blood is called hyperglycemia. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a disease called diabetes mellitus, associated with loss of glucose through urine and formation of ketone bodies.
Diabetes mellitus It results from hyposecretion of insulin. Excretion of urine with sugar. Excessive eating
TIPS FOR EAMCET PREPARATION Students should follow the following suggestions for the preparation of these topics for EAMCET... ❖ Nature of skeletal muscle fiber, units of muscle and muscle contraction. ❖ Components of sarcomere. ❖ Composition of thin and thick filaments, role of regulatory proteins in thin filament, position of active sites on thin filament, nature of myosin proteins of thick filament and triad system. ❖ Events in sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, cross bridge cycle, muscle fatigue, cori cycle are important topics. ❖ Various types of cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles, sternum, characters of different vertebrae, types of ribs like true, false, vertebro sternal and vertebro chondral. ❖ Bones of girdle like scapula,
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clavicle, coxal bones and their importance. Types of joints and their role in various types of movements in human body. Parts of brain, their role, types of ventricles, their connections like foramen of Monro, iter etc., are important. Composition of spinal cord and its parts like cervical and lumbar enlargements, conus medullaris and filum terminale etc., Names of cranial nerves, their origin and distribution, contribution of spinal nerves in the formation of various types of plexuses etc., Parts of autonomous nervous system and their effects of various organs in the body. Various types of ion channels in
7. What is Corpus callosum ? A. A transverse, wide and flat bundle of myelinated fibres which connect the two cerebral hemispheres internally beneath the cortex is known as corpus callosum or colossal commissure. It brings coordination between right and left halves of cerebral hemispheres. 8. Which hormone is commonly known as fight and flight hormone? A. Epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones are called fight and flight hormones or emergency hormones because these hormones are secreted in response to stress of any kind during emergency situations. They enhance alertness, dilation of pupils, piloerection (involuntary erection of hair on skin), sweating, dilation of the bronchioles etc., 9. What is erythropoietin? What is its function?
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neuron and their role during the propagation of nerve impulse, various types of membrane potentials and conditions of axon like polarisation, depolarisation, repolarisation and hyperpolarisation etc., Sequence of events at impulse transmission is also an important topic for exam. Structure of eye, muscles of eye ball and innervated cranial nerves of them, parts of eye ball, rods and cones and their role in vision etc., ❖ Parts of ear, ear ossicles, apertures, parts of inner ear like cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals. ❖ Role of cochlea, types of acceleration like angular and linear and their importance.
Diabetes insipidus It results from hyposecretion of ADH. Excretion of large amounts of difute urine. Dehydration
EAMCET Previous Questions 1. The contractile regulatory proteins that mask and unmask the active sites in the sarcomere are (TS EAMCET 2015) 1) Troponin and tropomyosin 2) troponin and myosin 3) Actin and myosin 4) Troponin - I and Troponin - C 2. Choose the wrong match with reference to joints (TS EAMCET 2015) 1) Gomphoses : intercarpal joint 2) Syndesomoses : membrane between tibia and fibula 3) Symphysis : joints between vertebrae in mammals 4) Synchandrose: epiphyseal plate 3. Thin filaments of a myofibril are made up of (AP EAMCET 2015) 1) Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin 2) Actin, Troponin 3) Myosin, Troponin 4) Actin, Tropomyosin
A. Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted the juxta glomerular cells of the kidney. It stimulates the erythropoiesis ( in formation of RBC). Erythropoietin controls the formation of RBC by regulating the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. 10. Differentiate between perforins and granzymes. A. Perforins: Perforins are the enzymes produced during the process of cell mediated immunity from cytotoxic T – lymphocytes. Granzymes : Granzymes are the enzymes produced during the process of cell mediated immunity from cytotoxic T – lymphocytes. Granzymes enter the infected cells through the perforations and activate certain proteins which help in destruction of the infected cell i.e., called apoptosis.
Important SAQs 1. Explain the different types of cancers. 2. Distinguish between homologous and analogous organs. 3. Explain Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection with industrial melanism as an experimental proof. 4. Describe erythroblastosis foetalis. 5. Draw a labelled diagram of the T.S. of spinal cord of man. 6. Describe the structure of synovial joint with the help of a neat labelled diagram. 7. Explain the process of inspiration and expiration under normal conditions. 8. Draw a neat labelled diagram of L.S. of a tooth. 4. Choose the functions of sympathetic nervous system (EAMCET 2014) 1) Dilation of blood vessels, stimulates salivary secretion 2) Constricts bronchi and pupil of eye 3) Increases heart rate, relaxes bronchi 4) Decreases heart beat, increases peristalsis 5. The muscles of human eye receive impulses by the innervation of following cranial nerves (EAMCET 2014) 1) IX, X, IV 2) VI, III, X 3) III, IV, X 4) III, IV, VI 6. What is the resting membrane potential of nerve fiber? (EAMCET 2013) 1) + 75 mv 2) + 45 mv 3) –70 mv 4) –45 mv
Key 1) 1 4) 2
2) 1 5) 4
3) 1 6) 2
