SYLLABUS FOR 3RD PROFESSIONAL PHARMACOLOGY The details of the syllabus are as under: Theory General Pharmacology: Definition of Pharmacology, Objectives of learning Pharmacology, definition of drug and drug nomenclature. Standard sources of drug information, pharmacopoeias, formularies. Branches/Divisions of Pharmacology. Sources of drugs. Active principles of drugs and Pharmacopoeias. Dosage forms and doses of drugs. Drug administration. Absorption of drugs and processes involved in drug absorption ( transport of drugs across cell-membrane) Factors modifying absorption of drugs. Bioavailability, its clinical significance and factors affecting bioavailability. Drugs reservoirs, distribution and redistribution of drugs, plasma protein binding. Pro-drug, Biotransformation of drugs, enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition and entero-hepatic circulation. Plasma half-life of drugs, steady state concentration, its clinical importance and factors affecting it. Excretion of drugs. Mechanism of drug action. Dose response curves, structure-activity relationship. Factors modifying action and doses of drugs. Drug-drug interactions. Locally Acting Drugs Demulcents, Emollients, Irritants, Counter irritants, Astringents, anti-seborrhoeics, Locally acting enzymes. Antiseptics and Disinfectants Ectoparasiticides Drugs Acting on Gastrointestinal Tract Anti Emetics Drugs affecting motility of GIT Ulcer Healing drugs Purgatives/Laxatives

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Cardiovascular Drugs Anti-arrhythmic Drugs Inotropic Drugs/Drugs used in cardiac failure. Anti-hypertensive Drugs Anti-anginal Drugs Thrombolytics/Anti-coagulants/Anti-platelets Anti-hyperlipidemic Drugs Diuretics Autocoids Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System Cholinergic Drugs Choline Esters. Anticholine-esterases,. Cholinomimetic Alkaloids Anti-cholinergic Drugs Anti-Muscarinic Anti-Nicotinic Sympathomimetics/Adrenergic Drugs Catecholamine Non-Catecholamine Sympatholytics/Antiadrenergics Alpha Adrenergic receptor Blockers. Beta Adrenergic receptor Blockers Adrenergic Neurone Blockers Autonomic Ganglionic Blockers Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Neuromuscular Blocking Agents. Central Muscle Relaxants. Directly acting skeletal muscle and relaxants. Central Nervous System a. Sedative-Hypnotics b. Antiepileptics c. General Anaesthetics d. Local Anaesthetics Drugs For Movement Disorders/ Anti Parkinsonism Drugs Alcohol Drugs For Migraine Psychopharmacology Anti-psychotics — Anxiolytics — 38

• Anti-Depressants/Anti-mania Analgesics Opioids Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflamatory Drugs (NSAID) Anti-gout Drugs DMARDs Drugs Acting on Respiratory System Drugs used in treatment of Bronchial Asthma Expectorants Mucolytics Anti-tussives Drugs Acting on Endocrine System: Pituitary-Hypothalamic Drugs Adrenocorticoids Sex Hormones/Hormonal contraception Thyroid/ Parathyroid Drugs Pancreatic Hormones and Oral Antidiabetic Agents Drugs used in infertility Drugs Acting on Uterus Ergometrine, Terbutaline, Dinoprostone, Carboprost, Ritodrine, Oxytocin. Antimicrobial Drugs a) Sulfonamides b) Penicillins c) Cephalosporins d) Aminoglycosides e) Tetracyclines f) Macrolides g) Quinolones Anti-tuberculous drugs Antileprotic drugs Anti-fungal drugs Anti-viral drugs Anti-protozoal drugs Anti-malarial drugs Anti-amoebic drugs Urinary tract anti-septics Anti cancer drugs Immunosuppressive agents Miscellaneous Antihelmintics 39

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY/THERAPEUTICS The teaching of clinical Pharmacology should be designed to meet the daily needs of medical graduates. It should consist of lectures and demonstrations. Drug treatment of peptic ulcer Drug treatment of bronchial asthma Drug treatment of epilepsy Treatment of Parkinsonism syndrome Drug treatment of rheumatic diseases Drug treatment of ischaemic heart disease. Drug treatment of hypertension Treatment of congestive heart failure Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia Drug treatment of heavy metal poisoning Drug treatment of oedema Drug treatment of different types of shock PRACTICALS

EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY Experiments designed to observe the action of drugs on animals and isolated tissue. Experiments on the actions of selected drugs to be demonstrated to students on suitable animal/tissue models. Effects of drugs on reflex time. Effects of drugs on CNS. Effects of drugs on heart. Effects of drugs on blood vessels. Effects of drugs on eye. Effects of acetylcholine and atropine on isolated ileum. Effects of histamine and antihistamines on isolated ileum. Schemes to find out unknown drug having stimulatory or inhibitory effect on isolated ileum PRESCRIPTION WRITING General principles • Guideline for rationale use of drugs • Prescription writing for common ailments: drug concept Acute watery diarrhoea 40

Bacillary dysentery Amoebic dysentery Ascariasis Tape-worm infestation Acute streptococcal pharyngitis Iron deficiency anaemia Allergic rhinitis Scabies Acute malarial fever Cerebral malaria Typhoid fever Bronchial asthma Hypertension Migraine Cardiac failure Shock Clinicopharmacological Seminars on Rational Drug Therapy and Drug Interaction should be conducted Antibiotics, vitamins, analgesics etc. Antibiotics Frequency, distribution of antibiotic prescribed in different clinical settings/units. Rational prescribing pattern of antibiotics

Parameters: Provisional Diagnosis, Investigation, Empirical Therapy, prescribing after culture and sensitivity. Vitamins Parameters: Groups of vitamins prescribed. Vitamins prescribed on basis of therapeutic indication or empirical. Single/multiple vitamins prescribing. Frequency of prescribing and rational use of vitamins/otherwise. Analgesics Parameters: Frequency distribution of various groups of analgesics prescribed. Single/multiple adverse drug prescription. Non specific indications of analgesics prescribed.

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Adverse Drug Reactions a) Anti-microbials, Cytotoxic drugs, Steroids etc. General Objectives: It is expected that at the end of medical training, the students will be able to: Prescribe drugs rationally Monitor the drug therapy. Observe drug interactions and adverse drug reactions (ADR). Manage drug over dosage and poisoning.