The Suwannoochee Creek Watershed In Clinch County, Georgia Prepared by Southeast Georgia Regional Development Center 1725 South Georgia Parkway Waycross, Georgia 31503 Sharon Caton, Planning Director Prepared for: Environmental Protection Division Department of Natural Resources State of Georgia September 20, 2004
The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Provisions of Section 604(b) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
THE SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE THE SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED ......................................................4 Figure 1. Suwannoochee Creek Watershed Location Map................................5 POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FECAL COLIFORM CONTAMINATION ...................6 NONPOINT SOURCES FROM AGRICULTURE........................................................9 NON-POINT SOURCES – URBAN, INDUSTRIAL & RESIDENTIAL LANDS ....11 NONPOINT SOURCES FROM FORESTRY ..............................................................12 POPULATION IN THE SUWANNOOCHEE WATERSHED...................................12 Figure 2. Population of Municipalities and Clinch County 1980 – 2000 ........15 Table 1. Population Growth Municipalities and Clinch County.....................16 CHAPTER TWO SOIL SURVEY.................................................................................................................17 Table 3. -- Water Management Clinch and Echols Counties, Georgia...........18 SOIL ASSOCIATIONS ...................................................................................................21 Bibb-Meggett Association ...................................................................................21 Wahee-Ousley Complex ......................................................................................22 Leefield-Urban Complex .....................................................................................22 SOIL SERIES ...................................................................................................................24 CHAPTER THREE LAND CAPABILITY ......................................................................................................26
2
Table 4-1 Land Capability Suwannoochee Creek Watershed..........................26 Table 4-2 Land Capability for Septic Tank Drainage Fields............................27 Table 4-3 Greater Clinch’s USDA Farmland Classification & Soil Extent ....27 CHAPTER FOUR LAND USE........................................................................................................................29 Purpose..................................................................................................................29 Land Use Assessment...........................................................................................29 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................31 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................32 SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED GPS PICTURES ................................33 APPENDIX A: CLINCH CO. LAND COVER MAP...................................................40 APPENDIX B: LAND USE MAP...................................................................................41 APPENDIX C: RECHARGE MAP ...............................................................................42
3
THE SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED
Suwannoochee Creek
CHAPTER ONE: THE SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED The Suwannoochee Creek Watershed is located within the Suwannee River Basin in the southeastern portion of Georgia. The Suwannee River Basin occupies an area of approximately 11,020 miles. This watershed study focuses on approximately 41 miles of the Suwannoochee River Basin, an area known as the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed. The Suwannoochee Creek Watershed is located within the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods Major Land Resource Area in Clinch County, Georgia. Clinch County encompasses 824.2 square miles or 518,000 acres in size. Within the area, 497,000 acres or 95.9% are forestland comprised of 281,000 acres of Long-leaf Slash Pine and 108,400 acres of Oak-Gum and Cypress. The Suwannoochee Creek Watershed exhibits marked similarity to the remainder of Clinch County. Based on the Georgia Land Use Table, the 1998 Land Cover contains approximately 50% evergreen forest, 2% Mixed Forest, 30% Forested Wetlands, 10% Clear-cut or Sparsely planted, and 1% Low Intensity Urban area (City of Dupont, Georgia). The watershed area contains approximately 1008 homes 1 . Figure 1 contains a map showing the area of the watershed.
1
Calculation based on 3.6 homes per square mile. 2003 Georgia County Guide Digital Edition.
4
Figure 1. Suwannoochee Creek Watershed Map
5
The location of the Suwannoochee Creek watershed within the county contributes to the understanding of source contamination and the remoteness of the area. The waters of the Suwannoochee Creek are well stocked with a variety of freshwater fish including bluegill, redbreast, and channel catfish. Largemouth bass, catfish, and bluegill bream are more predominant in the Little Satilla. There is a fishing club located at Lake Verne in the watershed.
This CATTLE FARM is a potential source of Fecal Coliform bacteria in the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed The focus of this watershed study is the 49.5 mile portion of Suwannoochee Creek located within Clinch County, Georgia. However, the lower portion of Suwannoochee Creek (SR 94) near Fargo, Georgia was on the 303(d) list of Cadmium (Cd). Within this watershed, several factors contribute to the poor water quality. Among these environmental factors are erosion and sedimentation, low dissolved oxygen levels, drought conditions, flooding, natural conditions related to runoff such as leaf litter, and the disposition of dead animals in the waterway. A 41-mile portion of the Creek is on the 303(d) for low dissolved oxygen (DO). To increase the DO levels in the creek, the TMDL Plan for the Creek recommends monitoring point and non-point sources of pollution and an education and outreach program. According to the Environmental Protection Division of the Department of Natural Resources, this segment of the Suwannoochee Creek is non6
supportive of fishing. Pollutants that impact this segment of the Suwannoochee Creek come form many sources. Some of the sources are: naturally occurring containing high organic runoff, slow moving flow of water, septic systems located in close proximity to the waterway, animal wastes, unpaved rural roads, agriculture, forestry practices, impervious road surfaces, chemical applications, livestock grazing, and confined livestock feeding areas. The Department of the Interior continuously monitored this waterway for several years. During February and March of 2003, the readings for Cadmium (Cd) were less than .5 micrograms per liter, a measurement that resulted in removal from the 303d list for Cd. The removal of Suwannoochee Creek from the 303d list for Cadmium neither eliminates other conditions of negative impact on the waterway, nor account for other forms of contamination. In 2003, a 303d list revision placed the creek on the list due to low dissolved oxygen (DO). Environmental stressors in the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed that impair or threaten water quality include traditional chemical stressors such as oxygen demanding substances, metals, and bacterial contamination. Less traditional stressors are highway runoff, the landfill canal at Fargo, and the alteration of the physical habitat through the Grifton Soil Reforestation. Forestry practices related to reforestation contribute to runoff, erosion, and sediment restricted waterway flow. In many cases, and in particular in the case of the Suwannoochee Creek watershed, this condition led to a “swamping effect” within logging areas (Wenger & Fowler, 2000). During the first year or so within areas of clear-cut timber harvesting, there is very little ground cover to control sediment filtration. Within two years, the growth of native grasses grass and the planted timber, sufficient stabilization of the soil occurs lessening the erosion and sedimentation runoff. The riparian areas along the creek contain sufficient amounts of native plant and tree cover at this time. Another source of contamination is illustrated in the photograph of the Canal Dumpsters illustrates one local source of contamination along the Creek.
7
Canal Dumpsters at Fargo, GA The location of the dumpsters near Fargo, Georgia coupled with the various waste products disposed of contributes to the factors leading to low DO levels and other forms of contamination. The Potential sources of environmental stressors in the watershed include both point and nonpoint sources. Point source locations are known and regulated by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources/Environmental Protection Division. Point sources are defined as discharges of treated wastewater to the river and its tributaries, regulated under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). These are divided into two main types—permitted wastewater discharges, which tend to be discharged at relatively stable rates, and permitted storm water discharges, which tend to be discharged at highly irregular, intermittent rates, depending on precipitation. 2 This study concentrates solely on the nonpoint sources. Nonpoint sources include a variety of pollutants carried away by rainwater and deposited in water bodies. Because of heavy reforestation practices and landfill disposition near the creek, several residential and industrial sources impact the waterway. The major categories of nonpoint source pollution in the Suwannoochee Watershed include the following:
Residential and industrial: 1. Contribute to storm water runoff, oxygen demanding waste, oil and grease, nutrients, metals, bacteria, and sediments 2. Contribute to erosion, pesticide, fertilizer, and drought. Aerial View of Homerville, GA in Clinch County Concentration of urban residential and industrial areas contributes to potential sources of contamination.
2 Source; Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division. Suwannee River Basin Management Plan 2002. Chapter 4. 4.1.1 Point Sources and Non-discharging Waste Disposal Facilities
8
Source: City-data.com. http://www.city-data.com/city/Homerville-Georgia.html
Agricultural sources: o Contribute nutrients from animal wastes and fertilizers, sediments, herbicides/pesticides, bacteria and pathogens
Cattle Farm on North Cemetery Rd Clinch County The location of this cattle farm near the creek contributes to runoff of animal waste during periods of heavy rain.
Cattle Farm on North Cemetery Rd Clinch County Stock pens where cattle concentrate increase the potential of runoff waste contamination. Confined feeding areas are another potential source of waste contamination.
Forestry activities: o Contribute sediments and herbicides/pesticides o Contribute to soil erosion and runoff sediment o Contribute to flooding and petroleum contamination
9
Grifton Soil Reforestation near Olive Leaf Road Harvesting and replanting of forests contributes to soil erosion, runoff, pesticide, chemical, and petroleum product contamination. In clear-cut areas, there is insufficient plant cover to filter runoff during the first two years.
NON-POINT SOURCES FROM AGRICULTURE Agricultural operations can contribute environmental stressors to the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed in a variety of ways. Tillage and other activities in where soil is disturbed can promote erosion and loading of sediment into water bodies. Nutrients contained in animal wastes, fertilizers, or natural soils may be transported from agricultural land to the streams. The loading of pesticides and pathogens raises additional concerns related to agricultural operations. Sediment is a common contaminant in the waterway resulting from agricultural operations, heavy logging operations, and the subsequent reforestation. Sediments mainly consist of mineral fragments, and may contain animal waste and crop debris. These contaminants are transported by storm water runoff and/or erosion to the waterways. Within the watershed, heavy logging contributes to the runoff and the accumulation of water in low lying areas. Agriculture contributes significant sources of nutrients. Excess nutrients in waterways leads to abundant growth of aquatic plants and the subsequent depletion of oxygen as nutrients are washed into the river. Within the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed, cattle farms such as the operation on North Cemetery Road and the large produce farm on Highway 168 contribute to erosion and fecal coliform bacteria. Animal wastes may contribute to high loads of oxygen demanding chemicals and bacterial and microbial pathogens. As these organic materials decompose, they place an oxygen demand on the receiving waters, which may adversely affect aquatic life.
10
Concentrations of large livestock herds near waterways contributes significantly to potential sources of contamination due to fecal matter runoff, soil erosion caused by grazing animals, and a variety of chemicals or pesticides used in the production of livestock. Although there are livestock farms within the watershed, one of the operations has direct access to the creek. Within the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed, fecal coliform bacteria, is introduced in the creek through the runoff from this operation.
Produce Farm on Highway 168 near Suwannoochee Creek Tilling, pesticides, herbicides, and erosion are issues associated with row crop farming.
The final aspect from an agricultural perspective is herbicides/pesticides. Soluble and insoluble pesticides applied in agricultural production in addition to herbicides, insecticides, miticides, and fungicides endanger water sources. Some pesticides cause acute, chronic toxicity problems in waterways, a toxicity that contaminates the entire food chain and eventually makes its way into human consumables. Other pesticides are suspected human carcinogens and are used despite research and education initiatives in recent years to discourage use. Non-herbicide and pesticide use is difficult to estimate given the widespread availability of such products on the open market. Pesticides other than herbicides are primarily used to control a particular infestation, such as nematodes, fungi, and insects. Their use is heavily discouraged in other circumstances. It is important to note that past use of now banned agricultural pesticides may continue to affect water quality within the basin, particularly through residual concentrations present in bottom sediments (Stell 1995). During periods of heavy rain and where there is soil erosion or a change in the physical habitat, the contaminants
11
present in the bottom sediment layer are brought to the surface and re-introduced into the waterway. Within the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed, a produce farm located on Highway 168 contributes to soil erosion, sediment runoff, chemicals from fertilizers, and fecal coliform from the use of animal fertilizer (chicken manure).
Fishing Club at Lake Verne within 100 feet of the Suwannoochee Creek waterway
NON-POINT SOURCES FROM URBAN, INDUSTRIAL, OR RESIDENTIAL LANDS One of the most important environmental stressors in the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed is diffuse runoff from industrial, and residential land uses. Nonpoint source contamination due to inputs of unauthorized discharges, accidental spills, and storm water runoff impair the function of streams draining extensive commercial and industrial areas Urban runoff can carry high concentrations of the same pollutants found in many point source discharges. Some discharges may include oxygen-demanding waste, synthetic organic chemicals, lead and other minerals, and bacteria. Within the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed, there are few sources of urban contamination with the exception of logging operations where chemical contamination from vehicles and forestry operations may contribute to environmental issues.
12
Nonpoint urban sources of pollution include drainage from areas with impermeable surfaces, but may also include less developed areas containing a greater number of permeable surfaces. Examples of permeable surfaces include lawns, gardens, and septic tanks, or other sources of nutrient loading. Additionally, debris runoff from storm occurrences contributes to the stagnation of waterways and establishes unnatural barriers to water flow.
Newly planted pines in Suwannoochee Watershed
NONPOINT SOURCES FROM FORESTRY When Best Management Practices are not followed, forestry operations may serve as sources of stressors, particularly regarding excess sediment loads to streams. Forestry activities including cultivation and harvesting of forestlands are potential sources of pesticide/herbicide contamination. Herbicides and pesticides are primarily utilized to maintain the health of commercial stands of timber. Herbicides are customarily applied before planting seedlings, while pesticides are applied after the seedlings are planted. It is a common practice to re-apply herbicides and pesticides periodically to maintain the integrity of the tree farm. (Stell 1995). 13
Most herbicides are non-mobile in the soil and generally formulated for use on plants instead of animals. In controlled forest tree nurseries, there is limited use of chemicals formulated for insects control, a condition that presents limited impact on waterways. There is a great deal of commercial forestry activity within the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed. The Water Quality in Georgia 1998 identified no streams in the basin as impacted due to commercial forestry activities. As in many cases, if BMPs are not adhered to, the potential impact to water quality from erosion and sedimentation is increased. Within the Suwannoochee Creek watershed, no direct runoff was observed due to forestry operations. It is important to note however, that during periods of heavy rain following clear-cut operations, there is significant runoff in the area. The commercial forestry industry appears to follow forestry Best Management Practices adopted by the Georgia Forestry Commission. No one particular source can largely account for the existing condition of DO in the watershed. The impact of the various contributing factors appears relatively level in intensity and effect. It should be noted that many of the sources contributing to low DO in the watershed are from naturally occurring circumstances and do not require to lend themselves to management practices.
POPULATION IN THE SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED The primary source of pollution currently affecting the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed results from nonpoint sources. Activities encountered in this watershed reflect normal expectations for rural communities in South Georgia. Located on U.S. 84, Dupont is a small, rural city having a population of 139 residents according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Outside of the residents of Dupont, the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed is sparsely populated. While population growth certainly impacts the watershed, the increase in population is neither excessive nor static. Slow, steady growth provides stability and some measure of predictability within the boundaries of the watershed. Growth in the City of Argyle, City of DuPont experienced a decline during the years 1980 –2000, while the City of Homerville experienced a decline during the years 1980 – 1990 and an increase during the years 1990 – 2000. Clinch County experienced a steady increase in population, a trend predicted to continue at a rate of 9% for each decade until 2020. Clinch County experienced steady growth in the non-municipal areas, while the population county fell sharply within the city limits of Argyle and DuPont. Only Homerville showed an increase in population during the period. In Clinch County, Manufacturing is the largest employment sector accounting for 37.7% of all jobs. Other
14
predominant employment sectors are Retail trade and Services (DCA, Georgia Snapshots, 2004). The density for Clinch County is approximately 8.5 persons per square mile. The majority of these individuals are concentrated in the western and north central quadrants of Clinch County. According to the DCA’s Housing Report, there were 21 single-family building permits issued in Clinch County for 2001, a number in line with past and present years. The average value of single-family building permits was considerably lower than the average value statewide. Clinch County reported a far lower ratio of single-family building permits per population than the state of Georgia (DCA, Housing Report, 2001). According to the Clinch County Code Enforcement Division, less than 10 building permits are issued in the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed annually. Although the U.S. Census Bureau predicts growth in the general region of Suwannoochee, there should not be any impact on the watershed due to the remote location of the waterway and the lack of infrastructure services within the area. In addition, most of the acreage within the watershed is owned by commercial timber operations. POPULATION IN THE SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED Figure 1. Population of Municipalities and Clinch County 1980 –2000 7000
6000
5000
4000
1980 1990
3000
2000
2000
1000
0
Argyle
DuPont
Fargo* HomervilleClinch Co.
*There are no U.S. Census Bureau Population Statistics for Fargo, GA 1980 – 1990
15
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Population Statistics 1980 – 2000
Table 1. Population Growth Municipalities and Clinch County
Argyle DuPont Fargo* Homerville Clinch Co.
1980
1990
2000
206 267 NA 3112 6660
224 166 NA 2553 6160
151 139 380 2803 6878
*There are no U.S. Census Bureau Population Statistics for Fargo, GA 1980 – 1990 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Population Statistics 1980 – 2000
16
CHAPTER TWO: SOIL SURVEY The soils in the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed produce food and shelter for numerous s of wildlife species. Deer and wild turkeys find suitable habitats in the extensive, moist woodlands present in the watershed. The soils in the watershed are of particular interest to engineers. Some soil properties are of interest to engineers because they affect construction and maintenance of roads, pipelines, building foundations, erosion control structures, drainage systems, and sewage disposal systems. The soil properties that are most important to engineers are strength, grain size, drainage, plasticity, and permeability to water. Other important factors may be shrink-swell characteristics, topography, available water capacity, depth to the water table, flood hazard, and degree of acidity or alkalinity of the soil. The Soil Survey of nearby Ware County, Georgia was completed in 1964, and the soil names and descriptions were approved in 1965. Recent data available for the soil composition in Atlantic Coast Flatwoods are reported on the National Resource and Conservation Service (NRCS). Atlantic Coast Flatwoods – 153A This area occurs along the seaward portion of Georgia and covers approximately seven million acres. Primary soil characterizations include virtually level topography and poorly drained soils, underlain by marine sands, loams, and/or clays. A series of marine terraces, roughly paralleling the coast, extends inward from sea level to an elevation of approximately 100 feet. The lower lying flat terraces do not contain well-defined drainage systems, and runoff moves drains gradually into slow-moving streams and eventually into the ocean. Elevation ranges from sea level to about 300 feet. The most common soils are Aquults with deep and medium to fine textured. Bayboro, Bladen, Coxville, Ogeechee, Pelham, Pooler, Rains, and Wahee series are the most common. The existence of Albany, Blanton, Leefield, Ocilla, and Stilson series where drainage is somewhat better is noted. Bibb, Johnston, and Rutledge series develop in areas with poor drainage. Bohicket and Capers series occur in the marshland. Other soils found in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods include Cainhoy, Chipley, Lakeland, Mascotte, Olustee, and Sapelo series. Favorable topography, abundant surface and subsurface water resources, and mild climate create a high potential for vegetable, tobacco, corn, and soybean production. Water control problems and wide variations in soil texture and other properties make management of these soils difficult. About 75 percent of this area is located in forests and about 15 percent in cropland and pastureland. Most of the cropland is on the betterdrained areas (USDA, NRCS Report – 153A. 2004). Table 2 lists the various soil types and the drainage qualities of each. 17
Table 3. -- Water Management Clinch and Echols Counties, Georgia Information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition. The numbers in the value column range from 0.01 to 1.00. Larger values represent greater potential limitations and are restricted to the top 5. Other limitations may exist. Pct of Map Unit
Map Symbol and Soil Name
725A1: Ousley
100
734A1: Leefield
95
Pond Reservoir Areas
Rating Class and Limiting Features Value Very limited Seepage
1.00
Very limited Seepage
1.00
Pelham
5
Not Rated
735A1: Albany
95
Pelham
5
Very limited Seepage Not Rated
Lakeland 738A1: Bibb Meggett
Fuquay
748A1: Olustee
100
Very limited Seepage 60 40
100
95
Somewhat limited Seepage Somewhat limited Seepage
1.00
1.00
0.70 0.01
Very limited Seepage Slope
1.00 <0.01
Very limited Seepage
1.00
752A1: Pelham
100
Very limited Seepage
1.00
Page 1 of 3
18
Slope 0.03
Table 3. -- Water Management - Ga - Continued Clinch and Echols Counties, Georgia
Map Symbol and Soil Name
860A1: Johnston 870A1: Leefield
Pct of Map Unit
100
60
Pond Reservoir Areas
Rating Class and Limiting Features Value Very limited Seepage
1.00
Very limited Seepage
1.00
Page 2 of 3 Source: USDA NRCS. 2004.Distribution Generation Date:
For this study, the SEGa RDC utilized the current United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resource and Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey of Clinch County. For the purposes of this study, a general soil map is used to analyze the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed. The soil map reveals the type of soils and/or association by using a two-three-letter acronym. The mapped soils are soils or associations of soils that comprise the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed. Each association generally contains two or more major soil types and other soils present in smaller quantities. Soil patterns are not necessarily uniform, however the patterns are somewhat repetitive throughout the landscape. Analysis of the soil map facilitates the understanding of the impact of particular land uses on the water quality within the watershed. The examination of the soils encompasses the entire watershed, beginning near the edge of the Suwannoochee Creek, and extending to the outer edges of the watershed, allowing the reader to envision a clearer picture of the terrain surrounding the Suwannoochee Creek, and the soils that comprise the watershed. Figure 3 or the “General Soils Map” provided in this report identify the soil associations present in the watershed while Figure 4, the “GPS Points Map” identifies sites located within the watershed and the activity or interest within the site
19
Figure 3. Suwannoochee Creek Watershed General Soil Map
20
SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED SOIL ASSOCIATIONS
Bibb-Meggett Soil Association Three soil associations exist within the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed…the Bibb-Meggett, Wahee-Ousley Complex, and the Leefield-Urban Land Complex. Photographs taken at GPS points in the watershed further illustrate the unique properties of each association and provide specific locations of each type within the watershed. Bibb-Meggett Association: MEGGETT (MEGGETT, FLOODED)--This very deep, poorly drained soil is on flood plains and low terraces. The subsoil is clayey and extends to a depth greater than 40 inches. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 0 to 1 foot. Flooding is common. Permeability is slow and available water capacity is moderate. BIBB (BIBB, FLOODED)--This very deep, poorly drained soil is on flood plains. The soil is mainly loamy, but the lower part may contain sandy layers. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 0.5 to 1.0 foot. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. Flooding is common. Permeability is moderate and available water capacity is high. The components in this association occur in a regular and repeating pattern. Much of the Bibb-Meggett Association is planted timber and indigenous tree stands with species varieties including Atlantic white cedar, blackgum, loblolly pine, sweetgum, water oak and yellow popular pine in the Bibb Association and loblolly, pond, and slash pine in the Meggett Association.
21
Wahee-Ousley Soil Complex Wahee-Ousley Complex WAHEE (WAHEE, FLOODED)--This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on fluvial or marine terraces. The subsoil is clayey and extends to a depth greater than 40 inches. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 0.5 to 1.5 feet. Flooding is common. Permeability is slow and available water capacity is moderate. OUSLEY (OUSLEY, FLOODED)--This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on flood plains and stream terraces. It is sandy throughout to a depth greater than 6 feet. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 1.5 to 3 feet. Flooding is common. Permeability is rapid and available water capacity is very low. Planted timber and indigenous tree stand species including black gum, southern red oak, swamp chestnut oak, sweet gum, willow oak, and loblolly, slash, and longleaf pine covers the area.
Leefield-Urban Land Complex Leefield-Urban Land Complex LEEFIELD--This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on uplands. The 22
subsoil is loamy and extends to a depth greater than 5 feet. Plinthite occurs below a depth of 30 to 60 inches. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers, moderate in the upper part of the subsoil, and moderately slow in the lower part. Available water capacity is low. The components in this map unit are so intermingled that they could not be mapped separately at the scale selected. URBAN LAND--Areas that are mostly business districts, shopping centers, industrial and commercial buildings, private dwellings, schools, churches, parking lots, streets, and sidewalks. The original soils have been altered by grading, cutting, filling, shaping, and smoothing. The Leefield soils are suited to most locally grown crops and the bulk of this acreage is cultivated. The surface layer of the Leefield sand soil is usually between 20 and 40 inches thick and is predominantly sand. The water table is at a depth between 15 and 30 inches for more than 6 months of the year. Consequently, some form of drainage is needed if this soil is to be used for cultivating purposes. This soil is suitable to many different crops. Some examples are tobacco, cotton, corn, and soybeans. This soil can be tilled year after year with little fear of erosion but as with all soil, it is more productive if a good cropping system is used. Much of this association is in planted timber and contains varieties including loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine.
23
SOIL SERIES FOR SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED Clinch and Echols Counties, Georgia Surrency loamy sand SURRENCY (SURRENCY, PONDED)--This very deep, very poorly drained soil is along drainage ways. The subsoil is loamy and extends to a depth greater than 5 feet. This soil is seasonally ponded. Seasonal high water table occurs from above the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot. Slopes are less than 1 percent. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Available water capacity is low. Ousley sand OUSLEY (OUSLEY, FLOODED)--This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on flood plains and stream terraces. It is sandy throughout to a depth greater than 6 feet. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 1.5 to 3 feet. Flooding is common. Permeability is rapid and available water capacity is very low. Dasher muck DASHER (DASHER, PONDED)--This very poorly drained organic soil is in marshes, swamps, and poorly defined drainage ways. The organic material extends to a depth greater than 51 inches. This soil is ponded most of the time. A seasonal high water table occurs from above the surface to a depth of 1.0 foot. Slopes are less than 1 percent. Permeability is moderately rapid and available water capacity is very high. Leefield loamy sand
LEEFIELD--This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on uplands. The subsoil is loamy and extends to a depth greater than 5 feet. Plinthite occurs below a depth of 30 to 60 inches. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers, moderate in the upper part of the subsoil, and moderately slow in the lower part. Available water capacity is low. Albany sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes ALBANY--This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on low-lying uplands. The subsoil is loamy and extends to a depth greater than 6 feet. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 1 to 2.5 feet. Permeability is rapid in the surface and subsurface layers and moderate in the subsoil. Available water capacity is low. Lakeland sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes LAKELAND--This very deep, excessively drained soil is on uplands. It is sandy throughout to a depth greater than 6 feet. Permeability is rapid and available water capacity is low.
24
Olustee sand OLUSTEE--This very deep, poorly drained soil is on broad low-lying areas. It is mostly sandy. A loamy subsoil is at a depth below 25 to 40 inches. Organic stained layers are above the subsoil. A seasonal high water table occurs at a depth of 0.5 to 1.5 feet. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. Permeability is rapid in the upper part of the soil and moderate to moderately slow in the lower part. Available water Valdosta sand VALDOSTA--This deep, well drained to somewhat excessively drained soil is on uplands. It is sandy throughout. Permeability is rapid and available water capacity is low. Johnston loam JOHNSTON (JOHNSTON, FLOODED)--This very deep, very poorly drained soil is on flood plains. It is mainly loamy throughout. A seasonal high water table occurs from above the surface to a depth of 1.5 feet. Flooding is common. Slopes are less than 2 percent. Permeability is moderately rapid and available water capacity is high.
25
CHAPTER THREE: LAND CAPABILITY For purposes of the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed study, the three (3) general soil associations have been arbitrarily classified in terms of land development capability for agricultural and urban uses. Table 4-1 depicts these classifications. The terms "good", "fair", and "poor" are used to describe the relative capabilities. Agricultural yields per acre for major crops were used in determining agricultural capability. Limitations on building site development, roadways, and septic tank drainage fields, flooding, and suitability to recreational use were all used in determining urban capability. TABLE 4-1 LAND CAPABILITY FOR THE SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED Soil Type Association Bibb-Meggett Association Wahee-Ousley Complex Leefield-Urban Land Complex
Agricultural Uses Good Fair Poor
Good
Urban Uses Fair
X
Poor X X
X X
X
Source: Soil Survey Reports for Clinch County, GA.USDA, Natural Resource Conservation Service. eFOTG Online Access Database. Created by Sharon Caton, September, 2004.
The northern and western regions of the watershed generally contain the best soil for agricultural or urban uses. Fair soils for these uses are generally limited to the north central areas of the Suwannoochee Creek. It should be noted that each soil association consists of individual soil types with varying degrees of capability for agricultural for urban uses. For example, a soil association containing soil types with a particularly high agricultural production may also contain soil types with a particularly low production. Therefore, the land capability ratings are generalized based on the total composition of the soil association. Consideration of septic tank drainage/percolation fields was included in the determination of land capability for urban uses. However, when considering only septic tanks, none (1) of the watershed’s associations is considered "good" or having only slight limitations. Therefore, generally speaking, this entire watershed is poor for septic tank usage with limitations including flooding, depth to saturated zone, and the presence of large quantities of clay. Table 4-2 depicts these soil association ratings. When evaluating by individual soil types, only the Lowndes soil type is listed as somewhat limited or “fair”. All other soils have a “poor” rating (severe limitations). The use of septic tanks in "poor" soils requires expensive modifications to the drain field and/or is cost prohibitive. Therefore, the effective use of septic tanks in this watershed is not compatible with natural soil conditions and the use of municipal sanitary sewers systems should be required for all major developments in both the incorporated and unincorporated areas of the watershed.
26
TABLE 4-2 LAND CAPABILITY FOR SEPTIC TANK DRAINAGE FIELDS Soil Type Association Good
Septic Tank Absorption Fields Fair
Poor
Bibb-Meggett Association Wahee-Ousley Complex Leefield-Urban Land Complex
X X X
Source: Soil Survey Reports for Clinch County, GA.USDA, Natural Resource Conservation Service. eFOTG Online Access Database. Created by Sharon Caton, September, 2004.
TABLE 4-3 GREATER CLINCH’S USDA FARMLAND CLASSIFICATION & SOIL EXTENT Soil Name (Mapping Symbols) 35A1 55A1 719A1 725A1 728A1 734A1 735A1 737B1 740A1 747B1 748A1 752A1 783A1 784A1 785A1 822C1 827B1 860A1
Chipley sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes Surrency loamy sand Grady sandy loam Ousley sand Dasher muck Leefield loamy sand Albany sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes Lakeland sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes Mascotte sand Fuquay loamy sand, 1 to 4 percent slopes Olustee sand Pelham loamy sand Stilson loamy sand Clarendon loamy sand Bayboro loam Lowndes loamy sand, 5 to 12 percent slopes Valdosta sand Johnston loam
Farmland Classification Prime Important X
X X X X X X X X X
X
Source: USDA, Natural Resource Conservation Service. Soil Survey Data for Clinch County, GA. 2004.
Prime farmland is defined as land best suited to producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. It has the soil quality, growing season, and moisture supply needed to economically produce sustainable high crop yields if acceptable farming methods are used. Although each of the soils in Table 4-3 exists in the watershed, with 27
the exception of those soils highlighted in yellow, they exist in small quantities over large areas. Prime farmland produces the highest yields with minimal inputs of energy and money. The use of prime farmland for agricultural purposes results in the least damage to the environment. The supply of high quality farmland is limited and should be used with wisdom and foresight. Prime farmlands will economically produce high crop yields when treated and managed according to acceptable farming methods. Several of these soils are well suited to commercial timber production and are often used as such Some of the soils that are found in this watershed require extensive draining before cultivation. The practice of irrigation is affected by the rate of infiltration, available water capacity, slope, permeability, and thickness of the profile. Pits for irrigation water are generally dug in Leefield or Lowndes soils, within the LeefieldUrban Land Association and in other soils moderately well drained or somewhat poorly drained. In this area, farmers grow different crops such as blueberries, corn, tobacco, soybean, and cotton. These soils can also be used for pasture, providing that there is adequate drainage.
28
CHAPTER FOUR: LAND USE Purpose The Land Use element will provide a general description of how land is utilized in the Suwannoochee Watershed. Land Use Assessment The Southeast Georgia Regional Development Center’s Planning (SEGa RDC) and GIS Department performed an extensive windshield survey, mapped and displayed pertinent GPS points, and photographed different land uses within the watershed. These particular maps give a visual reference and description of the various activities in the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed. The maps are contained in Appendix A, B, C, and D. Lands outside of the cities of Argyle, DuPont, Fargo, Homerville, are primary used for agricultural or forestry purposes, and contain the Stephen Foster Memorial State Park. Agricultural and forestry related activities in this watershed are very diverse and vary in level of intensity. Several cattle operations, crop farms, hay producing operations, diversified forestry industries/operations, pine plantations, and numerous other activities related to agribusiness and/or forestry exist in this watershed. Some of these activities and/or operations are at the edges of wetlands and/or waterways. The Wetlands and Buffer Map provided in this report contains ringed buffers to demonstrated the locations of these various activates and their spatial relationship to the various watercourses and wetlands that exist within the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed. Approximately 93% of the land located in the watershed is in woodlands. The majority of this land is farmer owned and operated. The principle commercial trees are slash pine, longleaf pine, and loblolly pine. Both slash pine and longleaf pine are very important sources for naval stores. Products such as turpentine, rosin, and other byproducts from these trees make up a significant portion of the farmer’s income. All of the woodlands in this watershed, save those on hardwood bottom lands and in swamps, have grazing potential. Under good management, these lands can produce enough grass to support a number of livestock. Argyle, DuPont, and Fargo, are small rural municipalities with limited development. Both communities have multiple zoning districts located along U.S. 82 and Hwy 441. Residential development is stable in both cities. The majority of development in each community is within a quarter of a mile of a transportation corridor. The majority of commercial and industrial development is located on the edges of the city limits along the transportation corridors. It must be understood that the most desirable lands in these cities are the one's with direct access to major transportation corridors, and/or direct access to infrastructure development. The majority of new development is not in landfill development. Most of the residential sites are on land previously farmed lands. Sprawl is now evident in the City of 29
Homerville is sprawl, that if continued may affect the City’s ability to provide water and sewage treatment services its citizens. The governments of Homerville, Fargo, Argyle, and DuPont should discourage development in isolated sites with limited or no access to infrastructure development, a factor that may contribute to the inability of local governments to provide services. This does not imply a moratorium on building outside of established residential boundaries, only that care should be taken in the placement of new homes until water and sewerage services are established. The vast majority of land area in and around Argyle, DuPont, Fargo, and Homerville falls under the Agricultural/Forest/Mining category. There appears to be little potential for mining of any type in or near these cities. Industrial development should occur in close proximity to these areas designated as industrial zones and/or sites. Land, in the future, deemed suitable for industrial uses should not be located in or adjacent to wetlands. In addition, industrial developments should occur on sites with access to infrastructure. Clinch County has land use codes, a Planning Commission, code enforcement, and a site plan review process. The Clinch County Joint Comprehensive Plan recommendations will advocate the following practices to ensure proper usage of available land:
Cluster development in unincorporated areas to preserve Prime Farmland and Forested Lands. Tailor residential development in the cities to maintain, promote and enhance livability of the neighborhoods. Encourage residential expansion in the rural areas to participate in proposed sewer and water system planning and future expansion within the area. Develop and implement neighborhood conservation programs. Strictly enforce the “On-Site” Sewage Management Systems. Acknowledge the possibility that water and sewer systems extensions may be required in the unincorporated areas where housing is concentrated. Encourage commercial and public/semi-public activities in central business districts. Control the amount of commercial strip development by limiting new development to designated uses on designated and appropriate highway areas. Encourage infill and/or redevelopment of existing strip areas. Expand water and sewer systems into unincorporated areas of the county. Minimize impact and guide growth by developing infrastructure near transportation corridors and high-density areas. Shelter wetlands and floodplains from future development. Encourage BMP’s in the watershed.
30
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS and SUGGESTED STRATEGIES The study focuses on the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed located in Clinch County. The activities concentrated in this watershed are typical of a rural South Georgia community. However, the Clinch County governments located within this particular watershed have the foresight to take proactive steps to ensure land use compatibility. The County Planning Commission plans implementation of recommendations to address the watershed within the Clinch County Joint Comprehensive Plan. Subdivisions, industrial sites, and other developments require review to ensure land use compatibility. Clinch County is currently proactively encouraging growth, managing growth, and growing wisely. The Clinch County Joint Comprehensive Plan recommendations advocate specific actions to enhance planning, thus ensuring quality growth. Clinch County’s local governments welcome these policies. Agencies, such as the NRCS, Seven Rivers RC&D, the Georgia Forestry Commission, and the University of Georgia Extension Service activity encourage BMP’s through a variety of programs and grants. SEGa RDC as a planning resource for Clinch County should coordinate projects for maximum benefit and to prevent duplication. Photographs of various land uses and digitalized maps are present in this report. This document serves as a guide in understanding and acknowledging the existence of these land uses within the watershed for many decades. A prime example exists in the canals located in close proximity to the old Fargo landfill. These canals were constructed during the mid-fifties to facilitate drainage and to remove water-born waste from the site. Naturally, occurring conditions present in the Suwannoochee Creek Watershed include natural runoff and erosion, and leaf and other organic matter decomposition. Conditions not naturally occurring include agricultural and industrial operations requiring the use of chemicals and other pollutants, fecal coliform resulting from livestock and produce operations, trash and debris from landfill operations, and unrestricted access to the waterway on roadways. To address these issues there are a myriad of practices already in use by forestry and agricultural entities, local involvement by stakeholders, and planning initiatives by Clinch County government officials to educate and inform local citizens regarding the watershed. Adopt-a-stream programs, continued efforts to supply written information, and public discussions are recommended. Water quality monitoring is highly recommended. An association with local schools to construct a curriculum around the watershed coupled with a field trip and education session would prove helpful in educating students and parents. The location and source determination of pollutants entering waterways, sub-watershed monitoring is recommended. Nonetheless, it is strongly believed that if BMP’s are followed, growth properly regulated, and code enforcement adhered to, this particular watershed, with time may experience a reduction in dissolved oxygen, erosion, bacterial contamination, and fecal coliform levels.
31
REFERENCES Department of Community Affairs (DCA). 2001. State of Georgia. State of the State's Regional Housing Reports. http://www.dca.state.ga.us/publications/RegionalHousingReport.html. EPD. 2000. Water Quality in Georgia, 1998-1999. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, Georgia. EPD. 2002. Suwannoochee River Basin Management Plan. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, Georgia. Georgia Department of Community Affairs. Georgia Snapshots. Economics, Clinch County. 2004. http://www.dca.state.ga.us/snapshots/p4.asp?County=Clinch. Stell, S.M., E.H. Hopkins, G.R. Buell, and D.J. Hippe. 1995. Use and Occurrence of Pesticides in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basins, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, 1960-61. Open File Report 95-739. U.S Geological Survey, Atlanta, Georgia. USDA. 1968. Soil Survey Clinch County, Georgia. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Atlanta, Georgia. USDA. 2004. NRCS Report – 153A. Atlantic Coast Flatwoods. Wenger, S.J. and L. Fowler. 2000. Protecting Stream and River Corridors: Creating Effective Local Riparian Buffer Ordinances. Carl Vinson Institute of Government, the University of Georgia.
32
SUWANNOOCHEE CREEK WATERSHED GPS PICTURES
GPS Point 1- Wetlands on JODY POPE Road. Site is accessible. No significant impact noted.
GPS Point 2 – Planted Pines on JODY POPE Road. 33
GPS Point 3 – Produce Farm SR 168. Source of possible erosion.
GPS Point 4 – Cattle Farm NORTH CEMETERY ROA .Possible fecal coliform. 34
GPS Point 5 – Suwannoochee Creek SR 37. Upstream. Highway ditch runs into creek.
GPS Point 6 – Suwannoochee Creek SR 84. Upstream. Bridge construction in proximity to location. 35
GPS Point 7 – WITHERS ROAD.
GPS Point 8 – Grifton Soil REFORESTATION.
36
GPS Point 9 – Lake Verne. Water in this location is tea-colored, due to high acidic content, a naturally occurring factor in Southeast Georgia.
GPS Point 10 – Reforestation SR 187 37
GPS Point 11 – Suwannoochee Creek SR 187. Downstream. Trash within the water from residential use. Location close to highway and accessible to dumping.
GPS Point 12 – Suwannoochee Creek OLD WOODEN BRIDGE. Across stream. Possible source of creosote contamination from old posts. 38
GPS Point 13 – Suwannoochee Creek SR 94. Upstream. State highway and accessible to waterway.
GPS Point 14 – Canal Dumpsters near old FARGO LANDFILL. Location in close proximity to canal which drains into Suwannoochee Creek.
39
APPENDIX A: CLINCH COUNTY LAND COVER MAP
40
APPENDIX B: CLINCH COUNTY LAND USE MAP
41
APPENDIX C: CLINCH COUNTY RECHARGE MAP
42
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
STATE OF GEORGIA
TMDL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN CheckBox11 WATERSHED APPROACH SUWANNEE RIVER BASIN
Suwannoochee Creek Watershed HUC10 #0311020103
Local Watershed Governments Nashville
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA RDC Clinch County Echols County
Waycross
BERRIEN Argyle
Ray City TMDL Implementation Plans are platforms for establishing a course of action to restore th e q uality of impaired water bod ies in a watersh ed. The y are intended as a continuing p rocess tha t may b e r evised as n ew co nditions and information war rant. Proc edures will be dev eloped to tra ck and evaluate the implementation of the m anagement pr actices and act ivities id entified in the plans. Once restored, appropriate management practices and activities will be continued to maintain th e water bodies . With input from appropriate stakeholder groups, a TMDL Implementation Plan has been developed for a cluster of impaired waterbodies/streams and the corresponding pollutants. The im paired waterbodies are loc ated in the sam e watershed/subbasin identified by a HUC10 code (Figure 1). This Im plementation P lan addresses an a ction plan , edu cation/outreach activities, s takeholders, pollutant sources, and pot ential fund ing resources affecting the su b-basin. In addition, the Plan d escribes ( a) reg ulatory and voluntary practices/c ontrol actio ns (management measures) to r educe targ et pollutants, (b) m ilestone sch edules to sho w the d evelopment of th e management measures ( measurable milestones), (c) a monitoring plan to determine the efficiency of t he m anagement m easures and m easurable milestones, and (d) criteria to determine whether substantial progress is being made towards reducing pollutants in th e impaired waterbod ies. The over all goal of the Pla n is to defin e a set of a ctions that will help a chieve wa ter quality standards in the state of Georgia. Following this section is information regarding individual impaired streams.
Impaired Waterbody*
a
Ú Ê
WARE
Homerville Lakeland
LANIER CLINCH
LOWNDES
OKEFE SWA
Valdosta Suwannoochee Creek Dasher Lake Park
Impaired Stream Location
1. Suwannoochee Creek Lee’s Bay to Suwannee River 2. Suwannoochee Creek Old City of Fargo Landfill Canal 3. Suwannoochee Creek` Bear Br. To Lee’s Bay *These Waterbody Numbers are referenced throughout the Implementation Plan.
W
ECHOLS
Fargo
Figure 1
Impairment
Metal Contaminant/Cadmium (Cd) Cadmium DO
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
INFORMATION/EDUCATION/OUTREACH ACTIVITIES
An education/outreach component will be used to enhance public understanding of and participation in implementing the TMDL Implementation Plan. List of all previous and planned information/education/outreach activities. Responsible Organization or Entity
Southeast Georgia Regional Development Center, Fredrick E. Carpenter Jr. Coastal District EPD, Frank VanArsdale Coastal District EPD, Frank VanArsdale Georgia Forestry Commission, Stan Moore NRCS, 7 Rivers RC&D, Luther Jones Southeast Georgia Regional Development Center (RDC), DNR/EPD
Adopt-A-Stream
Impacted Waterbodies*
Target Audience
Anticipated Dates (MM/YY)
Part V Ordinance/Regulation Review for Clinch County. Will assist South Georgia RDC in reviewing Echols County Part V Ordinances. Best Management Practices for Industry
1
Local Government
02/2003
1
Business Community
On-going
Best Management Practices for Water Quality
1
Business Community
On-going
Best Management Practices for Forestry
1
Forestry Industry
On-going
Best Management Practices for Agricultural
1
Farming Community
On-going
Southeast Georgia RDC is assisting local governments with a Water Committee. The Committee has been operational for 9 months. One project that the committee would like to undertake is an educational videotape for Residential and Urban BMPs. The committee believes that the key to quality water is behavior modification through education. This will be collaborative effort between DNR/EPD, Southeast Georgia RDC, Water Committee, and Local Governments. Will assist Al Browning in the introduction of the Adopt-A-Stream program into Clinch County, and Echols County. Mr. Al Browning is an Ecology teacher at Berrien County High School. He can be reached at (229) 686-7428.
1
Local Governments and Citizens
02/2004 08/2004
1
Citizens
06/2004 08/2004
Description
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
STAKEHOLDERS
EPD encourages public involvement and the active participation of stakeholders in the process of improving water quality. Stakeholders can provide valuable information and data regarding their community and the impaired waterbodies and can provide insight and/or implement management measures. List of local governments, agricultural organizations or significant landholders, commercial forestry organizations, businesses and industries, and local organizations including environmental groups and individuals with a major interest in this watershed. Name/Organization
Address
City
State
Zip
Phone
E-Mail
Raymond James, Mayor John W. Strickland, Chairperson Wayne Kilmark, Waycross-Ware Planning Commission Fredrick E. Carpenter Jr., Southeast Georgia RDC Sharon Caton Southeast Georgia RDC Bill Wikoff, International Paper James Rouse, Rayonier Al Browning, River Keepers Bob Kenny, SMURFIT-Stone Container Corporation Lamar Raulerson, Chairman, Echols County Rory Richardson, NRCS District Conservationist Russ Hamlin-Echols County Extension Coordinator Bobby Mathis, GFC
N/A 100 Court Square 902 Grove St.
Argyle Homerville Waycross
GA GA GA
31623 31634 31502
(912) 487-2270 (912) 487-2667 (912) 287-4379
N/A N/A
[email protected]
1725 South Georgia Parkway, West
Waycross
GA
31502
(912) 285-6097
[email protected] [email protected]
6508 New Jesup Highway Rt.1 Box 19-B P.O. Box 523 Hwy 84E
Brunswick Homerville Nashville Homerville
GA GA GA GA
31523 31634 31702 31634
(912) 265-1378 (912) 487-5912 (229) 686-2821 (912) 285-4087
P.O. Box 190
Statenville
GA
31648
(229) 559-7844
327 W. Savannah Ave.
Valdosta
GA
31601
109 Courthouse Street
Statenville
GA
31648
(229) 242-0575 Ex. 3 (229) 559-5562
3011 US HWY 84E
Valdosta
GA
31606
(229) 333-7817
[email protected].
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
WATER BODIES/STREAMS COVERED IN THIS PLAN
These impaired streams are located in the same sub-basin identified by a HUC10 code. Most of the information contained in this section comes from the 303(d) list and has been completed by employees of the EPD Water Protection Branch. Data that placed the streams on the 303(d) list will be provided upon request. Waterbody Name #1 #2 #3
4. Suwannoochee Creek 5. Suwannoochee Creek 6. Suwannoochee Creek`
Location
Lee’s Bay to Suwannee River Old City of Fargo Landfill Canal Bear Br. To Lee’s Bay
Miles/Area Impacted
Metal Contaminant/Ca dmium (Cd) Cadmium DO
Use Classification
Fishing
Partially Supporting/ Not Supporting (PS/NS)
NS
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Primary County
Secondary County
Clinch
Pollutants
Echols
Water Quality Standards
Cadmium (Cd)
Chronic: 0.37 (g /L) Acute: 0.82 (g /L)
Source (Point/ Nonpoint)
Second RDC
Required Load Reduction
83% 61%
Nonpoint
TMDL ID
Date TMDL Established
June 2000
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
TOC=Total Organic Carbon (lb/yr), TN=Total Nitrogen (lb/yr), TP=Total Phosphorus (lb/yr)
POLLUTANT SOURCES
It is important to recognize the potential source(s) causing water quality impairment. Each source must be controlled to comply with target TMDL/Load Allocations for each pollutant. Included is a description of how the sources contribute to the impairment and the waterbody that is impaired. List of major nonpoint source categories and sub-categories or individual sources (Urban Runoff, Agriculture, Forestry, Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant)
Pollutant
Sources of Pollutants
Description of Contribution to Impairment
Cd
Chemical/Fertilizer Applications, Silvicultural, and Farming application of chemicals by aerial and broadcast means.
Cd
Contaminated Humus
Cd
Rural Development
Cd
Land Disturbing Activities
Cd
Forested Woodlands
Cd
Land Disturbing Activities: (1) Construction Sites, (2) Infrastructure Development and Maintenance
Mineral fertilizers contain Cadmium. Over fertilization contributes to excessive metals in soils, which during periods of heavy precipitation or excessive watering, leaches into waterways. Cadmium can be transport by waterways up to 50 kilometers. Contaminated humus enters waterways during heavy precipitation due to storm water runoff. Unchecked runoff through stormwater sewers: (1) Discharges of sanitary waste and (2) Improper disposal of waste materials. Unchecked runoff from developing/developed sites: (1) Discharges of sanitary waste, (2) Improper disposal of waste materials and (3) Introduction of humus into waterways. Heavily forest and wetland often contribute to high Cd due to high Ph. High Ph causes excessive leaching of humus, thence exposing the metals to the elements to be introduced into waterways by wind, and/or storm water runoff. Usually reduction in natural forest or wetlands contributions is not feasible, practicable, or desirable through conventional best management practices. Uncheck runoff from construction sites: (1) Leaking portable waste containers, (2) Improperly disposed waste materials, and (3) Introduction of sediments into waterways
Impacted Waterbodies*
1
1 1 1 1
1
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
Pollutant
Sources of Pollutants
Cd
Spill/Discharges of Raw Sewage
Cd Cd Cd
Cd
Description of Contribution to Impairment
Spillage, unauthorized discharges, and cleansing of contam inated wast e vehicles. These untreated materi als are left on the surface to be introduced int o the drainage system or waterway b y pr ecipitation or durin g t he cleansing of equipment or collection apparatuses or containers. Improper Methods of Trash Collection and Spillage and incorrect disposal techni ques place substances on surfaces to be Disposal washed into waterway during precipitation. Fluids and materi als associated wit h mechanical repairs and che mical Collection and Disposal of Petroleum Products and Materials related to the repair of absorbent materials that are not properly disposed of are left on s urfaces to be washed into drainage system or waterways. Gasoline and Diesel Equipment. Protective coatings and/or coverings on Metal coatings contain metals in the pigment and/or coating material. metals, and plastics. Manipulation of the coating exposes the metals contained in the pigment to the elements. It is the exposal to elements by which the metals are introduced into the environment by either precipitation or wind. Decomposing Tobacco Products Tobacco products are exposed to the elements and enter waterways by either storm water runoff and/or wind.
Dissolved Oxygen/Fecal Coliform Dissolved Oxygen/Fecal Coliform
City of Fargo
Dissolved Oxygen/Fecal Coliform
Agriculture
Dissolved Oxygen/Fecal Coliform Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen
Wildlife Excrement
Dissolved Oxygen
Forestry
Impacted Waterbodies*
1
1 1 1
1
Wastewater discharge and possible leakage.
1
Possible introduction of discharges resulting from overflowing septic systems and leaking drain fields. Spillage of raw sewage during septic tank maintenance.
3
Possible introduction of farm animal waste from direct and indirect deposit: (1) Farm animals directly depositing waste into waterbodies, (2) Grazing areas that r eceive heavy precipitation, runoff into wat erbodies and (3) Fertilization of animal waste to grasslands and row crops. Possible introduction of wildlife ex crement is dep osited directly or in directly into nearby waterbodies.
3
Industry
Possible storm water runoff during heavy precipitation.
3
Agriculture
Possible introduction of chemical/fertilizer (nitrates and phosph ates) runoff into waterbodies. This increases the natural eutrophication rates in streams, creeks and rivers. Possible introduction of sediment and plant debr is resulting from tim ber harvesting and reforestation when (BMPs) are not followed.
3
(NPDES GA0037206) Residential
3
3
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen
Residential Automotive Products
Possible introduction of y ard trimmings, leaves, branches and chippin g materials that are not properly disposed of are washed into nearby waterbodies. Possible intr oduction of flui ds and m aterials associated with routi ne maintenance: fluids left unsecured or leaking from the automobile itself.
3 3
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
MANAGEMENT MEASURES, MEASURABLE MILESTONES AND SCHEDULE (i.e. Local codes and ordinances, Erosion and Sedimentation Control, Storm Water Management, local water resource monitoring)
The following table lists management measures that have been or will be implemented to achieve water quality standards and the load reductions established in the TMDL. The management measures, including regulatory or voluntary actions or other controls by governments or individuals, specifically apply to the pollutant and the waterbody for which the TMDL was written. A description is provided of how these management measures are/will be accomplished through reliable and effective delivery mechanisms, and how these management measures are/will help achieve the target TMDL. Included is the source of the pollutant, anticipated/past effectiveness of the management measure (very effective, somewhat effective, not effective), the current status (i.e. enforced, in-progress, planning), and measurable milestones and schedule. Milestones are used to show development in attaining water quality standards and to determine whether management measures are being implemented. Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure
Georgia Water Quality Control Act Georgia Erosion & Sedimentation Act Georgia Comprehensive Planning Act Georgia River Basin Management Planning Act
Pollutant(s) Affected
Cd
DO
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity
Georgia DNR EPD
Sources of Pollutant(s)
Ungoverned point source discharge and non-point source runoff pollution loads. Ungoverned point Source discharge and Non-point source runoff Pollution loads
Measurable Milestones
Compliance with regulations to control water pollution including identification and implementation of Best Management Practices.
Description
Laws authorizing Georgia EPD to control water pollution, eliminate phosphate detergents and regulate sludge disposal; to prohibit siltation of state waters by land disturbing activities and require undisturbed buffers along state waters; to require land-use plans that include controls to protect drinking water supply sources and wetlands; to require river basin management plans on a rotation schedule for all major river basins.
Impacted Waterbodies*
1
Anticipated or Past Effectiveness
Effective
Effective
3 Schedule Start End
11/1964
Continuous
Comments
N/A
Enacted/ Projected Date
11/1964
Status
Enforced
Regulatory/ Voluntary
Regulatory
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure Herbicide and Pesticide Poison Care Disposal and Management Program Pollutant(s) Affected Cd, DO
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity Individual
Sources of Pollutant(s) Non-commercial and commercial application of Herbicides and Pesticides.
Measurable Milestones Reduction in the measurable amount of Cd in impacted waterways.
Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure
Stream Management Zones
Pollutant(s) Affected
Cd, DO
Impacted Waterbodies* 3
Schedule Start End 2005 Continuous
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity
Georgia Forestry Commission
Sources of Pollutant(s)
Fluids, excessive nutrients and organic materials
Measurable Milestones Reduction in the measurable amount of Cd in impacted waterways.
Description Encourages individuals to properly dispose of dangerous chemicals
Schedule Start End 1993 Continuous
Regulatory/ Voluntary Voluntary
Enacted/ Projected Date
Status
Regulatory/ Voluntary
Comments University of Georgia Extension Agent must provide educational opportunities if BMP is to become effective.
Encourages Forest Production Operator to Plan and Implement strategies to prevent sediments, fluids, and nutrients from entering waterway.
3 Effective
Status Planning
Anticipated or Past Effectiveness Effective if BMP is implemented
Description
Impacted Waterbodies*
Enacted/ Projected Date 2005
Anticipated or Past Effectiveness
Comments N/A
1993 In-Progress
Voluntary
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure
Agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) Pollutant(s) Affected
Cd
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity
Description
NRCS (7 Rivers RC&D) and University of Georgia Extension Service
Sources of Pollutant(s)
Animal facility runoff, pesticide/herbicide management, irrigation runoff management and manure applications.
Leads effort in agricultural water quality program, develops agricultural BMPs educational and monitoring efforts.
Waterbodies* Impacted
Enacted/ Projected Date
1987
Status
In-Progress
Anticipated or Past Effectiveness
3
Effective
Schedule Measurable Milestones
Reduction in the measurable amount of Cd in impacted waterways.
Start 1987
End Continuous
Comments
NRCS and University of Georgia Extension Agent must provide continuous opportunities if BMP is to remain effective.
Regulatory/ Voluntary
Voluntary
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure Forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Pollutant(s) Affected Cd, DO
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity Georgia Forestry Commission
Sources of Pollutant(s) Forestry
Measurable Milestones Reduction in the measurable amount of Cd in impacted waterway.
Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure
Description BMP categories include planning for water quality, SMZs, road location, construction, stream crossing and maintenance, timber harvesting, site preparation/reforestation and management/protection.
Impacted Waterbodies* 3 Schedule Start End 1999 Continuous
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity
Enacted/ Projected Date
1999 In-progress
Status
Regulatory/ Voluntary
Voluntary
Anticipated or Past Effectiveness Effective Comments Georgia Forestry Commission must continuously provide education opportunities for foresters if BMPs are to remain effective.
Description
Enacted/ Projected Date
Individual Encourages individuals to properly dispose of 2002 On-going Power Equipment, Commercial, materials that are related to the repair and Industrial, and Personal Product routine maintenance of power equipment. Care Disposal and Management Program Pollutant(s) Affected Sources of Pollutant(s) Impacted Waterbodies* Anticipated or Past Effectiveness Cd, DO Equipment cleansing, 3 Effective mechanical repairs and maintenance shops, and individual home auto maintenance and/or repair. Schedule Measurable Milestones Comments Start End Reduction in the measurable amount of Cd in 2002 Continuous Local auto part houses encourage and impacted waterway. provide opportunities for individual to dispose of fluids and materials that cannot be disposed of by normal fluid or trash disposal methods.
Status
Regulatory/ Voluntary
Voluntary
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure
House Cleaner Disposal and Management Program Pollutant(s) Affected Cd, DO
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity
Individual
Sources of Pollutant(s) Household chemicals
Measurable Milestones Reduction in the measurable amount of Cd in impacted waterway.
Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure
Spill/Discharge Control and Cleanup Program Pollutant(s) Affected
Cd, DO
Encourages individuals to properly dispose of household chemicals Impacted Anticipated or Past Waterbodies* Effectiveness 3 Effective if program is implemented Schedule Comments Start End 2005 Continuous Waste Disposal Company (Southland Waste Inc.) must encourage individuals to properly secure and dispose of household chemicals
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity
Individual
Sources of Pollutant(s)
Surface Spills or Uncontrolled Discharges
Measurable Milestones
Reduction in the measurable amount of Cd in impacted waterway.
Description
Description
Encourages individuals to cleanup or control and to report spills.
Impacted Waterbodies*
3
Schedule Start End
12/2004
Continuous
Anticipated or Past Effectiveness
Effective is BMP is implemented
Comments
University of Georgia Extension Agent must provide educational opportunities if BMP is to become effective.
Enacted/ Projected Date
2005
Enacted/ Projected Date
12/2004
Status
Planned
Status
Planning
Regulatory/ Voluntary
Voluntary
Regulatory/ Voluntary
Voluntary
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure
Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)
Pollutant(s) Affected
Cd, DO
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity
Southeast Georgia RDC, Coastal Conservation Resources, and NRCS
Sources of Pollutant(s)
Storm Water Run Off
Measurable Milestones
Reduction in the measurable amount of Cd in impacted waterway.
Description
Storm water runoff is part of a natural hydrologic process. However, human activities, particularly urbanization and associated industrial activities, can alter natural drainage patterns and add pollutants to rivers, and streams. Impact is a decline in fish and restrictions on swimming.
Impacted Waterbodies*
3
Schedule Start End
01/2003
Continuous
Anticipated or Past Effectiveness
Effective if BMP is implemented Comments
Southeast Georgia RDC will, with the assistance of Coastal Conservation Resources, and NRCS, seek funds to assist Clinch and Echols County in the development of Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)
Enacted/ Projected Date
01/2003
Status
Planning
Regulatory/ Voluntary
Voluntary
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure Georgia Air Quality Act
Pollutant(s) Affected Cd Non-commercial
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity Georgia EPD
Sources of Pollutant(s) and commercial incineration of metals to remove coverings
Measurable Milestones Compliance with regulations to control air pollution.
Description Public Policy of the State of Georgia to preserve, protect, and improve air quality and to control emission to prevent the significant deterioration of air quality. Impacted Anticipated or Past Waterbodies* Effectiveness 1 Effective
Schedule Start End 1990 Continuous
Comments N/A
Enacted/ Projected Date 1990
Status In-progress
Regulatory/ Voluntary Regulatory
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103 Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure Georgia Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Act
Pollutant(s) Affected Cd, DO
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity Georgia EPD
Sources of Pollutant(s) Incorrect methods and/or techniques use to collect, treat, reuse, recycle and dispose of solid waste.
Measurable Milestones Compliance with regulations to control solid waste including identification and implementation of Best Management practices.
Description Public Policy of the State of Georgia to protect the public health of the citizens and to enhance the quality of the environment. Impacted Anticipated or Past Waterbodies* Effectiveness 3 Effective
Schedule Start End 1990 Continuous
Comments N/A
Enacted/ Projected Date 1990
Status In-progress
Regulatory/ Voluntary Regulatory
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure Georgia Hazardous Waste Management Act
Pollutant(s) Affected Cd
Responsible Government, Organization or Entity Georgia EPD
Sources of Pollutant(s) Non-containment of leakage/spillage; incorrect methods of disposal, storage, transportation; and excessive generation of waste.
Measurable Milestones Compliance with regulations to control hazardous waste including identification and implementation of Best Management practices.
Description Public Policy of the State of Georgia to preserve and protect the citizens of Georgia; enhance the quality of Georgia’s environment through the regulation of the generation, transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes. Impacted Anticipated or Past Waterbodies* Effectiveness 1 Effective
Schedule Start End 09/2002 Continuous
Comments N/A
Enacted/ Projected Date 09/2002
Status In-progress
Regulatory/ Voluntary Regulatory
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES The identification and discussion of dedicated funding is important in determining the economic feasibility of the above-mentioned management measures. Funding Source
Responsible Authority
Section 319 (h) of the Clean Water Act EPA/State of Georgia Small Business Technical Assistance Georgia Department of Natural Program Resources (EPD) Environmental Quality Incentive Program NRCS Must (EQIP) Unified Watershed Assessment program NRCS Conservation Reserve Enhancement Plan NRCS Section 604(b) Grants Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Status
Must Apply Must Request Assistance Apply Must Apply Must Apply Must Apply
Anticipated Funding Amount
Impacted Waterbodies*
N/A Undetermined-Free Technical Assistance N/A
1 1
N/A N/A N/A
1 1 1
1
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
PROJECTED ATTAINMENT DATE
The projected date to attain and maintain water quality standards in this watershed is 10 years from acceptance of the TMDL Implementation Plan by EPD.
1997
1998
1999
2000
EPD Monitoring Evaluate TMDL & Attainment Date Project Attainment
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
MONITORING PLAN
The purpose of this monitoring plan is to determine the effectiveness of the target TMDL and the management measures being implemented to meet water quality standards. List of previous, current or planned /proposed sampling activities or other surveys. Monitoring data that placed stream on 303(d) list will be provided if requested. Name of Regulation/Ordinance or Management Measure
Time Frame Organization
Impacted Waterbodies*
Pollutants
Purpose/Description
TMDL Evaluation/Monitoring Data
GA EPD/USGS
1
CD
Water Quality Testing
GA EPD
1
CD
TMDL Evaluation
GA EPD/USGS
1
CD
Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan
Southeast Georgia RDC, NRCS and Coastal Conservation Resources
1
CD
Water Quality Testing
Adopt-A-Stream
1
CD
TMDL Evaluation /Monitoring data for Georgia 305(b)/303(d) List Water Quality Testing/Assessment of water quality. Monitoring data for GA 305(b)/303(d) list Southeast Georgia RDC will, with the assistance of Coastal Conservation Resources and NRCS, seek funds to assist local governments in the development of Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). *Proposed date extended due to Comp Plan Deadline Extension by DCA Water Quality Testing/Assessment of water quality.
Start
End
Status (Previous, Current, Proposed)
1998 1998
Previous
2003 2003
Proposed
1998 1998
Previous
01/2003 02/20
8/2003 Continu
05*
ous
Proposed
Proposed
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
CRITERIA TO DETERMINE WHETHER SUBSTANTIAL PROGRESS IS BEING MADE
The following set of criteria will be used to determine whether any substantial progress is being made towards reducing pollutants in impaired waterbodies and attaining water quality standards. Discussion on each criterion is recorded in the space provided. Additional relevant criteria are presented in Comments. - Percent of concentration or load change (monitoring program)
- Categorical change in classification of the stream (delisting the stream is the goal) If monitoring results show that it is unlikely that the TMDL will be adequate to meet water quality standards, revision of the TMDL may be necessary. - Regulatory controls or activities installed (ordinances, laws)
- Best management practices installed (agricultural, forestry, urban)
COMMENTS
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
Prepared By: Sharon Caton Agency: Southeast Georgia RDC Address: 1725 South Georgia Parkway, West City: Waycross ST: GA E-mail:
[email protected] Date Submitted to EPD: 9/22/04
31503
The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the provisions of Section 106 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
Environmental Protection Division of the Department of Natural Resources, State of Georgia.
TOGETHER WE CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE!
Watershed: Suwannoochee Creek HUC10: #0311020103
Department Use Only: Implementation Plan Action Plans Education/Outreach Activities Stakeholders Pollutant Sources Identified Description of Management Measures Measurable Milestones and Schedule Potential Funding Sources Monitoring Plan Criteria To Determine Whether Substantial Progress Is Being Made Supporting Documents
Impaired Waterbodies 12 3 4
