Fragmented Authority from Ancien Régime to Modernity: A Quantitative Analysis Data Appendices 1-4 2 May 2009

Mark Dincecco Assistant Professor Department of Economics IMT Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies Piazza San Ponziano 6, Lucca 55100, Italy [email protected]

For additional details, see the text of “Fragmented Authority from Ancien Régime to Modernity: A Quantitative Analysis” (Forthcoming, Journal of Institutional Economics).

Appendix 1. Customs Zones For additional details, see the text. Part A. Internal Customs West of the Rhine England. See the text. France. See the text. Netherlands. I made use of the 12 present-day provinces to reconstruct customs divisions between the provinces of the Dutch Republic. For tractability, I abstracted away from local customs barriers within provinces themselves. The map of present-day Dutch provinces was from Sensen (2006) and the historical map of the Dutch Republic was from t’Hart, Joonker, and Van Zanden (1997). Note that the Dutch Republic also included the Generality Lands, assigned after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648: Drenthe. Present-day province of Drenthe; Friesland. Present-day province of Friesland; Gelderland. Present-day province of Gelderland; Generality Lands. Present-day provinces of North Brabant and Limburg; Groningen. Present-day province of Groningen; Holland. Present-day provinces of North Holland and South Holland; Overijssel. Present-day province of Overijssel; Utrecht. Present-day province of Utrecht; Zeeland. Present-day province of Zeeland. Spain. I approximated historical sub-polities in Spain by present-day provinces. The map of Spanish provinces with areas in square kilometers was from Martins (2006a). To determine Spanish customs zones, I used this map in conjunction with the map of historical sub-polities by Martins (2006b), which were then related to the historical literature on Spanish internal customs. The Balearic Islands including Mallorca (4,992 km) were included as part of the Catalonia sub-polity but the Canary Islands (7,492 sq km) and the islands of Ceuta (20 sq km) and Melilla (12 sq km) were excluded from the analysis because I was unable to determine the sub-polity with which they were associated: Aragon. Present-day provinces of Huesca, Zaragoza, Tereul; Basque Territories. Present-day provinces of Vizcaya, Guipuzcoa, Navarra, Alava; Castile. Present-day provinces of A Coruna, Lugo, Pontevedra, Ourense, Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, Leon, Palencia, Burgos, Zamora, Valladolid, Soria, Salamanca, Avila, Segovia, Madrid, Guadalajara, Toledo, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Albacete, Caceres, Badajoz, Murcia, Huelva, Sevilla, Cordoba, Jaen, Cadiz, Malaga, Granada, Almeria; Catalonia. Present-day provinces of Lleida, Barceloa, Girona, Tarragona, Mallorca; Valencia. Present-day provinces of Castellon de la Plana, Valencia, Alicante.

1

Part B. External Customs East of the Rhine German Territories. See the text. Italian Peninsula. There were many sovereign states on the Italian Peninsula in 1815: the Duchies of Modena, Parma, and Tuscany; the Kingdoms of Lombardo-Venetia, Sardinia-Piedmont, and the Two Sicilies; and the Papal States. A declaration for an Italian customs union was devised in 1847 but never put into practice. The Piedmont system of low domestic customs was implemented throughout Italy in 1859. Economic unification including customs between polities followed the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.1 I approximated historical states in Italy by present-day provinces. The map of present-day provinces with areas in square kilometers was from Martins (2006c) and the historical map of states was from Hearder (1983). To establish customs zones in 1815, I superimposed Hearder’s historical map on Martins’ presentday one: Duchy of Modena. Central one-third of present-day province of Emilia Romagna, Northern onethird of present-day province of Toscana; Duchy of Parma. Northern one-third of present-day province of Emilia Romagna; Duchy of Tuscany. Southern two-thirds of present-day province of Toscana; Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. Present-day provinces of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lombardia, Trentino Alto Adige, Veneto; Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. Present-day provinces of Liguria, Piemonte, Sardegna, Valle d’Aosta; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Present-day provinces of Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Puglia, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicilia; Papal States. Southern one-third of present-day province of Emilia Romagna, Present-day provinces of Lazio, Marche, Umbria.

1

This account is based Hearder (1983), Carpanetto and Ricuperati (1987), and Toniolo (1990). 2

Appendix 2. Sample Cities and Surrounding Internal Customs Zones West of the Rhine in Sq Km, 1700-1815 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Polity England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England

City Bath Birmingham Blackburn Bolton Bristol Cambridge Carlisle Chatham Chester Colchester Coventry Derby Exeter Greenwich Huddersfield Hull Ipswich King's Lynn Leeds Leicester Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle Norwich Nottingham Oldham Oxford Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Reading Salford Sheffield Shrewsbury Stockport

Province Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable

Customs Zone England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England England

3

1700 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201

1750 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201

1788 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201

1815 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201

No. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

Polity England England England England England England England England France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France

City Sunderland Warrington Wenlock Wigan Wolverhampton Worcester Yarmouth York Strasbourg Colmar Nancy Metz Avignon Saint Quentin Moulins Reims Troyes Bayeux Caen Falaise Lisieux Bourges Dijon Niort Chartres Tours Orleans Blois Angers Cherbourg Chalons sur Marne Laval Nevers Beauvais Alencon Angouleme Paris Chalons sure Saone

Province Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Bas Rhin Haut Rhin Meurthe et Moselle Moselle Vaucluse Aisne Allier Ardennes Aube Calvados Calvados Calvados Calvados Cher Cote d'Or Deux Sevres Eure et Loir Indre et Loire Loiret Lois et Chers Maine et Loire Manche Marne Mayenne Nivere Oise Orne Orne Paris Saone et Loire

Customs Zone England England England England England England England England Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 2 Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms

4

1700 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 37,056 37,056 37,056 37,056 3,567 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174

1750 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 37,056 37,056 37,056 37,056 3,567 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174

1788 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 37,056 37,056 37,056 37,056 3,567 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174

1815 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 151,201 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965

No. 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

Polity France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France

City Macon Le Mans Dieppe Le Havre Rouen Abbeville Amiens Poitiers Auxerre Versailles Aix en Provence Arles Marseille Toulon Carcassonne Nimes Toulouse Beziers Montpellier La Rochelle Rochefort Bordeaux Limoges Cahors Agen Clermont Ferrand Riom Bayonne Perpignan Albi Castres Montauban Le Puy Grenoble Saint Etienne Lyon Vienne Cambrai

Province Saone et Loire Sarthe Seine Maritime Seine Maritime Seine Maritime Somme Somme Vienne Yonne Yvelines Bouches du Rhone Bouches du Rhone Bouches du Rhone Bouches du Rhone Aude Gard Haute Garonne Herault Herault Charente Maritime Charente Maritime Gironde Haute Vienne Lot Lot et Garonne Puy de Dome Puy de Dome Pyrenees Atlantiques Pyrenees Orientales Tarn Tarn Tarn et Garonne Haute Loire Isere Loire Rhone Rhone Nord

Customs Zone Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 2

5

1700 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 23,534 23,534 23,534 23,534 48,724 48,724 48,724 48,724 48,724 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 22,187 22,187 22,187 22,187 22,187 12,413

1750 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 23,534 23,534 23,534 23,534 48,724 48,724 48,724 48,724 48,724 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 22,187 22,187 22,187 22,187 22,187 12,413

1788 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 208,174 23,534 23,534 23,534 23,534 48,724 48,724 48,724 48,724 48,724 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 81,346 22,187 22,187 22,187 22,187 22,187 12,413

1815 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965

No. 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

Polity France France France France France France France France France France Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain

City Douai Arras Boulogne Saint Omer Besancon Brest Lorient Rennes Saint Malo Nantes Leeuwarden Arnhem Nijmegen Maastricht S Hertogenbosch Groningen Amsterdam Haarlem Hoorn Zaandam Delft Den Haag Dordrecht Gouda Leiden Rotterdam Zwolle Utrecht Middelburg Zaragoza Bilbao Badajoz Cadiz Jerez de la Frontera Alcazar de San Juan Cordoba Lucena Santiago

Province Nord Pas de Calais Pas de Calais Pas de Calais Doubs Finistere Finistere Ille et Vilaine Ille et Vilaine Loire Atlantique Friesland Gelderland Gelderland Limburg North Brabant Groningen North Holland North Holland North Holland North Holland South Holland South Holland South Holland South Holland South Holland South Holland Overijssel Utrecht Zeeland Zaragoza Vizcaya Badajoz Cadiz Cadiz Ciudad Real Cordoba Cordoba Cordoba

Customs Zone Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 3 Reputedly Foreign 4 Reputedly Foreign 4 Reputedly Foreign 4 Reputedly Foreign 4 Reputedly Foreign 4 Friesland Gelderland Gelderland Generality Lands Generality Lands Groningen Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Overijssel Utrecht Zeeland Aragon Basque Country Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile

6

1700 12,413 12,413 12,413 12,413 16,202 34,024 34,024 34,024 34,024 34,024 3,349 4,975 4,975 7,072 7,072 2,336 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 3,327 1,386 1,788 47,720 17,553 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801

1750 12,413 12,413 12,413 12,413 16,202 34,024 34,024 34,024 34,024 34,024 3,349 4,975 4,975 7,072 7,072 2,336 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 3,327 1,386 1,788 480,881 17,553 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881

1788 12,413 12,413 12,413 12,413 16,202 34,024 34,024 34,024 34,024 34,024 3,349 4,975 4,975 7,072 7,072 2,336 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 5,488 3,327 1,386 1,788 480,881 17,553 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881

1815 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 543,965 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 33,873 480,881 17,553 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881

No. 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

Polity Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain

City Granada Aracena Alcala la Real Andujar Baeza Jaen Ubeda Madrid Antequera Malaga Ronda Cartagena Murcia Palencia Ecija Moron de la Frontera Osuna Sevilla Toledo Valladolid Barcelona Palma Alicante Orihuela Valencia

Province Granada Huelva Jaen Jaen Jaen Jaen Jaen Madrid Malaga Malaga Malaga Murcia Murcia Palencia Sevilla Sevilla Sevilla Sevilla Toledo Valladolid Barcelona Mallorca Alicante Alicante Valencia

Customs Zone Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Catalonia Catalonia Valencia Valencia Valencia

Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.

7

1700 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 372,801 37,105 37,105 23,255 23,255 23,255

1750 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881

1788 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881

1815 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881 480,881

Appendix 3. Sample Cities and Surrounding Internal Customs Zones West of the Rhine in 1000s of Urban Residents, 1700-1800 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Polity France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France

City Strasbourg Colmar Nancy Metz Avignon Saint Quentin Moulins Reims Troyes Bayeux Caen Falaise Lisieux Bourges Dijon Niort Chartres Tours Orleans Blois Angers Cherbourg Chalons sur Marne Laval Nevers Beauvais Alencon Angouleme Paris Chalons sure Saone Macon Le Mans Dieppe Le Havre

Province Bas Rhin Haut Rhin Meurthe et Moselle Moselle Vaucluse Aisne Allier Ardennes Aube Calvados Calvados Calvados Calvados Cher Cote d'Or Deux Sevres Eure et Loir Indre et Loire Loiret Lois et Chers Maine et Loire Manche Marne Mayenne Nivere Oise Orne Orne Paris Saone et Loire Saone et Loire Sarthe Seine Maritime Seine Maritime

Customs Zone Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 2 Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms

8

1700 30 7 15 22 23 UNK 11 25 21 7 27 9 UNK 15 22 UNK 12 30 30 11 27 4 11 10 UNK 12 12 UNK 510 UNK UNK 17 15 9

1750 40 UNK 22 29 22 UNK 11 30 18 8 35 UNK UNK 25 22 UNK 10 22 37 11 23 5 15 10 UNK 12 12 UNK 576 UNK UNK 16 18 14

1800 48 13 29 39 21 10 13 31 21 10 34 10 11 18 22 14 12 23 43 11 25 14 11 12 11 13 13 14 581 11 10 18 17 19

No. 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Polity France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France

City Rouen Abbeville Amiens Poitiers Auxerre Versailles Aix en Provence Arles Marseille Toulon Carcassonne Nimes Toulouse Beziers Montpellier La Rochelle Rochefort Bordeaux Limoges Cahors Agen Clermont Ferrand Riom Bayonne Perpignan Albi Castres Montauban Le Puy Grenoble Saint Etienne Lyon Vienne Cambrai Douai Arras

Province Seine Maritime Somme Somme Vienne Yonne Yvelines Bouches du Rhone Bouches du Rhone Bouches du Rhone Bouches du Rhone Aude Gard Haute Garonne Herault Herault Charente Maritime Charente Maritime Gironde Haute Vienne Lot Lot et Garonne Puy de Dome Puy de Dome Pyrenees Atlantiques Pyrenees Orientales Tarn Tarn Tarn et Garonne Haute Loire Isere Loire Rhone Rhone Nord Nord Pas de Calais

Customs Zone Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Five Great Farms Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 2

9

1700 64 15 30 18 UNK 25 28 20 75 25 11 19 38 12 25 14 10 50 12 UNK 10 12 UNK UNK UNK 10 9 18 10 20 UNK 97 7 12 13 15

1750 67 15 33 18 UNK 30 25 23 68 26 12 30 45 13 35 16 UNK 67 18 UNK 10 24 UNK UNK UNK 8 9 16 10 24 UNK 114 UNK 12 21 17

1800 81 18 36 20 12 27 19 20 78 32 14 40 45 14 31 18 15 88 16 10 10 30 13 12 13 10 13 19 12 23 18 100 10 14 18 19

No. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

Polity France France France France France France France France

City Boulogne Saint Omer Besancon Brest Lorient Rennes Saint Malo Nantes

Province Pas de Calais Pas de Calais Doubs Finistere Finistere Ille et Vilaine Ille et Vilaine Loire Atlantique

Total Urban Populations within Customs Zones (in 1,000s)

*UNK = Unknown Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.

10

Customs Zone Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 3 Reputedly Foreign 4 Reputedly Foreign 4 Reputedly Foreign 4 Reputedly Foreign 4 Reputedly Foreign 4 Total Urban Population (in 1000s)

1700 UNK 15 17 7 UNK 30 25 42 1,804

1750 UNK UNK 21 20 UNK 30 15 57 1,992

1800 12 20 24 22 15 28 17 74 2,382

1700 74 23 999 148 105 145 134 55 17 104

1750 91 22 1,093 142 135 168 148 50 21 122

1800

Effectively Foreign 1 Effectively Foreign 2 Five Great Farms Reputedly Foreign 1A Reputedly Foreign 1B Reputedly Foreign 1C Reputedly Foreign 1D Reputedly Foreign 2 Reputedly Foreign 3 Reputedly Foreign 4

2,382

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Polity Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands

City Leeuwarden Arnhem Nijmegen Maastricht S Hertogenbosch Groningen Amsterdam Haarlem Hoorn Zaandam Delft Den Haag Dordrecht Gouda Leiden Rotterdam Zwolle Utrecht Middelburg

Province Friesland Gelderland Gelderland Limburg North Brabant Groningen North Holland North Holland North Holland North Holland South Holland South Holland South Holland South Holland South Holland South Holland Overijssel Utrecht Zeeland

Total Urban Populations within Customs Zones (in 1,000s)

Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.

11

Customs Zone Friesland Gelderland Gelderland Generality Lands Generality Lands Groningen Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Overijssel Utrecht Zeeland Total Urban Population (in 1000s)

1700 15 6 11 26 13 20 200 33 13 26 18 33 22 15 55 48 10 30 25 619

1750 14 6 11 18 14 21 210 27 10 28 15 38 16 15 38 44 12 25 24 586

1800 16 10 13 18 13 24 217 21 10 25 17 38 18 12 31 57 12 32 20 604

1700 15 17 39 20 463 10 30 25

1750 14 17 32 21 441 12 25 24

1800

Friesland Gelderland Generality Lands Groningen Holland Overijssel Utrecht Zeeland

604

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Polity Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain

City Zaragoza Bilbao Badajoz Cadiz Jerez de la Frontera Alcazar de San Juan Cordoba Lucena Santiago Granada Aracena Alcala la Real Andujar Baeza Jaen Ubeda Madrid Antequera Malaga Ronda Cartagena Murcia Palencia Ecija Moron de la Frontera Osuna Sevilla Toledo Valladolid Barcelona Palma Alicante Orihuela Valencia

Province Zaragoza Vizcaya Badajoz Cadiz Cadiz Ciudad Real Cordoba Cordoba Cordoba Granada Huelva Jaen Jaen Jaen Jaen Jaen Madrid Malaga Malaga Malaga Murcia Murcia Palencia Sevilla Sevilla Sevilla Sevilla Toledo Valladolid Barcelona Mallorca Alicante Alicante Valencia

Customs Zone Aragon Basque Country Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Castile Catalonia Catalonia Valencia Valencia Valencia Total Urban Population (in 1000s)

12

1700 30 6 UNK 23 13 UNK 28 UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK 7 20 10 110 UNK 30 UNK 12 25 4 10 UNK UNK 96 20 18 43 UNK UNK UNK 50 555

1750 UNK 7 UNK 60 UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK 22 UNK 109 UNK 32 UNK UNK 32 UNK UNK UNK UNK 66 UNK 19 50 UNK UNK UNK UNK 397

1800 40 11 10 70 35 10 40 18 25 55 10 12 10 10 28 14 167 15 36 15 33 40 10 28 11 14 96 25 21 115 29 13 19 80 1,165

Aragon Castile Catalonia Valencia Basque Country

Total Urban Populations within Customs Zones (in 1,000s)

*UNK = Unknown Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.

13

1700 30 426 43 50 6

1750

1800

390

1,154

7

11

Appendix 4. Sample Cities and Surrounding External Customs Zones East of the Rhine in Sq Km, 1815-1871 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Territory German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German German

City Braunschweig Flensburg Bremen Frankfurt A M Altona Hamburg Lubeck Mannheim Rostock Kassel Hanau Mainz Ansbach Augsburg Bamberg Furth Munich Nuremberg Regensburg Wurzburg Emden Hanover Hildesheim Luneburg Berlin Brandenburg Potsdam Aachen Barmen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf Elberfeld Munster

State or Province Niedersachsen Schleswig-Holstein Bremen Hessen Hamburg Hamburg Schleswig-Holstein Baden-Wurttemberg Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Hessen Hessen Rheinland-Pfalz Bayern Bayern Bayern Bayern Bayern Bayern Bayern Bayern Niedersachsen Niedersachsen Niedersachsen Niedersachsen Berlin Brandenburg Brandenburg Nordrhein-Westfalen Nordrhein-Westfalen Nordrhein-Westfalen Nordrhein-Westfalen Nordrhein-Westfalen Nordrhein-Westfalen Nordrhein-Westfalen

Affiliated Sovereign State in 1815 Duchy of Brunswick Duchy of Schleswig Free City of Bremen Free city of Frankfurt A M Free City of Hamburg Free City of Hamburg Free City of Lubeck Grand Duchy of Baden Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Hesse-Cassel (Electoral Hesse) Hesse-Darmstadt (Grand Duchy of Hesse) Hesse-Darmstadt (Grand Duchy of Hesse) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia

14

1815 4,761 7,727 404 422 755 755 315 17,876 11,590 10,346 12,332 12,332 70,548 70,548 70,548 70,548 70,548 70,548 70,548 70,548 33,330 33,330 33,330 33,330 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771

1850 47,624 15,769 404 422 755 755 315 35,752 11,590 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 47,624 47,624 47,624 47,624 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451

1871 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022

No. 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Territory German German German German German German German German German German German German Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian

City Halberstadt Halle Magdeburg Quedlinburg Erfurt Bautzen Dresden KarlMarxStadt Leipzig Stuttgart Ulm Gotha Modena Reggio Parma Piacenza Firenze Livorno Lucca Pisa Siena Trieste Udine Bergamo Brescia Como Cremona Lodi Mantua Milano Monza Pavia Vigevano Chioggia Padova Treviso

State or Province Sachsen-Anhalt Sachsen-Anhalt Sachsen-Anhalt Sachsen-Anhalt Thuringen Sachsen Sachsen Sachsen Sachsen Baden-Wurttemberg Baden-Wurttemberg Thuringen Emilia Romagna Emilia Romagna Emilia Romagna Emilia Romagna Toscana Toscana Toscana Toscana Toscana Friuli Venezia Giulia Friuli Venezia Giulia Lombardia Lombardia Lombardia Lombardia Lombardia Lombardia Lombardia Lombardia Lombardia Lombardia Veneto Veneto Veneto

Affiliated Sovereign State in 1815 Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Wurttemberg Kingdom of Wurttemberg Thuringen States Duchy of Modena Duchy of Modena Duchy of Parma Duchy of Parma Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Tuscany Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

15

1815 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771 99,771 18,413 18,413 18,413 18,413 17,876 17,876 9,703 14,888 14,888 7,301 7,301 15,331 15,331 15,331 15,331 15,331 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715

1850 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 250,451 14,888 14,888 7,301 7,301 15,331 15,331 15,331 15,331 15,331 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715 63,715

1871 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 357,022 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338

No. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Territory Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian

City Venezia Verona Vicenza Genoa Alessandria Asti Cuneo Fossano Mondovi Novara Savigliano Torino Vercelli Sassari Reggio di Calabria Napoli Altamura Bari Foggia Lecce Monopoli Taranto Acireale Caltagirone Caltanisseta Castelvetrano Castrogiovanni Catania Girgenti Marsala Mascali Mazzarino Messina Modica/Pozzallo Noto Palermo

State or Province Veneto Veneto Veneto Liguria Piemonte Piemonte Piemonte Piemonte Piemonte Piemonte Piemonte Piemonte Piemonte Sardegna Calabria Campania Puglia Puglia Puglia Puglia Puglia Puglia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia

Affiliated Sovereign State in 1815 Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

16

1815 63,715 63,715 63,715 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973

1850 63,715 63,715 63,715 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 58,173 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973

1871 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338

No. 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117

Territory Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian

City Piazza/Enna Ragusa Siracusa Termini Trapani Bologna Ferrara Roma Viterbo Ancona Perugia

State or Province Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Sicilia Emilia Romagna Emilia Romagna Lazio Lazio Marche Umbria

Affiliated Sovereign State in 1815 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Papal States Papal States Papal States Papal States Papal States Papal States

Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.

17

1815 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 42,732 42,732 42,732 42,732 42,732 42,732

1850 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 98,973 42,732 42,732 42,732 42,732 42,732 42,732

1871 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338 301,338

References Carpanetto, D. and G. Ricuperati (1987), Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685-1789, London: Longman. Hearder, H. (1983), Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790-1870, London: Longman. Martins, A. (2006a), ‘Clickable map of Spanish provinces’, Flags of the World, http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es(prov.html. Martins, A. (2006b), ‘Clickable map of Spain’, Flags of the World, http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es(.html. Martins, A. (2006c), ‘Clickable map of Italy’, Flags of the World, http://flagspot.net/flags/it(.html. Sensen, M. (2006), ‘Clickable map of the Netherlands’, Flags of the World, http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/nl(.html. t’Hart, M., J. Jonker, and J.L. Van Zanden (1997), A Financial History of the Netherlands, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Toniolo, G. (1990), An Economic History of Liberal Italy, 1850-1918, London: Routledge.

18