Chemistry data booklet First assessment 2016 Edited in 2014 (version 2)
Diploma Programme Chemistry data booklet
Published June 2014 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org ยฉ International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the IB, or as expressly permitted by law or by the IBโs own rules and policy. See http://www.ibo.org/copyright. IB merchandise and publications can be purchased through the IB store at http://store.ibo.org. Email:
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4073
Contents
1. Some relevant equations......................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Physical constants and unit conversions ......................................................................................................................... 2 3. The electromagnetic spectrum............................................................................................................................................. 3 4. Fundamental particles ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
5. Names of the elements ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 6. The periodic table ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6 7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa) .................................................................. 7 8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements ........................................... 8 9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements ............................................................................................................................. 9
10. Covalent bond lengths ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K ..................................................................................... 11
12. Selected compoundsโthermodynamic data ........................................................................................................... 12 13. Enthalpies of combustion ................................................................................................................................................. 13 14. Common oxidation numbers of the 3d ions .............................................................................................................. 14 15. Spectrochemical series ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
16. Ligands ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 17. Colour wheel ........................................................................................................................................................................... 15 18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values) ................................................................................................ 16 19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions .................................................................................................................................... 17 20. Enthalpies of hydration ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 21. Strengths of organic acids and bases ........................................................................................................................... 19
22. Acid-base indicators ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 23. Values of ionization constant .......................................................................................................................................... 22 24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K ...................................................................................................................... 23
25. Activity series ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24 26. Infrared data ........................................................................................................................................................................... 25
27. 1H NMR data .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26 28. Mass spectral fragments lost ........................................................................................................................................... 27 29. Triangular bonding diagram ........................................................................................................................................... 28 30. Resin identification codes ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Chemistry data booklet
31. Representations of some materials molecules ........................................................................................................ 29
32. Solubility product constants at 298 K ......................................................................................................................... 30
33. 2-amino acids ......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide components............................................................................................... 33 35. Vitamins and pigments ...................................................................................................................................................... 35 36. Binding energy curve .......................................................................................................................................................... 37 37. Representations of some medicinal molecules ....................................................................................................... 38 38. References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Notes
This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the periodic table given in section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (SLP2, HLP2, SLP3 and HLP3).
Chemistry data booklet
1. Some relevant equations Topic
Equation
1.3
๐๐๐๐ = ๐๐๐๐๐๐
5.1
๐๐ = ๐๐๐๐โ๐๐
2.2 and C.4
8.3 12.1 15.2 16.2
๐๐ = ๐ฃ๐ฃ๐ฃ๐ฃ
๐๐๐๐ = โ log10 [H3 O+ ] or
๐๐๐๐ = โlog10 [H + ] ๐ธ๐ธ = โ๐ฃ๐ฃ
โ๐บ๐บ แด = โ๐ป๐ป แด โ ๐๐โ๐๐ แด โ๐ธ๐ธ๐๐
๐๐ = ๐ด๐ด๐๐ ๐
๐
๐
๐
16.2 16.2 17.1 19.1 A.5 A.8 B.7 B.7
Chemistry data booklet
ln ๐๐ = ln
โ๐ธ๐ธ๐๐ + ln ๐ด๐ด ๐
๐
๐
๐
๐๐1 ๐ธ๐ธ๐๐ 1 1 = ๏ฟฝ โ ๏ฟฝ ๐๐2 ๐
๐
๐๐2 ๐๐1
โ๐บ๐บ แด = โ๐
๐
๐
๐
ln ๐พ๐พ
% atom economy =
โ๐บ๐บ แด = โ๐๐๐๐๐๐ แด
molar mass of desired product ร 100 molar mass of all reactants ๐๐๐๐ = 2๐๐sin๐๐
๐๐๐๐ = ๐๐๐พ๐พ๐๐ + log ๏ฟฝ log10
[๐ด๐ดโ ] ๏ฟฝ [๐ป๐ป๐ป๐ป]
๐ผ๐ผ0 = ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐ผ
1
Topic
Equation
C.1
Energy density =
C.1
Speci๏ฟฝic energy =
C.3
energy released from fuel mass of fuel consumed
๐๐ = ๐๐0 ๐๐ โ๐๐๐๐
C.3 and D.8 C.6
energy released from fuel volume of fuel consumed
๐ก๐ก1 = 2
ln 2 ๐๐
๐ธ๐ธ = ๐ธ๐ธ 0 โ ๏ฟฝ
C.7 D.8
๐
๐
๐
๐
๏ฟฝ ln ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
Rate1 ๐๐2 =๏ฟฝ Rate2 ๐๐1 ๐ก๐ก
๐๐๐ก๐ก = ๐๐0 (0.5) ๏ฟฝ๐๐
2. Physical constants and unit conversions Avogadroโs constant (๐ฟ๐ฟ or ๐๐๐ด๐ด ) = 6.02 ร 1023 molโ1
Gas constant (๐
๐
) = 8.31 J K โ1 molโ1
Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 2.27 ร 10โ2 m3 molโ1 = 22.7 dm3 molโ1
1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1 ร 10โ3 m3 = 1 ร 103 cm3 STP conditions = 273 K and 100 kPa
SATP conditions = 298 K and 100 kPa Speed of light = 3.00 ร 108 ms โ1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg โ1 K โ1 = 4.18 J g โ1 K โ1
Planckโs constant (โ) = 6.63 ร 10โ34 J s
Faradayโs constant (๐น๐น) = 9.65 ร 104 C molโ1
Ionic product constant for water (๐พ๐พw ) = 1.00 ร 10โ14 mol2 dmโ6 at 298 K
1 amu = 1.66 ร 10โ27 kg
2
Chemistry data booklet
3. The electromagnetic spectrum energy
โ16 โ14 โ10 โ8 โ12 10 10โ14 10 10โ12 10 10โ10 10 10โ8 10โ16 10
ฮณ rays
X-rays
UV
โ6 10 10โ6
IR
โ4 10 10โ4
โ2 10 10โ2
2 10 102
0 10 100
microwaves
4 10 104
6 10 106
radio waves
108
wavelength / nm 108
V I B G Y O R
700
400
wavelength / nm
4. Fundamental particles Mass (kg)
Charge (C)
Chemistry data booklet
Proton
Neutron
Electron
1.602189 ร 10โ19
0
โ1.602189 ร 10โ19
1.672622 ร 10โ27
1.674927 ร 10โ27
9.109383 ร 10โ31
3
4
5. Names of the elements Element
Chemistry data booklet
actinium aluminium americium antimony argon arsenic astatine barium berkelium beryllium bismuth bohrium boron bromine cadmium caesium calcium californium carbon cerium chlorine chromium cobalt copernicium copper curium darmstadtium dubnium
Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Cs Ca Cf C Ce Cl Cr Co Cn Cu Cm Ds Db
Atomic number 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 55 20 98 6 58 17 24 27 112 29 96 110 105
Element
dysprosium einsteinium erbium europium fermium fluorine francium gadolinium gallium germanium gold hafnium hassium helium holmium hydrogen indium iodine iridium iron krypton lanthanum lawrencium lead lithium lutetium magnesium manganese
Symbol Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn
Atomic number 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25
Chemistry data booklet
Element
meitnerium mendelevium mercury molybdenum neodymium neon neptunium nickel niobium nitrogen nobelium osmium oxygen palladium phosphorus platinum plutonium polonium potassium praseodymium promethium protactinium radium radon rhenium rhodium roentgenium rubidium
Symbol Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb
Atomic number 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37
Element
ruthenium rutherfordium samarium scandium seaborgium selenium silicon silver sodium strontium sulfur tantalum technetium tellurium terbium thallium thorium thulium tin titanium tungsten uranium vanadium xenon ytterbium yttrium zinc zirconium
Symbol Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr
Atomic number 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40
5
6
6. The periodic table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
1.01 3
4
1
H
Li
6.94 11
Na
Mg
Rb
Sr
85.47 55
Cs
132.91 87
Fr
(223)
5
6
7
Ca
40.08 38 87.62 56
Ba
137.33 88
Ra
(226)
8
Atomic number
9
10
11
12
Element
Be
24.31 20
39.10 37
4
21
Sc
44.96 39
Y
88.91 57 โ
La
22
Ti
47.87 40
Zr
91.22 72
Hf
Chemistry data booklet
138.91 89 โก
178.49 104
โ
Ce
Ac
(227)
โก
Rf
(267) 58
140.12 90
Th
232.04
23
V
50.94 41
Nb
92.91 73
Ta
180.95 105
Db
(268) 59
Pr
140.91 91
Pa
231.04
24
Cr
52.00 42
Mo
95.96 74
W
183.84 106
Sg
(269) 60
Nd
144.24 92
U
238.03
25
Mn
54.94 43
Tc
(98) 75
Re
186.21 107
Bh
(270) 61
Pm
(145) 93
Np
(237)
26
Fe
27
Co
58.93
101.07 76
102.91 77
Os
190.23 108
Hs
(269) 62
Sm
150.36 94
Pu
(244)
14
15
16
17
5
6
7
8
9
10.81 13
55.85
44 Ru
13
B
Relative atomic mass
9.01 12
22.99 19
K
3
45 Rh Ir
192.22 109
Mt
(278) 63
Eu
151.96 95
Am
(243)
28
Ni
58.69 46
Pd
106.42 78
Pt
195.08 110
Ds
(281) 64
Gd
157.25 96
Cm
(247)
29
Cu
63.55 47
Ag
107.87 79
Au
196.97 111
Rg
(281) 65
Tb
158.93 97
Bk
(247)
30
Zn
65.38 48
Cd
112.41 80
Hg
200.59 112
Cn
(285) 66
Dy
162.50 98
Cf
(251)
Al
26.98 31
Ga
69.72 49
In
114.82 81
Tl
204.38 113
Uut
(286) 67
Ho
164.93 99
Es
(252)
C
N
12.01
14.01
28.09 32
30.97 33
14 Si Ge
72.63 50
Sn
118.71 82
Pb
207.20 114
Uuq
(289) 68
Er
167.26 100
Fm
(257)
15 P As
74.92 51
Sb
121.76 83
Bi
208.98 115
Uup
(288) 69
Tm
168.93 101
Md
(258)
O
16.00 16
S
32.07 34
Se
78.96 52
Te
127.60 84
Po
(209) 116
Uuh
(293) 70
Yb
173.05 102
No
(259)
F
19.00 17
Cl
35.45 35
Br
79.90 53
I
126.90 85
At
(210) 117
Uus
(294) 71
Lu
174.97 103
Lr
(262)
18 2
He
4.00 10
Ne
20.18 18
Ar
39.95 36
Kr
83.90 54
Xe
131.29 86
Rn
(222) 118
Uuo
(294)
Chemistry data booklet
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa) โ259.2
H
โ252.9 180.5
Li
Melting point (ยฐC) 1287
Be
1342 97.79
2468 650.0
K
Ca
Na
882.9 63.38
Element
Mg
2077
B
Boiling point (ยฐC)
4000 660.3
1090 842.0
1541
1670
1910
1907
1246
1538
1495
1455
1085
39.30
768.8
1522
1854
2477
2622
2157
2333
1963
1555
961.8
28.44
725.0
1768
1064
758.8
Rb
687.8
Cs
670.8 27.00
Fr
676.8
1484
Sr
1377
Ba
1845 699.8
Ra
1140
Sc
2836
Y
3345
920.0
La
3464 1050
Ac
3200
Ti
3287
Zr
4406 2233
Hf
4600
V
3407
Nb
4741 3017
Ta
5455
Cr
2671
Mo
4639 3414
W
5555
Mn
2061
Tc
4262 3453
Re
5900
Fe
2861
Ru
4147 3033
Os
5008
Co
2927
Rh
3695 2446
Ir
4428
Ni
2913
Pd
2963
Pt
3825
Cu
2560
Ag
2162
Au
2836
Al
3500
C
4827 1414
Si
419.5
2519 29.77
3265 938.2
321.1
156.6
231.9
โ38.83
303.8
327.5
Zn
907.0
Cd
766.8
Hg
356.6
Ga
2229
In
2027
Tl
1473
Ge
2833
Sn
2586
Pb
1749
โ210.0
N
โ195.8 44.15
P
280.5 816.8
As
613.0
630.6
Sb
1587
271.4
Bi
1564
โ218.8
O
โ183.0 115.2
S
444.6 220.8
Se
684.8
449.5
Te
987.8
253.8
Po
962.0
โ219.7
F
โ188.1 โ101.5
Cl
โ34.04 โ7.050
Br
58.78
113.7
I
184.4 301.8
At
336.8
He
โ268.9 โ248.6
Ne
โ246.0 โ189.3
Ar
โ185.8 โ157.4
Kr
โ153.4 โ111.8
Xe
โ108.1 โ71.15
Rn
โ61.85
7
8
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements 131
H
โ73
2.2
520
โ60
Li
1.0
496
โ53
Na 0.9
419
K
โ48
0.8
403
โ47
Rb 0.8
376
โ46
Cs
0.8
393
โ47
Fr
0.7
900
738
First ionization energy (kJ molโ1)
Be
1.3
590
Ca
1.0
549
Sr
โ2
โ5
1.0
503
โ14
Ba
0.9
509
โ10
Ra
0.9
801
Element
Electronegativity
1.6
Mg
Electron affinity (kJ molโ1) (2nd EA / kJ molโ1)
633
โ18
Sc
1.4
600
Y
โ30
1.2
538
โ45
La
1.1
499
โ34
Ac
1.1
659
Ti
โ8
1.5
640
โ41
Zr
1.3
659
Hf
1.3
โ1
651
V
โ51
1.6
652
โ88
Nb 1.6
728
โ31
Ta
1.5
653
โ64
Cr
1.7
684
โ72
Mo 2.2
759
โ79
W
1.7
717
Mn 1.6
702
โ53
Tc
2.1
756
โ14
Re 1.9
B
โ27
2.0
578
762
โ15
Fe
1.8
710
โ101
Ru 2.2
814
โ106
Os
2.2
760
โ64
Co
1.9
720
โ110
Rh 2.3
865
โ151
Ir
2.2
737
โ112
Ni
1.9
804
โ54
Pd 2.2
864
โ205
Pt
2.2
745
โ119
Cu 1.9
731
โ126
Ag 1.9
890
โ223
Au 2.4
906
868
Zn
1.6
Cd 1.7
1007
Hg 1.9
โ42
Al
1.6
579
โ41
Ga
1.8
558
โ29
In
1.8
589
โ36
Tl
1.8
1086 โ122
C
2.6
787
โ134
Si
1.9
762
โ119
Ge
2.0
709
โ107
Sn
2.0
716
โ35
Pb 1.8
1402
N
3.0
1012
P
โ72
2.2
944
โ78
As
2.2
831
โ101
Sb
2.0
703
โ91
Bi
1.9
2372
He
1314 โ141 (+753)
1681 โ328
2081
3.4
1000 โ200 (+545)
4.0
1251 โ349
1520
2.6
3.2
1140 โ325
1351
2.6
3.0
1008 โ295
1170
2.1
2.7
2.0
2.2
O
941
869
S
โ195
Se
โ190
Te
812
โ183
Po
F
Cl
Br I
โ270
At
Ne Ar
Kr
Xe
2.6
1037
Rn
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements 32
H
130
Li
Atomic radius (10โ12 m)
Na
Mg
140
102 (1+)
72 (2+)
K
138 (1+)
Ca
100 (2+)
75 (3+)
Rb
152 (1+)
Sr
118 (2+)
Y
90 (3+)
Cs
167 (1+)
Ba
135 (2+)
La
103 (3+)
Fr
Ra
Ac
200 215 238 242
174 190 206 211
84
Ionic radius (10โ12 m)
Be
45 (2+)
160
Element
99
76 (1+)
37
159
Sc
148
Ti
176
86 (2+) 61 (4+) 164
194
164
201
Zr
72 (4+)
Hf
71 (4+)
144
V
79 (2+) 54 (5+) 156
Nb
72 (3+) 64 (5+) 158
Ta
64 (5+)
130
Cr
129
Mn
62 (3+) 44 (6+) 146
83 (2+) 53 (4+) 138
150
141
Mo
65 (4+)
W
66 (4+) 60(6+)
Tc
65(4+)
Re
63(4+) 53(7+)
124
Fe
B
Co
117
Ni
122
Cu
120
Zn
16 (4+)
146 (3โ)
140 (2โ)
133 (1โ)
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
196 (1โ)
Sb
76 (3+) 150
Te
221 (2โ)
220(1โ)
Bi
142
I
Po
At
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
80(2+) 63(4+)
62(3+)
130
Cd
132
In
137 (1+)
85 (3+)
119 (1+) 102 (2+)
146
198 (2โ)
Br
Os
68(+3) 63 (+4)
148
58 (3+) 46 (5+) 140
Se
80(3+)
63 (4+) 55(6+)
136
As
95 (2+)
86(2+) 62(4+) 130
136
Ge
115 (1+)
67 (+3) 60 (+4) 132
116
Ga
Pd
68(3+) 62 (4+) 136
117
181 (1โ)
74 (2+) 140
101
184 (2โ)
123 142
120
53 (4+) 272(4โ) 140
Sn
144
118(2+) 69 (4+) 145
89 (3)
78 (4+)
150 (1+)
Pb
119 (2+)
120
103 (3+)
76(5+)
118 137
97(4+)
62
Ne
100
38 (5+)
77 (1+) 73 (2+) 136
Ag
104
40 (4+)
69 (2+) 130
109
F
54 (3+)
65(+2) 55 (+3) 134
Rh
60
27 (3+)
114
O
64
N
61 (2+) 55 (3+) 136
Ru
71
C
124
118
75
He
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
9
10. Covalent bond lengths Single bonds (๐๐๐๐โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฆ๐ฆ = ๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฉ) Br
C
Cl
H
I
N
O
147
143
136
142
Br
228
194
214
176
141
247
214
Cl
214
177
199
163
128
232
197
C F
H I
N O
194 176 141 247 214
P
220
Si
216
S
227
154 138 108 214 147 143 184 182 185
177 163 128
138 142 92
108 92 74
232
257
160
170
142
97
197 203 199 202
Multiple bonds (๐๐๐๐โ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฆ๐ฆ = ๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฉ)
136
101
214 257 160 267
154
142
247
156
148
243
158
134
101 146 136 175 174
170 97
136
P
227
216
203
199
202
184 154 142 247 154
161
210
163
221
182 158 134 175 161 210 205 215
CโกN 116
NโกN 110
C C 140 (in benzene)
C=S 156
O=O 121
C=N 130
C=O 122
N=N 125
Si
220
148 154
S
C=C 134 CโกC 120
10
F
185 156 148 243 174 163 215 232
N=O 114
S=S 189
Chemistry data booklet
11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K Single bonds (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ ) Br
C
Cl
F
H
I
N
228
286
280
278
Br
193
285
219
249
366
178
Cl
219
324
242
255
431
211
C F
H I
N
285 249 366 178
O
201
S
218
P
Si
264 330
346 492 414 228 286 358 264 289 307
324 255 431 211 192 206 322 271 400
Multiple bonds (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
492 159 567 280 278 191 490 327 597
414 567 436 298 391 463 322 364 323
298 151 201 184 234
192 391 158 214
O
P
S
201
264
218
330
206
322
271
400
358 191 463 201 214 144 363 466
264 490 322 184
289 327 364
363 198
266 293
CโกN 890
NโกN 945
C C 507 (in benzene)
C=S 536
O=O 498
C=N 615
Chemistry data booklet
C=O 804
N=N 470
307 597 323 234 466
C=C 614 CโกC 839
Si
293 226
N=O 587
S=S 429
11
12. Selected compoundsโthermodynamic data Substance
methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane ethene propene but-1-ene cis-but-2-ene trans-but-2-ene ethyne propyne buta-1,3-diene cyclohexane benzene methylbenzene ethylbenzene phenylethene chloromethane dichloromethane trichloromethane bromomethane iodomethane chloroethane bromoethane chlorobenzene methanol ethanol phenol methanal ethanal propanone methanoic acid ethanoic acid benzoic acid methylamine water steam carbon monoxide carbon dioxide hydrogen bromide hydrogen chloride hydrogen fluoride hydrogen iodide
12
Formula
CH4 C2 H6 C3 H8 C4 H10 C5 H12 C6 H14 C2 H4 C3 H6 C4 H8 C4 H8 C4 H8 C2 H2 C3 H4 C4 H6 C6 H12 C6 H6 C6 H5 CH3 C6 H5 CH2 CH3 C6 H5 CHCH2 CH3 Cl CH2 Cl2 CHCl3 CH3 Br CH3 I C2 H5 Cl C2 H5 Br C6 H5 Cl CH3 OH C2 H5 OH C6 H5 OH HCHO CH3 CHO (CH3 )2 CO HCOOH CH3 COOH C6 H5 COOH CH3 NH2 H2 O H2 O CO CO2 HBr HCl HF HI
State g g g g l l g g g g g g g g l l l l l g l l g l g l l l l s g g l l l s g l g g g g g g g
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐๐ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ ) โ74.0 โ84.0 โ105 โ126 โ173 โ199 +52.0 +20.0 +0.10 โ7.0 โ11.0 +228 +185 +110 โ156 +49.0 +12.0 โ12.0 +104 โ82.0 โ124 โ134 โ36.0 โ14.0 โ137 โ90.0 +11.0 โ239 โ278 โ165 โ109 โ166 โ248 โ425 โ484 โ385 โ23 โ285.8 โ241.8 โ110.5 โ393.5 โ36.3 โ92.3 โ273.3 +26.5
โ๐ฎ๐ฎแด๐๐ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
๐บ๐บแด (๐๐ ๐๐ โ๐๐ ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
+68.0 +62.0 +71.0 +66.0 +63.0 +211 +194 +151
+220 +267 +306 +301 +297 +201 +248 +279
โ58.0
+235 +178 +202 +246 +163
โ50.0 โ32.0 โ24.0 โ17.0
+125
โ74.0 โ26.0 โ53.0 โ26.0 โ167 โ175 โ102 โ133 โ361 โ390
+32.0 โ237.1 โ228.6 โ137.2 โ394.4 โ53.4 โ95.3 โ275.4 +1.7
+186 +230 +270 +310
+173
+199
+127 +161 +144 +219 +264 +200 +129 +160 +168 +243 +70.0 +188.8 +197.7 +213.8 +198.7 +186.9 +173.8 +206.6
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
13. Enthalpies of combustion
The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion(โ๐ป๐ป๐๐แด ) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 1.00 ร 105 Pa . Substance
hydrogen sulfur carbon (graphite) carbon monoxide methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane octane cyclohexane ethene buta-1,3-diene ethyne benzene methylbenzene naphthalene chloroethane iodoethane trichloromethane methanol ethanol
Formula
H2 S C CO CH4 C2 H6 C3 H8 C4 H10 C5 H12 C6 H14 C8 H18 C6 H12 C2 H4 C4 H6 C2 H2 C6 H6 C6 H5 CH3 C10 H8 C2 H5 Cl C2 H5 I CHCl3 CH3 OH C2 H5 OH
State g s s g g g g g l l l l g g g l l s g l l l l
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐๐ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ ) โ286 โ297 โ394 โ283 โ891 โ1561 โ2219 โ2878 โ3509 โ4163 โ5470 โ3920 โ1411 โ2541 โ1301 โ3268 โ3910 โ5156 โ1413 โ1463 โ473 โ726 โ1367
Substance
propan-1-ol butan-1-ol cyclohexanol phenol ethoxyethane methanal ethanal benzaldehyde propanone pentan-3-one phenylethanone methanoic acid ethanoic acid benzoic acid ethanedioic acid ethyl ethanoate ethanamide methylamine phenylamine nitrobenzene urea glucose sucrose
Formula
C3 H7 OH C4 H9 OH C6 H11 OH C6 H5 OH (C2 H5 )2 O HCHO CH3 CHO C6 H5 CHO (CH3 )2 CO (C2 H5 )2 CO CH3 COC6 H5 HCOOH CH3 COOH C6 H5 COOH (COOH)2 CH3 COOC2 H5 CH3 CONH2 CH3 NH2 C6 H5 NH2 C6 H5 NO2 CO(NH2 )2 C6 H12 O6 C12 H22 O11
State l l s s l g g l l l l l l s s l s g l l s s s
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐๐ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ ) โ2021 โ2676 โ3728 โ3053 โ2724 โ571 โ1167 โ3525 โ1790 โ3100 โ4149 โ255 โ874 โ3228 โ243 โ2238 โ1186 โ1086 โ3393 โ3088 โ633 โ2803 โ5640
13
14. Common oxidation numbers of the 3d ions Sc
+3
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+4
+4
+3
+3 +5
+3
+6
+3 +4
+3
+3
Cu
Zn
+2
+2
+1
+6 +7
15. Spectrochemical series
Ligands can be arranged in a spectrochemical series according to the energy difference they produce between the two sets of d-orbitals in an octahedral complex. I โ < Br โ < S2โ < Clโ < F โ < OHโ < H2 O < SCNโ < NH3 < CNโ โ CO
14
Chemistry data booklet
16. Ligands
NH2
NH2
1,2-ethanediamine
HO N
O
O O
O HO N
Oโ
O
O HO
Oโ
ethanedioate
OH
EDTA
17. Colour wheel 647 nm
700 nm 400 nm
585 nm
Red
Yellow
Violet
Green
424 nm
Chemistry data booklet
Orange
Blue
575 nm
491 nm
15
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values)
แด The lattice enthalpy values (โ๐ป๐ปlattice ) given relate to the endothermic process Ma Xb (s) โ aMb+ (g) + bX aโ (g) in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite distance from each other.
Experimental values
The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable BornโHaber cycle. Alkali metal halides
Cl
Br
I
Li
1049
864
820
764
K
829
720
691
650
Na Rb Cs
930
790
795
754
695
759
668
670
647
705 632 613
Other substances
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
Other substances
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
BeCl2
3033
BaO
3054
CaF2
MgCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2
BaCl2 MgO CaO
16
F
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
2651
SrO
2540
CuCl2
2170
AgCl
2271 2069 3791 3401
AgF
AgBr AgI
3223 2824 974 918 905 892
Chemistry data booklet
19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions Solute
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
Solute
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
NH4 NO3
+25.69
KBr
+19.87
LiCl
โ37.03
RbF
LiI
โ63.30
RbBr
+3.88
CsF
NH4 Cl LiF
LiBr NaF
NaCl
NaBr NaI KF
Chemistry data booklet
+14.78 +4.73
โ48.83 +0.91 โ0.60 โ7.53
โ17.73
KCl KI
RbCl RbI
CsCl
CsBr CsI
+17.22 +20.33 โ26.11 +17.28 +21.88 +25.10 โ36.86 +17.78 +25.98 +33.35
17
20. Enthalpies of hydration Cations
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐ก๐ก๐ก๐ก๐ก๐ก (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
Anions
โ๐ฏ๐ฏแด๐ก๐ก๐ก๐ก๐ก๐ก (๐ค๐ค๐ค๐ค ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆโ๐๐ )
Na+
โ424
Clโ
โ359
Li+ K+
Rb+ Cs +
Fโ
โ340
Br โ
โ291
ClOโ 3
โ315
Iโ
Be2+
โ2524
BrOโ 3
Ca2+
โ1616
ClOโ 4
โ1346
CNโ
Mg 2+ Sr 2+
Ba2+
Ra2+ Al3+
Ga3+ In3+ Tl3+ Tl+
Sn2+
Pb2+
18
โ538
โ1963 โ1483 โ1335
IOโ 3
OHโ NOโ 3
โ4741
HCOโ 3
โ4171
HSOโ 4
โ346
PO3โ 4
โ4745 โ4163 โ1587
โ504 โ328 โ287 โ331 โ358 โ446 โ205 โ519 โ341 โ316 โ383
CO2โ 3
โ1486
SO2โ 4
โ1099
โ362
โ2921
โ1523
Chemistry data booklet
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases
The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of p๐พ๐พa values, where p๐พ๐พa = โlog10 ๐พ๐พa .
The dissociation constant ๐พ๐พa values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K . Base strengths are given in terms of p๐พ๐พb values.
Carboxylic acids Name
Formula
ethanoic
CH3 COOH
methanoic propanoic butanoic
HCOOH
3.75
CH3 CH2 COOH
4.87
CH3 (CH2 )2 COOH
2-methylpropanoic
(CH3 )2 CHCOOH
2,2-dimethylpropanoic
(CH3 )3 CCOOH
phenylethanoic
C6 H5 CH2 COOH
Name
Formula
dichloroethanoic
CHCl2 COOH
pentanoic benzoic
Halogenated carboxylic acids chloroethanoic
trichloroethanoic
CH3 (CH2 )3 COOH C6 H5 COOH
4.83 4.84 4.83 5.03 4.20 4.31
๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐๐
2.87
CCl3 COOH
0.66
CH2 FCOOH
iodoethanoic
CH2 ICOOH
Chemistry data booklet
4.76
CH2 ClCOOH
fluoroethanoic
bromoethanoic
๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐๐
CH2 BrCOOH
1.35 2.59 2.90 3.18
19
Phenols Name
Formula
2-nitrophenol
O2 NC6 H4 OH
phenol
3-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol
2,4-dinitrophenol
C6 H5 OH
9.99
O2 NC6 H4 OH
8.36
O2 NC6 H4 OH
(O2 N)2 C6 H3 OH
2,4,6-trinitrophenol
(O2 N)3 C6 H2 OH
Name
Formula
ethanol
C2 H5 OH
Alcohols methanol
๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐๐
7.23 7.15 4.07 0.42
๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐๐
CH3 OH
15.5
Name
Formula
๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐๐
methylamine
CH3 NH2
Amines ammonia
ethylamine
dimethylamine
NH3
4.75
CH3 CH2 NH2
3.35
(CH3 )2 NH
trimethylamine
(CH3 )3 N
triethylamine
(C2 H5 )3 N
diethylamine phenylamine
20
15.5
(C2 H5 )2 NH C6 H5 NH2
3.34 3.27 4.20 3.16 3.25 9.13
Chemistry data booklet
22. Acid-base indicators
Colour change
Indicator
๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐๐
pH range
Acid
bromophenol blue
4.2
3.0โ4.6
yellow
4.4โ6.2
red
yellow
yellow
red
methyl orange
bromocresol green methyl red
bromothymol blue phenol red
phenolphthalein
Chemistry data booklet
3.7 4.7 5.1 7.0 7.9 9.6
3.1โ4.4
3.8โ5.4
red
yellow
yellow
blue
6.0โ7.6
yellow
8.3โ10.0
colourless
6.8โ8.4
Alkali blue
blue
pink
21
23. Values of the ionization constant of water Temperature (ยฐ๐๐) 0
0.113 ร 10โ14
10
0.292 ร 10โ14
20
0.684 ร 10โ14
5
15 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
100
22
๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ฐ value
0.185 ร 10โ14
0.453 ร 10โ14 1.00 ร 10โ14 1.47 ร 10โ14 2.09 ร 10โ14 2.92 ร 10โ14 4.02 ร 10โ14 5.43 ร 10โ14 7.24 ร 10โ14 9.55 ร 10โ14 12.4 ร 10โ14 15.9 ร 10โ14 20.1 ร 10โ14 25.2 ร 10โ14 31.3 ร 10โ14 38.3 ร 10โ14 46.6 ร 10โ14
56.0 ร 10โ14
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K Oxidized species Li+ (aq) + eโ K + (aq) + eโ
Ca2+ (aq) + 2eโ Na+ (aq) + eโ
Mg 2+ (aq) + 2eโ Al3+ (aq) + 3eโ
Mn2+ (aq) + 2eโ H2 O(l) + eโ
Zn2+ (aq) + 2eโ Fe2+ (aq) + 2eโ Ni2+ (aq) + 2eโ
Sn2+ (aq) + 2eโ
Pb2+ (aq) + 2eโ H + (aq) + eโ
Reduced species
๐ฌ๐ฌแด (๐๐)
Oxidized species
K(s)
โ2.93
+ โ SO2โ 4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e
Li(s)
Ca(s)
โ2.87
Na(s)
โ2.71
Mg(s)
โ2.37
Al(s)
Mn(s)
1 H (g) 2 2
Zn(s) Fe(s) Ni(s)
Sn(s)
Pb(s)
1 H (g) 2 2
โ3.04
Cu2+ (aq) + eโ
1 O (g) 2 2
+ eโ
Ag + (aq) + eโ
โ0.83 โ0.45
Cu+ (aq) + eโ
Fe3+ (aq) + eโ
โ1.18 โ0.76
+ H2 O(l) + 2eโ 1 I (s) 2 2
โ1.66 + OH โ (aq)
Cu2+ (aq) + 2eโ
1 O (g) 2 2
1 Br (l) 2 2
+ eโ
+ 2H2 (aq) + 2eโ
โ0.26
+ โ Cr2 O2โ 7 (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e
โ0.13
+ โ MnOโ 4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e
โ0.14 0.00
1 Cl (g) 2 2
+ eโ
1 F (g) 2 2
+ eโ
Reduced species
๐ฌ๐ฌแด (๐๐)
H2 SO3 (aq) + H2 O(l)
+0.17
Cu+ (aq) Cu(s)
2OH โ (aq) Cu(s)
I โ (aq)
Fe2+ (aq) Ag(s)
Br โ (aq) H2 O(l)
2Cr 3+ (aq) + 7H2 O(l) Clโ (aq)
Mn2+ + 4H2 O(l) F โ (aq)
+0.15 +0.34 +0.40 +0.52 +0.54 +0.77 +0.80 +1.09 +1.23 +1.36 +1.36 +1.51 +2.87
23
25. Activity series
Increasing activity
Li Cs Rb K Ba Sr Ca Na Mg Be Al C
Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H
Sb As Bi Cu Ag Pd Hg Pt Au
24
Chemistry data booklet
26. Infrared data
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules. Bond
Organic molecules
CโBr
bromoalkanes
CโI
CโCl CโF
CโO
C=C
iodoalkanes
chloroalkanes
600โ800
1620โ1680
hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids
NโH
strong
alkenes
alcohols, esters, ethers
OโH OโH
500โ600
490โ620
1000โ1400
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
CโH
Intensity
fluoroalkanes
C=O CโกC
Wavenumber (๐๐๐๐โ๐๐ )
alkynes
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
hydrogen bonding in alcohols and phenols primary amines
Chemistry data booklet
1050โ1410
1700โ1750 2100โ2260
strong strong strong strong
medium-weak; multiple bands strong
variable
2500โ3000
strong, very broad
3200โ3600
strong, broad
2850โ3090 3300โ3500
strong
medium, two bands
25
27. 1H NMR data
Typical proton chemical shift values (๐
๐
) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = ๐๐ .
R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I. These values may vary in different solvents and conditions. Type of proton CH3
CH2 R R2CH
C
0.9โ1.0 1.3โ1.4 1.5
O RO
Chemical shift (ppm)
CH2
2.0โ2.5
O C
R
2.2โ2.7
CH2
CH3
C C H
CH2 Hal
R O CH2 O R
C
O CH2
2.5โ3.5 1.8โ3.1 3.5โ4.4 3.3โ3.7 3.7โ4.8
O R
C
O H
R O H
HC CH2
26
9.0โ13.0 1.0โ6.0 4.5โ6.0
Chemistry data booklet
Type of proton
Chemical shift (ppm)
OH
4.0โ12.0
H
6.9โ9.0
O R
C
9.4โ10.0
H
28. Mass spectral fragments lost Mass lost
Fragment lost
17
OH
15 18
H2 O
28
CH2 =CH2 , C=O
31
CH3 O
29 45
Chemistry data booklet
CH3
CH3 CH2 , CHO COOH
27
29. Triangular bonding diagram
van Arkel-Ketelaar Triangle of Bonding
Electronegativity difference 3.0
2.5
Electronegativity difference ๐ซ๐ซ๐ซ๐ซ = |๐๐๐๐ โ ๐๐๐๐ |
Ionic
2.0 1.5
Polar covalent
1.0 0.5 0
Metallic 0.79 1.0
1.5
Covalent 2.0
2.5
3.0
Average electronegativity โ ๐๐ =
28
% covalent % ionic
3.5
(๐๐๐๐ +๐๐๐๐ ) ๐๐
8
92
25
75
50
50
75
25
100
0
4.0
Chemistry data booklet
30. Resin identification codes Resin Identification Code (RIC)
Plastic types
Resin Identification Code (RIC)
Plastic types
polyethylene terephthalate
polypropylene
high-density polyethylene
polystyrene
polyvinyl chloride
other
low-density polyethylene
31. Representations of some materials molecules O
Clm
polychlorinated biphenyls
Cl
O O
1,4-dioxin
Clm
polychlorinated dibenzofuran O
Cl Cl
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
Chemistry data booklet
O
O
Cln
Cl
Cln
Cln
Clm O
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
29
32. Solubility product constants at 298 K Compound BaCO3
Ba(OH)2 โ 8H2 O
2.58 ร 10โ9
2.55 ร 10โ4
BaSO4
1.08 ร 10โ10
Cd(OH)2
7.2 ร 10โ15
CdCO3
1.0 ร 10โ12
PbCO3
7.40 ร 10โ14
PbSO4
2.53 ร 10โ8
Pb(OH)2 Hg 2 CO3 Hg 2 SO4 NiCO3
1.43 ร 10โ20 3.6 ร 10โ17 6.5 ร 10โ7
1.42 ร 10โ7
Ni(OH)2
5.48 ร 10โ16
Ag 2 SO4
1.20 ร 10โ5
Ag 2 CO3 ZnCO3
Zn(OH)2
30
๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ
8.46 ร 10โ12 1.46 ร 10โ10 3.0 ร 10โ17
Chemistry data booklet
33. 2-amino acids Common name alanine
Symbol Ala
H2N CH COOH
H2N CH COOH
Arg
asparagine
Asn
H2N CH COOH
aspartic acid
Asp
H2N CH COOH
cysteine
Cys
H2N CH COOH
glutamic acid
Glu
H2N CH COOH
glutamine
Gln
H2N CH COOH
glycine
Gly
His
6.0
CH3
arginine
histidine
pH of isoelectric point
Structural formula
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2 NH
CH2 C NH2 O
CH2 COOH
CH2 SH
CH2 CH2 COOH CH2 CH2 C NH2 O H2N CH2 COOH
H2N CH COOH CH2
10.8 5.4 2.8 5.1 3.2 5.7 6.0 7.6
N N
isoleucine
Ile
leucine
Leu
Chemistry data booklet
H
H2N CH COOH H3C CH CH2 CH3
H2N CH COOH CH2 H3C CH CH3
6.0 6.0
31
Common name lysine
Symbol Lys
methionine
Met
phenylalanine
Phe
proline
Pro
serine
Ser
threonine
Thr
tryptophan
Trp
Structural formula
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2 H2N CH COOH CH2 CH2 S CH3 H2N CH COOH CH2
COOH HN
H2N CH COOH CH2 OH
H2N CH COOH H3C CH OH H2N CH COOH CH2
pH of isoelectric point 9.7 5.7 5.5
6.3 5.7 5.6 5.9
NH
tyrosine
Tyr
H2N CH COOH CH2
5.7
OH
valine
32
Val
H2N CH COOH H3C CH CH3
6.0
Chemistry data booklet
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide components Lipids
Octanoic acid
CH3 (CH2 )6 COOH
Palmitic acid
CH3 (CH2 )14 COOH
CH3 (CH2 )10 COOH
Lauric acid
CH3 (CH2 )16 COOH
Stearic acid
CH3 (CH2 )7 CH=CH(CH2 )7 COOH
Oleic acid
CH3 (CH2 )4 (CH=CHCH2 )2 (CH2 )6 COOH
Linoleic acid
CH3 CH2 (CH=CHCH2 )3 (CH2 )6 COOH
ฮฑ-Linolenic acid
CH3
H3C H CH2 CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH CH3 CH3
HO
Carbohydrates
cholesterol
H C O
CH2OH
H C OH
C O
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
straight chain glucose
Chemistry data booklet
ฮฑ-glucose
straight chain fructose
33
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
CH2OH H
H
OH
OH
H
H
fructose
ribose
Nitrogenous bases HC
C N
C
N
C N
NH
CH H
NH2
adenine
C
O
N C
C N H
uracil
34
C N
OH
O
H
H
OH
H
H
H
deoxyribose NH2
N
C
C N
CH H
guanine
O H
CH2OH
O
NH2
N
OH
O
N O
C
C N
CH CH
H
cytosine
O CH CH
H O
N C
C N
C
CH3
CH
H
thymine
Chemistry data booklet
35. Vitamins and pigments Vitamins
CH3
H C
CH3 CH
C
O O
CH3
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
CH2
HO
OH
CH3 CH3
CH HO
OH CH2
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
retinol (vitamin A) CH3 CH3
CH2
OH
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH CH3 CH3
CH CH2
HO
vitamin D (D3)
Chemistry data booklet
35
Pigments
CH2
R
CH
CH2
H 3C
N CH CH3
Mg
N
2+
CH2 C
CH2 O
O
CH
CH3
N
CH2 CH
CH
N CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
N Fe2+
HC
C H O O
CH2 CH2
N
CH3
C20H39
O
CH2 CH2
CH3
N
H
H
O
N
OH HO
O
chlorophyll
CH2
CH
heme B R
R
OH O
O
OH O+
OH
R O glucose
O glucose
OH
OH
quinoidal base (blue) CH3
CH3
CH3 CH
CH
R
C
CH
flavylium cation (red) CH3
CH3 CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH CH3
CH3
ฮฑ-carotene
36
Chemistry data booklet
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
C
CH
CH3
CH CH3
CH3
ฮฒ-carotene CH3
CH3 CH
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH H 3C
CH3
CH3 CH3 CH
CH C
CH
CH
CH
Average binding energy per nucleon (MeV) 7 6
5
CH
He
CH
C
CH
CH
O
all-trans-retinal
U235
Fe56
4
CH
O
36. Binding energy curve O16 8 C12
C
CH3
11-cis-retinal
9
CH3
CH3
U238
Li7 Li6
4
3
2
1
H3 He3 H2
1 0 H 0
30
Chemistry data booklet
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Number of nucleons in nucleus
37
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules O C
R
OH
O
O C
CH3
C
CH2
CH3
NH
S N
O
O
CH3
H
N
C
O
CH3
ibuprofen
paracetamol (acetaminophen) OH
OH
CH2 CH2
H 3C N
O
CH2 CH2 O
OH
O
morphine O CH3
N
C
CH3
O
diamorphine (heroin)
38
NH CH3
O C
CH3
codeine
O
O
O
OH
H
C COOH
CH2 CH2
C
penicillin (general structure)
H
CH3 N
CH3 CH3
HO
aspirin CH3
C
O
N
O S
N CH3 CH3
CH3
O CH3
omeprazole
Chemistry data booklet
CH3
O
N
Oโ
NH
S
CH3
H 3C
N+
NH
O
ranitidine
O CH3
OH
O
NH2
O
NH
CH3
NH
O
O NH
O
CH3
OH
OH
CH3
NH
CH3
oseltamivir
OH NH2
O
zanamivir O CH3 O CH3 OH
O
O
NH
CH3 O O
OH
CH3 CH3 OH
O O
O
O
CH3 O
taxol
Chemistry data booklet
39
38. References
Data in sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 26 and 27 was taken fully or in part from:
Aylward, G and Findlay, T. 2008. SI chemical data. (5th edition). Queensland, Australia. John Wiley & Sons. Data in section 20 reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Barret, J. 2003. Inorganic chemistry in aqueous solution. London, UK. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Data in section 13 was taken in part from:
Burgess, DR. 2012. "Thermochemical Data". NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database. Number 69. http://webbook.nist.gov.
Data in sections 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 32, 33 was taken fully or in part from:
Haynes, WM, (ed). 2012. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. (93rd edition). Boca Raton, US. CRC Press.
Data in section 29 can be found in the following source:
Leach, MR. 2013. Timeline of structural theory. 04 January 2013. http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/timeline.html.
40
Chemistry data booklet