Chemistry 11

Chemistry 11 Data Booklet ___________________________________________

Chemistry 11

Equations Average atomic mass: Average atomic mass = [(%_ of _ isotope)(mass _ of _ isotope)]  [(%_ of _ isotope)(mass _ of _ isotope)]  [...] 100

Molar mass, mass, # of moles:

n

m=n∙M

m M

M 

Number of particles, Avogadro’s constant, and # of moles:

n

N NA

N = n ∙ NA

Percent composition: Mass % of element = Mass of element Mass of compound Percent yield: % Yield =

Actual Yield___ Theoretical Yield

Mole to mole stoichiometry: nr = ng x

coefficent coefficent

Gas stoichiometry: V = n x 22.4L mol Concentration: n=CV

x 100%

m n

Chemistry 11

Table of Bonding Characteristics based on ∆Electronegativity Bonding Type

Electronegativity

Non-polar covalent

0

Slightly polar covalent

< 0.5

Polar covalent

0.5 – 1.7

Ionic

> 1.7

Chemistry 11

Reaction Types 1: Combination/Synthesis A Ex. 2K



+

B

+

Cl2 

AB 2KCl

2: Decomposition AB  Ex. 2NaBr

A

+

B



2Na +

Br2

3: Single Displacement AB +

C



AC +

B

Ex. NaBr +

K



KBr +

Na

2NaBr

+

F2



2NaF

+

4: Double Displacement AB +

CD 

AD +

CB

Ex. NaCl +

KBr 

NaBr +

KCl

+



5: Combustion CXHY Ex. CH4 +

O2

2O2 

CO2 +

CO2 +

HOH

2HOH

Br2

Chemistry 11

Chemistry 11

Activity Series A replacement reaction takes place when one metal replaces the other in its aqueous solution. A rule is followed in deciding which metal can replace the one already present in an aqueous solution. This is decided by a table of elements called the Activity series. The activity series is a list of elements organized according to their tendency to react (their reactivity). The more readily an element reacts with other substances, the greater is its activity.

Activity Series Chart

Elements higher up in the series will replace elements lower in the activity series in a single displacement reaction

Example 1: Example 2:

Cation Reactivity Li Rb K Reacts with cold water and acids, Ba replacing Hydrogen; Sr reacts with oxygen, forming oxides. Ca Na Mg Al Reacts with steam, Mn (but not cold water) and acids, Zn replacing hydrogen; Cr reacts with oxygen, forming oxides Fe Cd Co Does not react with water; Ni reacts with acids, replacing hydrogen; Sn reacts with oxygen, forming oxides. Pb H2 Sb Bi Reacts with oxygen forming oxides. Cu Hg Ag Fairly nonreactive, Pt forms oxides only indirectly. Au CuSO4 (aq) + 2 Li (s)  Cu (s) + Li2SO4 (aq) Cu (s) + Li2SO4 (aq)  no reaction!!!

Anion F Cl Br I

Chemistry 11