History  and  Citizenship  404   End  of  Year  Review   Answer  Key     Population  and  Settlement   1. The  Iroquois  were  sedentary,  living  in  the  St.  Lawrence  valley,  and  relied  on  agriculture   (corn,  beans,  squash)  for  food.    They  were  a  matriarchal  society  that  dwelled  in   longhouses.    The  Algonquin  were  nomadic,  living  in  the  Canadian  Shield  of  central   Quebec,  and  relied  on  hunting  and  fishing  for  food.    They  were  a  patriarchal  society  that   dwelled  in  wigwams.   2. The  Europeans  launched  voyages  of  exploration  to  find  a  route  to  Asia  so  they  could   trade  for  spices  and  silks.   3. The  first  major  settlement  in  New  France  was  Quebec  in  1608.    It  was  established  by   Samuel  de  Champlain.   4. The  trading  companies,  like  the  company  of  100  associates  did  not  respect  their   commitment  to  populate  New  France  because  of  the  expense  of  transporting  colonies   and  all  of  their  supplies.    As  well,  they  did  not  want  the  new  arrivals  to  become   competitors  in  the  Fur  Trade.   5. Beginning  in  1663,  the  Royal  government  sought  to  populate  New  France.    Several   measures  were  taken:  the  arrival  of  the  filles  du  roi,  granting  land  to  soldiers  of  the   Carignan-­‐Salieres  Regiment  and  the  engage  system.   6. There  wasn’t  much  interest  in  immigrating  to  New  France  because  of  the  distance  from   France,  the  long  harsh  winters  and  the  threat  of  Iroquois  attack.   7. The  Aboriginal  people  influences  the  French  Canadiens  by  showing  them  how  to  adapt   to  North  America:  canoes,  snowshoes,  and  tobacco.    The  Frenach  Canadiens  influenced   the  Aboriginals  by  introducing  them  to  metal  tools  like  knives  and  cooking  pots,  and  also   trading  guns  and  alcohol.   8. The  social  organization  was  similar  to  that  of  France.    At  the  top  were  the  aristocrats:   seigneurs,  high  government  officials  and  important  church  officials.    Then  there  were   the  priests,  monks  and  nuns  and  followed  by  the  3rd  estate:  peasants  (censitaires),   merchants,  artisans.    Slaves  and  Aboriginals  were  outside  of  the  social  order.   9. The  first  group  of  Anglophones  to  arrive  after  the  French  surrender  of  New  France  were   military  soldiers,  government  officials  and  fur  traders.   10. The  Loyalists  were  those  from  the  13  colonies  who  wished  to  remain  under  British   control  after  the  American  Revolution.    They  arrived  from  1783-­‐early  1800s.   11. French  Canadiens  began  to  emigrate  to  the  United  States  (Maine,  Vermont,   Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island)  because  of  the  lack  of  agricultural  land  in  Lower   Canada,  and  because  of  the  job  opportunites  available  in  the  factories  of  New  England.   12. The  main  immigrant  group  that  came  during  the  early  19th  Century  were  the  Irish.    There   were  two  main  Irish  migrations.    The  first  was  in  the  1820s  and  then  in  the  1840-­‐50s   that  peaked  in  1848  with  the  potato  famine  that  sent  a  million  Irish  to  North  America.  

13. The  National  Policy  promoted  increased  immigration  from  Europe  and  the  construction   of  a  railway  across  the  West.    At  First  the  policy  was  not  very  successful,  but  after  1896   immigration  brought  millions  of  people  to  Canada  until  the  beginning  of  the  First  World   War.   14. The  government  of  Quebec  and  the  Catholic  clergy  tried  to  convince  people  to  colonize   northern  areas  of  the  province  like  the  Sagenuay  and  Lac  St.  Jean  areas.   15. Industrialization  and  Urbanization  are  connected  because  the  factories  need  workers   and  when  the  workers  move  to  the  cities,  the  cities  expanded.   16. Ur   17. The  consequence  of  the  First  World  War  that  immigration  ground  to  a  halt.   18. The  baby  boom  was  massive  increase  of  births  in  the  years  following  the  Second  World   War.  It  led  to  an  increase  in  the  territory  used  for  lving  space,  a  process  called  sub   urbanization.   19. Immigration  in  the  1950s  consisted  of  welcoming  immigrants  from  Italy,  Greece  and   Portugal.    It  was  also  a  racist  policy  that  prevented  people  from  Africa  and  Asia  from   coming  to  Canada.   20. The  North  of  Quebec  was  developed  between  the  1930s  and  1980s.    This  was  due  to  the   iron  ore  mining  that  happened  there.   21. The  birthrate  declined  because  the  population  started  to  get  older.    Also,  secularization   meant  that  people  were  having  smaller  families.   22. The  government  tried  to  introduce  measures  like  cheap  day  care,  baby  bonuses  and   maternity  leave  to  increase  the  birth  rate.    They  also  made  it  easier  for  immigrants  from   French  speaking  countries  to  come  to  Quebec.     Economy  and  Development   1. Aboriginal  people  were  encouraged  to  establish  trading  networks  so  that  they  could   barter  for  materials  and  resources  that  were  unavailable  in  their  territory.   2. Europeans  explored  the  coasts  of  North  America  for  fish.    There  was  great  demand  in   Europe  for  fish  because  of  the  Christian  prohibition  of  eating  meat  on  Fridays.   3. Europeans  traded  beads,  pots  and  knives  to  the  Aboriginals  in  return  for  furs.    Later  they   traded  guns  and  alcohol  as  well.   4. Under  mercantilism  colonies  were  supposed  to  provide  the  mother  country  with  raw   materials,    Thus  the  French  did  not  develop  industries  in  New  France  at  first.   5. A  trading  colony  has  a  small  population  that  does  not  live  permanently  at  the  colony.  It   just  trades  for  raw  materials.   6. The  Fur  Trade  led  to  the  territory  expanding  towards  to  the  west.    The  territory  was  not   inhabited  by  Europeans,  but  rather  was  controlled  by  the  Aboriginals  who  trapped  the   beaver.   7. The  French  tried  to  provide  subsidies  ($)  to  establish  shipbuilding  and  an  iron  forge.     They  were  not  too  successful  because  there  was  a  lack  of  specialized  labour  and  no  real   market  in  New  France.   8. The  agricultural  system  was  the  seigneurial  system.    The  land  was  owned  by  the   Seigneur  (lord)  and  rented  to  the  peasants  (censitaires).    The  farms  were  thin  strips  that  

bordered  on  the  water.    The  Seigneur  was  to  provide  a  mill  and  a  pasture  for  livestock  to   graze.  In  return  the  peasants  had  to  provide  free  labour  for  a  number  of  days  a  year.   9. The  fur  trade  continued  after  the  Change  of  Empire;  however,  the  trade  was  now   controlled  by  English  companies  like  the  Hudson’s  bay  company  and  the  Northwest   Company.   10. The  main  export  from  Canada  at  the  beginning  of  the  19th  Century  was  wood.   11. The  forestry  industry  allowed  new  areas  to  be  developed:  Hull,  Aylmer,  Buckingham.   12. Economic  Liberalism  is  based  on  the  idea  that  the  market  determines  price  based  on   supply  and  demand.    The  role  of  government  is  to  provide  infrastructure  (roads,  canals,   railways)  so  that  trade  can  happen.   13. Reciprocity  allowed  for  free  trade  without  tariffs  between  Canada  and  the  United  States   in  raw  materials.   14. The  first  phase  of  industrialization  is  characterized  by:  capital  from  Britain  or  Canada   (est  of  banks),  factories  in  cities  like  Montreal  or  Toronto,  products  like  shoes,  textiles,   and  food  and  a  large  uneducated  workforce  and  powered  by  coal.   15. The  national  Policy  was  designed  to  protect  Canadian  industries  from  American   competition  and  to  grow  a  Canadian  Market.    The  tariff  would  encourage  people  to  buy   Canada.    The  immigrants  would  farm  and  be  factory  workers  and  new  Canadian   consumers  and  the  railway  would  aid  in  the  distribution  of  goods.   16. The  second  phase  of  industrialization  is  characterized  by:  capital  from  the  United  States,   factories  in  rural  regions,  products  like  pulp  and  paper,  aluminum  and  powered  by   Hydro  electricity.   17. Workers  formed  unions  to  protect  themselves  from  low  pay  and  poor  working   conditions.   18. The  stock  market  crash  was  caused  by  the  overproduction  of  goods  and  the  buying  of   stocks  on  credit.   19. Government  tried  to  help  during  the  depression  by  starting  public  work  projects  and   direct  relief.   20. Women  were  encouraged  to  enter  the  workforce  during  the  war  to  help  with  the  war   effort.       21. The  welfare  state  is  when  the  government  spends  more  money  on  education,  health   care  and  social  services   22. The  government  created  Crown  Corporations  like  Hydro  Quebec,  Societe  Generale  dy   Finanacement  and  the  Caisse  de  Depot  in  the  1960s.   23. The  government  began  to  cut  back  on  spending  and  on  social  services  during  the   recessions  of  the  1980s  and  also  signed  free  trade  agreement  to  boost  the  economy.   24. Free  Trade  is  trade  without  taxes  or  tariffs.    It  allows  companies  to  access  consumers  in   new  markets.   25. Globalization  of  the  economy  is  the  interconnectivity  of  markets  and  capital.    It  is  run  by   huge  trans-­‐national  corporations.     Culture  and  Currents  of  Thought   1. The  relationship  between  Aboriginal  people  and  nature  is  that  the  respect  for  nature   and  the  environment  formed  their  worldview.  

2. Animism  is  the  belief  that  all  things  in  nature  have  a  spirit.   3. The  role  of  the  Shaman  was  to  perform  rituals  and  to  interpret  dreams.   4. Absolutism,  also  known  as  the  divine  right  of  kings,  is  the  idea  that  the  King’s  authority   was  granted  to  him  by  God.    It  was  shown  in  New  France  by  the  symbol  of  the  Fleur  de   Lys.   5. Catholicism  was  the  intermixing  of  religion  and  society  in  New  France.    The  Church  was   responsible  for  health  care  and  education.   6. The  people  of  New  France  developed  on  independent  spirit  because  of  their  distance   from  France  and  less  authority  in  the  colony.    The  also  had  to  adapt  to  the  climate  by   learning  from  the  Aboriginals  and  by  changing  their  own  clothing.    The  also  built  their   houses  so  they  could  survive  the  winter.   7. Liberalism  is  based  on  the  freedom  of  the  individual.    Basic  freedoms  include  freedom  of   speech  and  religion  and  the  notion  of  Habeas  Corpus  in  law.       8. Imperialism  in  the  British  period  was  that  the  colonies  were  run  by  a  British  governor   and  only  later  was  there  the  start  of  democracy.   9. Ultramontanism  was  the  belief  that  the  Catholic  Church  should  be  involved  in  all  aspects   of  society  including  the  government.   10. Anti-­‐clerical  liberalism  was  a  reaction  to  ultramontanism  and  held  that  the  Church   should  not  tell  people  what  to  do  in  their  personal  lives.    They  were  against  the  Church   being  involved  in  government  and  censorship.   11. Imperialism  in  the  contemporary  period  was  characterized  by  English  Canadians  links  to   the  British  Empire.    This  was  shown  when  Canada  participated  in  the  Boer  War  (1899-­‐ 1902)  and  the  First  World  War  (1914-­‐1918).   12. Capitalism  is  associated  with  the  market  controlling  supply  and  demand.    Companies  are   encouraged  to  compete  with  each  other  based  on  the  profit  motive.    Capitalism  has   increased  the  economy  but  also  creates  inequalities  in  society.   13. Socialism  is  when  there  is  greater  government  involvement  in  the  economy.    Instead  of   profit,  the  motive  is  to  balance  inequalities  in  society.    The  extreme  form  of  socialism  is   communism.       14. Agriculturalism  is  the  belief  that  a  rural  life  on  the  farm  is  traditional  and  pure.    It  was   promoted  by  the  Catholic  Church.   15. French  Canadian  nationalism  at  the  turn  of  the  century  (1900)  was  a  response  to   Imperialism  and  held  that  Canada  should  be  separate  from  the  Empire.    Later  (1950s-­‐ present)  French  Canadian  nationalists  have  sought  to  protect  the  French  language  and   also  separate  Quebec  from  Canada.    Canadian  nationalism  is  the  pride  in  Canada  as  an   independent  country  from  Britain.    The  Canadian  experiences  in  the  world  wars  and   pride  in  Canada  in  the  1960s  (EXPO  67)    and  the  1970s  (Summit  Series  with  the  Soviet   Union  and  Montreal  Olympic  Games)  started  this  movement.   16. Cooperatism  is  when  produces  pool  their  resources  in  order  to  buy  and  sell  their   products.    Examples  are  agricultural  coops  and  the  Desjardins  Financial  Group.   17. Fascism  is  extreme,  militaristic  nationalism.    It  believes  in  social  Darwinism  (the  law  of   the  jungle)  and  is  often  racist  and  xenophobic.  

18. The  first  wave  of  Feminism  was  when  feminists  fought  for  the  right  to  vote  (Early  20th   Century).    Second  wave  Feminists  tried  to  have  women  treated  equally  under  the  law,   fought  for  maternity  leave,  pay  equity  and  access  to  abortions  and  birth  control.   19. Americanism  is  the  consumer  society  that  developed  in  the  1950s.    It  is  characterized  by   the  consumption  of  American  media  and  goods.   20. Neoliberalism  seeks  to  reduce  spending  on  social  services  and  increase  the  conditions   for  international  trade.   21. Aboriginalism  is  the  advocacy  of  native  rights  in  Canadian  society.       Official  and  Countervailing  Powers     1. The  relationship  between  the  Aboriginals  and  the  State  in  New  France  was  a   relationship  characterized  by  the  military  alliance  between  the  French  and  the   Algonquin  and  Huron.    In  exchange  for  access  to  the  fur  trade  France  went  to  war   against  the  Iroquois,  this  led  to  several  military  expeditions  into  Iroquois  territory   and  raids  by  the  Iroquois  against  the  French.  The  Iroquois  also  destroyed  the  Huron   nation.    Peace  was  achieved  in  the  Great  Peace  of  1701.   2. The  colonial  administrators  (Governor  and  Intendant)  had  to  follow  the  orders  of  the   mother  country.    They  were  guided  by  Absolutism  and  mercantilism.   3. The  Church  were  allies  of  the  French  state.    They  received  subsidies  to  run  the   hospitals  and  schools,  but  the  King  of  France  chose  the  Bishops  and  removed  the   Bishop  from  the  Sovereign  Council.   4. During  the  British  Period  the  Church  was  an  staunch  supporter  of  the  British.    They   preached  obedience  after  the  surrender  of  the  French,  loyalty  during  the  American   invasion  in  1775  and  were  against  the  Patriotes  in  1837.   5. The  relationship  between  the  British  merchants  and  the  governor  changed  from   being  poor  to  being  good.    At  first  the  fur  trading  merchants  did  not  like  that  the   governors  (Murray  and  Carleton)  were  favoring  the  French.    The  merchants   successfully  petitioned  to  have  Murray  removed.    As  time  went  on  the  merchants   became  friendly  towards  the  governor.    They  were  both  supporters  of  the  Tory  party   and  the  merchants  used  their  influence  to  gain  patronage  (jobs  and  contracts)  and   to  have  the  government  construct  canals  which  benefitted  trade.   6. The  relationship  between  the  governor  (and  the  councils)  and  the  legislative   assembly  was  poor.    The  governor  routinely  vetoed  legislation  passed  by  the   Patriote  dominated  assembly.    Eventually  the  governor  took  taxation  power  away   from  the  assembly  and  the  Patriotes  petitioned  the  British  government  for   responsible  government.    When  the  Patriotes  launched  their  rebellion  in  1837,  it   was  crushed  by  the  governor.   7. At  first  the  relationship  between  the  Aboriginals  and  the  British  was  not  good.    The   Aboriginals  continued  to  fight  the  British  in  the  interior  despite  the  French  surrender   launching  what  was  called  Pontiac’s  Rebellion.    When  peace  was  granted  the   Aboriginals  became  allies  of  the  British  under  the  Royal  Proclamation  (1763)  that   granted  them  land  and  then  fought  with  the  British  against  the  Americans  during  the   Revolutionary  War  (1775-­‐1783)  and  the  War  of  1812  (1812-­‐1814).  

8. The  relationship  between  the  Church  and  the  State  changed  in  the  contemporary   period.    At  first  the  relationship  was  close:  the  state  granted  many  favours  to  the   Church  and  the  Church  was  prominent  in  society.    Priests  were  often  ministers  in  the   government.    This  continued  up  until  the  Duplessis  era  when  the  Church  still  ran  the   schools  and  hospitals.    However,  due  to  the  increasing  secularism  in  society  the   Church  lost  power  in  the  Quiet  Revolution  of  the  1960s.    The  State  now  ran  schools   and  health  care  and  fewer  and  fewer  people  were  going  to  church.   9. The  relationship  with  Capitalists  and  the  government  both  changed  and  continued   during  the  contemporary  period.    Capitalists  had  much  influence  over  the  State  as   prominent  businessmen  went  into  politics  or  donatied  large  amounts  of  money  to   political  parties.    The  State  kept  taxes  low  and  was  non  interventionalist  for  most  of   the  20th  Century.    During  the  1960s  and  1970s,  taxes  went  up  and  the  state  became   more  involved  in  the  economy,  but  during  the  1980s  and  1990s,  taxes  went  down   and  deregulation  of  business  occurred.   10. The  relationship  between  the  government  and  Aboriginal  people  has  been  poor.     The  Indian  Act  of  1876  limited  the  freedoms  of  Aboriginal  people  and  the  reserve   system  and  residential  schools  sought  to  assimilate  them  into  western  society  with   tragic  consequences.    The  government  put  down  the  Northwest  Rebellion  in  1885   led  by  Louis  Riel  who  was  later  tried  and  convicted  and  hanged  as  a  traitor.     Aboriginal  people  were  denied  the  right  to  vote  for  many  years  and  suffered  poverty   and  racism.    Recently,  agreements  like  the  James  Bay  agreement  and  the  Charter  of   Rights  and  Freedoms  has  allowed  Aboriginal  people  to  regain  some  rights,  but  many   inequalities  and  even  the  Indian  Act  remain  in  effect  today.   11. Unions  were  at  first  prohibited  by  the  Government,  but  the  increasing  power  of   workers  led  to  new  laws  in  the  late  1800s  to  improve  working  conditions  and  to  get   rid  of  child  labour.    The  government  of  Maurice  Duplessis  was  against  unions  and   used  the  police  to  break  up  strikes.    Now  the  most  powerful  unions  are  public  sector   unions.   12. During  the  first  wave  of  feminism  women  demanded  the  right  to  vote  (suffrage)  and   during  the  second  wave  of  feminism  they  demanded  equality  before  the  law,  equal   pay  and  access  to  birth  control  and  abortions.   13. The  French  demanded  that  the  French  language  in  Quebec  be  preserved  and   protected.    The  English  in  Quebec  were  concerned  about  losing  their  rights  to  free   speech  and  access  to  education  in  English.    Bill  101  limited  the  amount  of  English  on   signs  in  Quebec  and  made  French  the  official  language  of  work.    It  also  limited  who   was  eligible  for  English  education  and  forced  new  immigrants  to  go  to  French  school.   14. The  federal  government  fought  against  the  FLQ  during  the  October  Crisis  and  Prime   Minister  Pierre  Trudeau  called  in  the  Army  and  enacted  the  War  Measures  Act.     Nationalists  peacefully  became  the  government  of  Quebec  in  1976  with  the  election   of  Rene  Levesque’s  PQ  government.    The  PQ  brought  in  Bill  101  and  launched  two   referendums  on  separation  in  1980  and  1995  (both  were  NO).   15. Provinces  have  always  tried  to  get  more  power  from  the  Federal  Government.    In   the  1800s  Quebec  and  Ontario  resisted  the  federal  governments  power  in  areas  of   provincial  jurisdiction.    In  the  1950s  Quebec  resisted  the  Federal  government  

imposing  taxes  and  funding  of  universities.    In  the  1970s-­‐1990s,  the  province  of   Quebec  and  the  federal  government  fought  over  the  role  of  Quebec  in  Canada.