www.lawcommission.gov.np

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|df0fLs/0f / k|s fzg ldlt @)^#÷!)÷! ;+zf]wg != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_,@)^#

@)^#÷!!÷#)

@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -bf];|f] ;+ zf]wg_, @)^$

@)^$÷@÷#)

#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -t];|f] ;+ zf]wg_, @)^$

@)^$÷)(÷!#

$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -rf} yf]] ;+zf]wg_, @)^%

@)^%÷)@÷!^

%= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -kfrf}] ;+ zf]wg_, @)^%

@)^%÷)#÷@(

^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -5}] 7f}} ;+ zf]wg_, @)^%

@)^%÷)*÷#)

&= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -;ftf}+ ;+ zf]wg_, @)^^

@)^^÷!)÷!&

*= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cf7f}} ;+ zf] wg_, @)^&

@)^&÷)@÷!$

k|: tfjgf M xfdL ;fj{e f}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfÙ g]kfnL hgtfn] @))& ;fn klxn]b]lv xfn;Dd k6s k6s ub}{ cfPsf P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{ / hgcfGbf] ng dfk{mt nf]stGq, zflGt / cu|udgsf kIfdf k|s6 ePsf] hgfb] zsf] ;Ddfg ub}{Ù b]zdf ljBdfg juL{ o, hftLo, If]q Lo, n}+l Ës ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ ;ÍNk ub}{Ù k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0 f{ k|] ; :jtGqtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|ltsf] k"0 f{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub}{Ù g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfˆgf] nflu cfkm} ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{ rgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k| Tofe"lt ub}{Ù nf]stGq, zflGt, ;d[l4, cu| ufdL cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{g tyf b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, cv08tf, :jtGqtf / :jfledfgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb}Ù 

/fhtGqsf] ljlwjt\ cGTo u/L g]kfn Ps ;+3Lo, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo ePsf]

3f]if0ff ub}{,



rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk www.lawcommission.gov.np 1

www.lawcommission.gov.np

cfh;Ddsf qmflGt / cfGbf]ngaf6 k| fKt pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;+ :yfut ug{ ;+ ljwfg ;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg gag] ;Ddsf] nflu /fhg} lts ;xdltaf6 tof/ ePsf] of] g] kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] 3f]i f0ff ub{ 5f}+ . efu ! k|f/lDes !=

;+ljwfg d"n sfg" sfg"gM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . o; ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 . -@_

@=

o; ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

;fj{e f}d;Qf / /fhsLo;QfM /fhsLo;QfM g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg]5 .

#=

/fi6«M ax'hftLo, ax' eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax' ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfg cfsfª\Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ¿kdf /fi6« xf] .

$=

g]kfn /fHoM /fHoM -!_ g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj] zL ✔

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs, u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] . -@_ g]kfnsf] If]q b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M–

%=

-s_

of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avtsf] If]q, /

-v_

of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 k| fKt x'g] If]q .

/fi6« efiff efiffMM -!_ g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6« efiff x'g\ . -@_ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfo tyf sfof{ nodf dft[e fiff k|of]u ug{ s'g} jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L k| of] u ul/Psf] efiffnfO{ /fHon] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffdf ¿kfGt/ u/L clen] v /fVg]5 .

^=

/fli6« em08fMM l;ld|s /Ësf] e'OF / uf9f gLnf] /Ësf] lsgf/f ePsf] b'O{ lqsf]0f clnslt /fli6«o em08f hf]l/Psf], dflyNnf] efudf v' k]{ rGb|sf] aLrdf ;f]x|d f cf7 sf]0f b]lvg] ;]t f] cfsf/ / tNnf] efudf afx| sf]0 fo'Qm ;" o{sf] ;] tf] cfsf/ clÍt ePsf], k/Dk/fut em08f g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08f xf] . ;f] em08f agfpg] tl/sf / tT;DaGwL c? ljj/0f cg';"rL–! df pNn] v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

&=

/fli6«o ufg OToflb OToflbMM -!_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ufg / lgzfgf 5fk g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 .

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 2

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ g]kfnsf] /fli6« o k"mn nfnLu'/fF;, /fli6«o /Ë l;ld|s, /fli6«o hgfj/ ufO{ / /fli6«o k+IfL 8fF km] x'g]5 . efu @ gful/stf *=

;+ljwfg k|f/De x'bfsf “bfsf avtsf] gful/stf M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fb fsf avt g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] / o; efu adf]lhd gful/stf k|fKt ug{ of]U o JolQmx¿ g]kfnsf gful/s x'g]5g\ . -@_

of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De x'Fbfsf avt g]kfndf :yfoL a;f]j f; ePsf] b]xfosf]

JolQm j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/s 7xg]{5M– -s_

of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm,

-v_

s'g} JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbfsf avt lghsf] afa' jf cfdf g]kfnL gful/s /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQm .

-#_

g]kfn ;/xbleq k]mnf k/]sf] lkt[Tj dft[ Tjsf] 7] ufg gePsf] k| To]s

gfafns lghsf] afa' jf cfdf k]m nf gk/] ;Dd j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/s 7xg]{5 . -$_

g]kfnleq ufleg] u/L s'g} If]q k|fKt ePdf ;f] If]qleq a;f] jf; ePsf]

JolQm k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g]5 . -%_

;+jt\ @)$^ ;fn r}q d;fGt;Dd g]kfn ;/xbleq hGd eO{ g]kfndf

:yfoL ¿kn] a;f]j f; ub}{ cfPsf] JolQmn] k| rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd hGdsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{5 . t/ o; Joj:yf cGtu{t gful/stf k| fKt ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd Ps k6ssf] nflu tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq lgj]bg lbO;s]sf] x'g' kg]{5 . -^_

g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sL ljb]zL dlxnfn] rfx]df

k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cËLs[t g]kfnL gful/stf lng ;Sg]5 . -&_

o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljb]zL gful/s;Fu

ljjfx u/]sL g]kfnL dlxnf gful/saf6 hlGdPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf lghsf] g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} :yfoL a;f]j f; u/]sf] / afj'sf] gful/stfsf] cfwf/df lghn] ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] lghn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] cËLs[t gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 . (=

cËLs[t jf ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stfM wf/f * df n]lvP afx]s sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] cËLs[t jf ;Ddfgfy{ g]kfnL gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 3

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!)= gful/stfsf] k|flKt / ;dflKtM gful/stfsf] k|flKt, ;dflKt nufot cfjZos cGo Joj:yf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] 5 . !!= gful/stf 6f]nL v6fOg]M g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd gful/stf kfpg of]U otf k'u]sf JolQmnfO{ gful/stf k|bfg ug{ gful/stf ljt/0f 6f] nL v6fpg ;Sg]5 . efu # df}lns xs !@= :jtGqtfsf] xsM xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs x'g] 5 / d[To' b08sf] ;hfo x'g] u/L s'g} sfg"g agfOg] 5}g . -@_

sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g ]

-#_

k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5M–

5}g . -s_

ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf,

-v_

lagf xftxltof/ zflGtk" j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf,

-u_

/fhg}lts bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,

-3_

;+3 / ;+: yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,

-ª_

g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]j f; ug]{ :jtGqtf,

-r_

s'g} k] zf, /f]huf/, pBf] u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf . t/, -!_

v08 -s_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{e f}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|b fox¿sf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf ufnL j]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx] ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg lbg] jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{d f dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

-@_

v08 -v_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g] kfnsf] ;fj{e f}d ;Qf, cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf vnn kg]{ sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 4

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-#_

v08 -u_ / -3_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf lx+ ;fTds sfo{ ug{ b'?T;flxt ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

-$_ v08 -ª_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] ;j{ ;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxt jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;' ;DaGwdf vnn kg]{ sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -%_ v08 -r_ sf] s'g} s'/ fn] ;j{ ;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;fj{ hlgs :jf:Yo jf g}l tstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{d f /f]s nufpg] jf s'g} vf; pBf] u, Jofkf/ jf ;]j f /fHon] dfq ;~rfng ug]{ jf s'g} pBf]u , Jofkf/, k] zf jf /f] huf/ ug{s f] nflu s'g} zt{ jf of]U otf tf] Sg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !#= ;dfgtfsf] xs M -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] 5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . -@_ ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{ , lnË, hft, hflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g . -#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{ , j0f{ , hft, hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf j} rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g . t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -$_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf e]befj ul/g] 5}g . !$= 5'jf5't tyf hflto e]befj lj?4sf] xsM -!_

s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+ z, ;d'bfo jf

k]zfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'j f5' t tyf hflto e]befj ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] e]befjk"0 f{ Jojxf/ b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8t JolQmn] sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] 5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 5

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_

s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf /x]sf ;]j f,

;'ljwf jf pkof]usf s'/fx¿ k| of]u ug{af6 jf ;fj{hlgs :yn jf ;fj{hlgs wfld{s :yndf k|j]z ug{ jf wfld{s sfo{ ug{af6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . -#_

s'g} j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] ;]j f, ;'ljwf jf

j:t' s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ vl/b jf k| fKt ug{af6 /f]s nufpg jf To:tf] j:t' , ;]jf jf ;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq laqmL ljt/0f ul/g] 5}g . -$_

s'g} hft, hflt jf pTklQsf JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d" xsf] pr gLr

bzf{pg], hft, hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ Gofof]l rt 7x/fpg] jf hflto ;jf{] Rrtf jf 3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k| rf/ k|;f/ ug{] jf hflto lje]bnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] k|f]T;fxg ug{ kfOg] 5}g . -%_

pkwf/f -@_, -#_ / -$_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 .

!%= k|s fzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xsM xsM -!_ ljB'tLo k|sfzg, k| ;f/0f tyf 5fkf nufotsf cGo h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n] v, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o, >Jo b[io ;fdu| Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k| ;f/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k|ltaGw nufOg] 5}g . t/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf jf cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt jf ;Dk|bfo aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{, /fHob|f]x, ufnL a]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstf k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_ s'g} >Jo, >Jo b[io jf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} ;fdu| Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k| ;f/0f u/] jf 5fk] jfkt To:tf] ;fdu|L k|sfzg tyf k| ;f/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg], /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljB'tLo, 5fkf jf cGo ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . -#_ s'g} ;dfrf/ n] v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o ;fdu|L d'b|0f jf k|sfzg u/] jfkt s'g} ;dfrf/kq, klqsf jf 5fkfvfgf aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . -$_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k|;f/0f tyf 6]lnkmf]g nufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?4 ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . !^= jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afF Rg] xs x'g]5 . -@_

k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfwf/e"t

:jf:Yo ;]j f lgMz'Ns ¿kdf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 6

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!&= lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[ efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 . -@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 . -#_ g]kfndf a;f]jf; ug{] k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{] xs x'g]5 . !*= /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xsM -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 . -@_

dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckfË tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf

Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 . -#_

k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd vfB ;Dk|e'Q fsf] xs

x'g]5 . !(= ;DklQsf] xsM -!_k|To]s gful/snfO{ k| rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 . -@_ ;fj{ hlgs lxtsf] nflu afx]s /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f jf k|fKt ug]{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ c? s'g} k|sf/n] s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ 5}g . t/ cj} w 9Ën] cfh{g u/]sf] ;Dkltsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g . -#_ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ jf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu| x0f jf k| fKt ubf{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ubf{ sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . Ifltk"lt{ / ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sfo{ k|0 ffnL sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g] 5 . @)= dlxnfsf] xs M -!_

dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

-@_

k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 .

-#_

s'g} klg dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo

sfo{ ul/g] 5}g / To:tf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 . -$_

k}t[s ;Dkltdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg xs x'g]5 .

@!= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsM xsM cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw] zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj] zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 . @@= afnaflnsfsf] xsM xsM -!_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfg tyf gfdsf] xs x'g]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 7

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 . -#_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . o:tf] zf]if0fhGo sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . -$_ c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylt, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]l vddf k/]sf ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljiosf] nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g] 5 . -%_ s'g} klg gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L jf åGådf k| of] u ug{ kfO{g] 5}g . @#= wd{ ;DaGwL xs xsMM

-!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k| rlnt ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf

/fvL k/fk" j{b]lv rlncfPsf] cfˆgf] wd{sf] cjnDag, cEof; / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 . t/ s;}n] s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg kfpg] 5}g / Ps csf{sf] wd{df vnn kfg{] u/L s'g} sfd, Jojxf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g . @$= Gofo ;DaGwL xsM -!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g . -@_

kqmfpdf k/]sf JolQmnfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] ;dodf g} cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] sfg"g

Joj;foL;Fu ;Nnfx lng kfpg] xs x'g]5 . To:tf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foL;F u u/]sf] k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx uf]Ko /xg] 5 / To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f k'k{If ug{] xsaf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0fM :ki6Ls/0f o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æsfg"g Joj;foLÆ eGgfn] s'g} cbfntdf s'g} JolQmsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ sfg"gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] JolQmnfO{ hgfpg]5 . -#_

kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s

rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg{]5 / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb] z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'g fdf /flvg] 5}g . t/ pkwf/f -@_ / -#_ df n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ lgjf/s gh/aGb / zq' /fHosf] gful/ssf] xsdf nfu" x'g] 5}g . -$_

tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/] jfkt s'g} JolQm

;hfosf] efuL x'g] 5}g / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gdf tf]lsPeGbf a9L ;hfo lbOg] 5}g . -%_

s'g} cleof]u nufO{Psf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;"/ k| dfl0ft

geP;Dd s;"/bf/ dflgg] 5}g . www.lawcommission.gov.np 8

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-^_

s'g} klg JolQm lj?4 cbfntdf Ps} s;"/df Ps k6seGbf a9L d'2f

rnfOg] / ;hfo lbOg] 5}g . -&_

s'g} s;"/ sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] lj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/

nufOg] 5}g . -*_

k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs

-(_

s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5

x'g]5 . ;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g]5 . -!)_ c;dy{ kIfnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf] lhd lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;]jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . @%= lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?4sf] xsM xsM -!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{e f}d;Qf / cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ geO{ s;}nfO{ klg lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvg] 5}g . -@_

lgjf/s gh/aGb /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfg"g ljk/Lt jf ablgotk"j{s s;}nfO{

gh/aGb /fv]df gh/aGb /x]sf] JolQmn] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] 5 . @^= oftgf lj?4sf] xs xsMM -!_ cg';Gwfg, txlssft jf k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] y'gfdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;Fu lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g] 5 / To:tf] Jojxf/

ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . @&= ;"rgfsf] xsM xs M k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{ hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . t/ sfg"gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . @*= uf]kgLotfsf] xs xsMM s'g} klg JolQmsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;Dklt, lnvt, tYofÍ, kqfrf/, rl/q ;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cgltqmDo x'g] 5 . @(= zf]if0f lj?4sf] xsM xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g] 5 . -@_ k|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf jf s'g} klg lsl;dn] s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g . -#_ dflg;nfO{ a]r–lavg ug{, bf; jf afFwf agfpg kfOg] 5}g . -$_ s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5f lj?4 sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g . www.lawcommission.gov.np 9

www.lawcommission.gov.np

t/ o; pkwf/fdf plNnlvt Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs k|of] hgsf] nflu gful/snfO{ clgjfo{ ;]j fdf nufpg ;lsg] sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . #)= >d ;DaGwL xs xsMM -!_ k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs x'g]5 . -@_

sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ cf–cfˆgf lxt

/Iffsf] lgldQ 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;Ël7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{] xs x'g]5 . #!= b]z lgsfnf lj?4sf] xsM xsM s'g} klg gful/snfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g . #@= ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] pkrf/sf] xsM xsM o; efuåf/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf nflu wf/f !)& df n]lvPsf] tl/sf cg';f/ sf/afxL rnfpg kfpg] xs ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . efu $ /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ ##= /fHosf] bfloTj M /fHosf] bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M– -s_ g]kfnL hgtfdf cGt/lglxt ;fj{e f}d;Qfsf] Jofjxfl/s k|Tofe"lt ug]{ ljifonfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ ;+jt\ ∗@)^$ ;fn ====== ♣leq :jtGq / lgikIf ¿kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{ rg ;DkGg ug{ /fHon] ;Dk"0 f{ Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug]{, -v_ b]zdf cu|u fdL /fhg}lts–cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{, -u_ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{e f}d;Qf / hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+j} wflgs ;Gt' ng / lgoGq0f, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, hgtfsf] ;" rgfsf] clwsf/, /fhg}lts bnx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k| zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k"0 f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhg}lts k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;' zf;g sfod ug]{, -3_ juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}l Ës, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw] zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /fHosf] jt{d fg s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj] zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|u fdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{,

∗

bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . t];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] www.lawcommission.gov.np ♣

10

www.lawcommission.gov.np •

-3!_

d'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cËx?df dw] zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf,

dhb"/, ls;fg, ckfË, lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj] zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg] , -ª_ ;fdGtjfbsf ;a} ¿kx¿sf] cGTo ug]{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{s|d to u/L nfu" ub}{ hfg], -r_ ;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{s|d nfu" ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{, -5_ /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{, -h_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f] huf/L / vfB ;Dk|e't fdf ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ gLlt lng], -em_ ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x/jf r/jf nufotsf cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUuf nufot cfly{s ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng], -`_ ;/sf/L nfesf] kbdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ u/L u}/ sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{x¿ pk/ s8f sf/afxL u/L bl08t ug]{ gLlt lng], -6_ b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt / cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4 zfnL agfpg Ps ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0 f ug]{, -7_ >ldssf k]zfut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ pBf]u wGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|j w{g cflbsf nflu nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿sf] Jofks j[l4 ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{, -8_ /fHo kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}t fsf] k| efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, -9_ ;a} lje]bsf/L sfg"gsf] cGTo ug]{, -0f_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg hn;| f]t nufot k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] /fi6« lxtdf k| of] u ug]{, -t_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfl/Psfx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ tyf o; qmddf 3fOt] eO{ ckfË / czQm ePsfx¿nfO{ plrt /fxt, ;Ddfg tyf k'g:yf{ kgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{, -y_ ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ul7t 5fglag cfof] usf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df To:tf JolQmx¿sf kLl8t kl/jf/x¿nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg], -b_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf lj:yflktx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf ug{, gi6 ePsf lghL tyf ;fj{ hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] xsdf /fxt k|bfg ug{ tyf Wj:t ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glg{df0f ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, •

klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . www.lawcommission.gov.np 11

www.lawcommission.gov.np ❒

-b!_ P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{ x u/L ;Djt\ @)^# ;fn sflt{sd @@ ut] ;xdlt sfod ug]{ k|d' v /fhg}lts bnx? tyf ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ cGo /fhg}lts bnx? ;d]t;“ u ;xdlt, ;dembf/L / ;xsfo{ u/L d' n'ssf k|d' v /fhgLlts ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{,

-w_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;ª\ nUg JolQmx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ tyf ;dfhdf d] nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof] u u7g ug]{ . #$= /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿M l;4fGtx¿M -!_ hgtfsf] hLp, wg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts If]q nufot /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok" 0f{ Joj:yf sfod u/L v' nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t nf]ssNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 ug{' /fHosf] k|d' v p2]Zo x'g]5 . -@_

;dfhdf zflGt / Joj:yf sfod u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g

ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|j w{g ug{] / :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h' 6fO{ nf]stGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sfod ug{' /fHosf] p2]Zo x'g]5 . -#_

g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;+3if{sf] k|ltkmn:j¿k k|fKt nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{

;f]sf nfex¿sf] pkef] u ug{ kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ub}{ ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0 f ug]{ /fHosf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo x'g] 5 . -$_

b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]Gb|Lt x'g

glbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ s'g} klg hflt, lnË, ju{, pTklQ jf JolQm pk/ cfly{s zf]if0f x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s c;dfgtf x6fpFb} :jb] zL lghL Pj+ ;fj{ hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf / k| >o lbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/ Pj+ pGgltzLn u/fpg' /fHosf] d" ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 . -%_

;a} lsl;dsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf x6fO{ ljleGg hft, hflt,

wd{, efiff, j0f{ , ;d'b fo / ;Dk|bfosf aLr ;fdGh:o :yfkgf u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{' /fHosf] ;fdflhs p2]Zo x'g]5 . -^_

b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf, cv08tf / :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fvL cGt/f{li6«o

hutdf /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4 ug]{ lbzfdf /fHosf] cGt/f{li6« o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g] 5 .

❒ kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . www.lawcommission.gov.np

12

www.lawcommission.gov.np

#%= /fHosf /fHosf gLltx¿ M-!_

b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f

u/L ;a} If]qsf hgtfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, cfjf; / /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -@_

;/sf/L, ;xsfl/tf / lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 d' n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf;

ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -#_

ljleGg wd{, ;+:s[lt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, pTklQ / efiff efifLx¿sf

aLr ;dfgtf Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf] efiff, ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ljsf;åf/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod /fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 . -$_

/fli6«o lxt cg's"n pkof] uL Pj+ nfebfos ¿kdf b]zsf] k| fs[lts ;| f]t tyf

;Dkbfsf] kl/rfng ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'b fonfO{ k| fyldstf lbOg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -%_

/fHon] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 . hg;fwf/0fdf

jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf a9fO{ ef}lts ljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿åf/f jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+ jftfj/0f tyf b' n{e jGohGt's f] ljz]i f ;+/If0fdf /fHon] k|fyldstf lbg]5 . jg / jg:klt tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, bLuf] pkof]u / To;af6 k|fKt nfedf ;dGoflos afF 8kmfF 8sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . -^_

/fHon] ls;fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L s[lif If]qdf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lifdf

cfwfl/t clwsf+ z hgtfsf] cfly{s pGglt x'g] cj:yfx¿sf] l;h{gf u/L s[lifnfO{ pBf] usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{5 . -&_

b]zsf] d'Vo ;fdflhs cfly{s zlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]s f] >dzlQmnfO{ /f] huf/

pknAw u/fO{ sfd kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ pBdsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -*_

dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o

ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -(_

/fHon] Psn dlxnf, cgfy, afnaflnsf, c;xfo, j[4 , ckfË, czQm /

nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -!)_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB;Dk|e' tf / /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw] zL, blnt nufot ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 13

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-!!_ b]zsf] pGgltsf nflu lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{'sf ;fy} :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{] gLlt cjnDag ug{]5 . -!@_ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k| fyldstf lbO{ b]zdf j}b]lzs k"FhL / k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!#_

ax';+Vos u|fdL0f hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] ultnfO{

tLj|t/ agfpFb} n}hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!$_ /fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw] zL, d'l:nd nufot cNk;+ Vos, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ;d'b fo / åGå kLl8tsf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -!%_ d'Qm sd}ofsf] ;+Vof olsg u/L pgLx¿sf] a;f]j f;sf] nflu cfwf/e"t e"ld / /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!^_ ls;fg, dhb'/ nufot >ddf cfl>t ju{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws lzIff, tfnLd, k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZos k"j f{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ /fHosf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!&_ j[4, czQm dlxnf tyf a]/f] huf/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L eQf lbg] gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -!*_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / cEof;sf] klxrfg / ;+/If0f ub{} To;nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 . -!(_ d'n'sdf :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf lgodg ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -@)_ b]zsf] ljsf;df o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -@!_ /fHon] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+ nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt lng]5 . -@@_ l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿ / ;+;f/sf c? ;a} d'n's x¿l;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf zflGtnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub{} hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . #^= cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg]M -!_ o; efudf n]lvPsf ljifox¿ sfof{ Gjog eP jf gePsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . -@_ /fHon] o; efudf plNnlvt l;4fGt tyf gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZostf cg' ;f/ ;|f]t / ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 14

www.lawcommission.gov.np 

efu $s=

/fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«klt klt #^s= /fi6«klt M -!_ g]kfndf Pshgf /fi6«klt /xg]5 . -@_

/fi6«klt d'n'ssf] /fi6«W oIf x'g]5 / ;f] xL x}l;otdf o; ;+ljwfg / k| rlnt

sfg"g adf]lhd lghn] cfÎgf] gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{5 . -#_

;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{ /fi6«kltsf] k|d' v st{Jo x'g]5 .

▲

#^v= /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg M -!_ /fhg}lts ;xdltsf cfwf/df /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;+ljwfg ;efn] ug]{5 . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]df ;+ljwfg ;efdf tTsfn

sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] ax'dt k|fKt ug]{ JolQm /fi6« kltsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] dflgg]5 . -#_

/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgwf{/0f u/]

adf]lhd x'g]5 . -$_

lgjf{rg, dgf]gog jf lgo'lQmåf/f k"lt{ x'g] s'g} klg /fhg}lts kbdf axfn

/x]sf] s'g} JolQm /fi6«kltsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePdf lghsf] To:tf] kb :jtM l/Qm x'g]5 . #^u= /fi6«kltsf] kbfjlw M /fi6«kltsf] kbfjlw ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 hf/L x'g] ;+ljwfg k| f/De geP;Ddsf nflu x'g] 5 . #^3= /fi6«kltsf] of]U otf M /fi6«klt x'gsf] nflu s'g} klg JolQmn] b]xfosf] of]U otf k"/f u/]sf] x'g ' kg]{5 M– -s_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o x'g of]Uo ePsf] , -v_ sDtLdf k}+tL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] . #^ª= /fi6«klt kbd'Qm x'g] cj:yf M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf /fi6«klt cfÎgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 M– -s_ lghn] pk/fi6« klt ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf, -v_ lghn] ;+ljwfgsf] uDeL/ pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?sf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 lghsf] lj?4 dxfleof] usf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf, jf -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .



rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ▲

15

www.lawcommission.gov.np →

#^r= /fi6«kltsf] zkyM zky -!_ /fi6«kltn] cfk\mgf] sfo{e f/ ;DxfNg' cl3 cg';"rL – !s= adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] g]kfnL efiffdf k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng' kg]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]l vPsf] ePtf klg /fi6«kltn] g]kfndf af]l ng] cfˆgf] dft[e fiffdf zky lng rfx]df ;f]xL pkwf/f adf]lhdsf] zkysf] 9fF rfsf] Joxf]/f cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf cg'jfb u/L To:sf] Psk|lt zky u|x0fsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] ldlt eGbf rf}jL; 306f cufj} /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5 . -#_ o; wf/f adf]lhd /fi6«kltn] zky lnPkl5 cfk"mn] lnPsf] zkysf] k|ltdf x:tfIf/ u/L /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . t/ g]kfndf af]lng] cfˆgf] dft[e fiffdf zky lnPsf]df ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] g]kfnL efiff / cfk"mn] zky lnPsf] cGo g]kfnL dft[efiffsf] zkysf] k|ltdf ;d]t x:tfIf/ u/L /fi6«kltsf] sfof{ no ;dIf k] z ug'{ kg]{ 5 . -$_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lnPsf] zkysf] clen]v /fi6«kltsf] sfof{non] /fVg] 5 .

#^5= pk/fi6«klt M -!_ g]kfndf Pshgf pk/fi6«klt /xg]5 . -@_ wf/f #^ª= adf]lhd /fi6«klt kbd'Qm eO{ csf]{ /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt geP;Dd jf /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:yltdf /fi6«kltaf6 ul/g] sfo{ x? pk/fi6«kltaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g]5 . ❒

-#_ lgjf{rg, dgf]gog jf lgo'lQmåf/f k"lt{ x'g] s'g} klg /fhg}lts kbdf axfn /x]sf] s'g } JolQm pk/fi6« kltsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePdf lghsf] To:tf] kb :jtM l/Qm x'g]5 .

#^h= pk/fi6«klt kbd'Qm x'g] cj:yf M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf pk/fi6« klt cfÎgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 M– -s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf, -v_ lghn] ;+ljwfgsf] uDeL/ pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?sf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 lghsf] lj?4 dxfleof] usf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf, jf -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . #^em= pk/fi6«klt ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf M -!_ pk/fi6«kltsf]

▲

of]Uotf, lgjf{rg k|lqmof tyf

kbfjlw ;DaGwL Joj:yf /fi6«kltsf] ;/x x'g]5 . →

-@_ pk/fi6«kltn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 cg';"rL –!s= adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf

;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] g]kfnL efiffdf /fi6«klt ;dIf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng' kg]{ 5 . →

;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . ▲ kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ❒

16

www.lawcommission.gov.np


-#_ pkwf/f -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]l vPsf] eP tfklg pk/fi6«kltn] g]kfndf

af]lng] cfˆgf] dft[e fiffdf zky lng rfx]df ;f]xL pkwf/f adf]lhdsf] zkysf] 9fF rfsf] Joxf]/f cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf cg'jfb u/L To:sf] Psk|lt zky u| x0fsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] ldlt eGbf rf}jL; 306f cufj} /fi6«kltsf] sfof{ no ;dIf k] z ug'{ kg]{ 5 .


-$_ o; wf/f adf]lhd pk/fi6« kltn] zky lnPkl5 cfk"mn] lnPsf] zkysf] k|ltdf

x:tfIf/ u/L /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . t/ g]kfndf af]l ng] cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf zky lnPsf]df ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] g]kfnL efiff / cfk"mn] zky lnPsf] cGo g]kfnL dft[e fiffsf] zkysf] k|ltdf ;d]t x:tfIf/ u/L /fi6«kltsf] sfof{ no ;dIf k] z ug'{ kg]{ 5 .


-%_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lnPsf] zkysf] clen]v /fi6«kltsf] sfof{non] /fVg] 5 .

#^`= /fi6« /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] ltsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf M /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf Pgåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To:tf] P]g gag];Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . ▲

#^6=/fi6« #^6=/fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no M -!_ /fi6«klt

/

pk/fi6«kltsf]

sfo{nfO{

;xof]u

k'¥ofpgsf] nflu 5'§ f5'§} sfof{ no /xg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfof{ nosf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos sd{rf/L tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx? g]knf ;/sf/n] Joj:yf ug]{5 . efu % sfo{kflnsf #&= sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g]5 . -@_

of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf]

;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\ pk/ x'g]5 . -#_

g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g]5 .

-$_

pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] lg0f{ o jf cfb]z /

tT;DaGwL clwsf/kqsf] k|df0fLs/0f sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . #*= dlGqkl/ifb\ \sf] u7gM dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7gM -!_ /fhg}lts ;xdltsf cfwf/df k| wfgdGqL / lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g x'g]5 . →


;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt . ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg4f/f yk .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 17

www.lawcommission.gov.np ✄

M============= -@_

▲

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]

tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] ax'dtsf] cfwf/df k| wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt x'g]5 . -#_ cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ ljefhg cfk;L ;xdltaf6 to

ul/g]5 . -$_

dlGqkl/ifb\df cfjZostf cg' ;f/ pk–k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ /xg]

5g\ . :ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k| of]hgsf nflu ædGqLÆ eGgfn] dGqfnosf] 5'§} sfo{ ef/ ;DxfNg] /fHo dGqL ;d]t nfO{ hgfpg]5 . -%_ k|wfgdGqLn] dGqL lgo'lQm ubf{ ;DalGwt bnsf] l;kmfl/;df Joj:yflksf– ;+;bsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]a f6 lgo'lQm ug'{ kg{] 5 . -^_ k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bk|lt ;fd"lxs ¿kdf pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ / dGqLx¿ cfˆgf dGqfnosf] sfdsf nflu JolQmut ¿kdf k|wfgdGqL / Joj:yflksf– ;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . -&_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5M– -s_ Ψ

✔

lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,

-s!_ wf/f %%s= adf]lhd lghsf] lj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|: tfj kfl/t ePdf,

-v_ lgh Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;b:o g/x]d f, jf -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -*_

pk–k| wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL tyf ;xfos dGqL b]xfosf cj:yfdf

cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5g\ M– -s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd k| wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePdf, -u_ ;DalGwt bnsf] l;kmfl/;df jf ;DalGwt bn;Fusf] ;Nnfxdf k| wfgdGqLn] lghnfO{ kbd'Qm u/]df, jf -3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -(_ pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd k| wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePklg csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g geP;Dd ;f] xL dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfo{ ;~rfng u/L /xg]5 . ✄

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] . rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . Ψ bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . www.lawcommission.gov.np ✔

18

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-!)_ k|wfgdGqLsf] d[To' ePdf gofF k| wfgdGqLsf] rog geP;Ddsf] nflu pk– k|wfgdGqL jf jl/i7td dGqLn] k| wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{5 . #(= /fHo dGqL / ;xfos dGqL M -!_ k|wfgdGqLn]

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf]

;b:ox¿

dWo]af6

;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] l;kmfl/;df /fHo dGqL lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_

k|wfgdGqLn] s'g} dGqLnfO{ lghsf] sfo{e f/ ;~rfngdf ;xfotf ug{

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] l;kmfl/;df ;xfos dGqL lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . $)= Joj:yflksf– Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o gePsf] JolQm dGqL kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg]M wf/f #* / #( df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|wfgdGqLn] Ψ/fhg}lts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df Joj:yflksf– ;+;bsf] ;b:o gePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL jf ;xfos dGqL kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] 5 . $!= kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿M jwfx¿M k|wfgdGqL, pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL / ;xfos dGqLx¿sf] kfl/>lds / cGo ;'ljwfx¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f x'g]5 . ;f] adf]lhd P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] 5 . $@= zky zkyMM k|wfgdGqLn] ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf / pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL tyf ;xfos dGqLn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf cfˆgf] kb / uf] kgLotfsf] zky u| x0f ug'{ kg]{ 5 . $#= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;~rfngM ;~rfngM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;~rfng ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf, /fhg}lts ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[lt cg'¿k ul/g]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;~rfngsf] gLltut cfwf/ cfk;L ;xdltaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{qmd x'g]5 . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t lgodfjnL adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg / sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{tsf] lgodfjnLsf] kfngf eof] jf ePg eGg] k|Zg s'g} cbfntdf p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . $$= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePkl5sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ dlGqkl/ifbM\ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePkl5 sfo{s fl/0fL clwsf/sf] k| of] u, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g / tT;DaGwL cGo s'/f cfjZos x]/km]/ ;lxt o;} efudf n]lvPsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g] 5 . efu ^ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ✖

$%= =================== ✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] . www.lawcommission.gov.np ✖

19

www.lawcommission.gov.np ✖

$^= ==================== ====================

✖

$&= ====================

✖

$*= ===================

✖

$(= ====================

✖

%)= ==================== clwj]zgsf] cfJxfg / cGtM cGtM -!_ ▲/fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;do ;dodf

%!=

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj]zg cfJxfg ug]{5 . -@_

▲

/fi6«kltn] k| wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj]zgsf]

cGt ug]{ 5 . Ψ

-#_

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj] zg jf a}7s rfn" g/x]sf] jf :ylut /x]s f]

cj:yfdf clwj] zg jf a} 7s af] nfpg jf~5gLo 5 egL Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf tTsfn sfod /x]s f ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps rf} yfO{ ;b:ox?n] ;dfj]bg u/] df ;dfj]bg u/]s f] ldltn] kGw| lbg leq a}7s a:g] u/L # /fi6kltn] /fi6kltn] ldlt / ;do tf]sL To:tf] clwj] zg jf a} 7s af] nfpg] 5 / To;/L tf]lsPsf] ldlt / ;dodf Joj:yflksf– ;+ ;bsf] clwj] zg jf a} 7s k| f/De x'g] jf a:g]5 . :ki6Ls/0f M o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;dfj]bgÆ eGgfn] lgj]bg k]z ug]{ JolQmsf] x:tfIf/ ePsf] lnvt ;Demg' k5{ . %@=

✔

/fi6«kltaf6 ltaf6 ;Daf]wg M✔/fi6«kltn] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj]zgdf ;/sf/sf] jflif{s gLlt

sfo{qmd k|:t't u/L ;Daf]wg ug{]5 . %#= u0fk"/s ;+VofM ofM o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]d f afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} klg a}7sdf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt geP;Dd s'g} k|Zg jf k|:tfj lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't ul/g] 5}g . %$= ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf a}7ssf] sfo{ ;~rfng M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf]

s'g}

;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm 5 eg] klg Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] 5 / Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] s'g} sf/afxLdf efu lng gkfpg] s'g} JolQmn] efu lnPsf] s'/f kl5 kQf nfUof] eg] klg eO{;s]sf] s'g} sfo{ cdfGo x'g] 5}g . -@_

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] dGqL, /fHo dGqL jf ;xfos dGqLn]

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g ;Sg] 5 . ▲

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . # 5}7f} ;+zf]wg2f/f ;+zf]lwt ✔ rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np Ψ

20

www.lawcommission.gov.np

t/ lghnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5}g . %%= dtbfgM dtbfgM o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] s'g} klg a}7sdf lg0f{osf] nflu k|:t't ul/Psf] h'g;'s} k|Zgsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg ug]{ ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 . cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;fdfGotM dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g . t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lghn] cfˆgf] lg0ff{ os dt lbg]5 . Ψ

%%s=ljZjf;sf] %%s=ljZjf;sf] dt M -!_ k|wfgdGqLn] s'g} klg avt cfk"mdfly Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ljZjf; 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ug{ cfjZos jf pko'Qm 7fg]df ljZjf;sf] dtsf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k|: tfj /fVg ;Sg] 5 . -@_

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:on]

k|wfgdGqL pk/ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljZjf; 5}g egL lnlvt ?kdf cljZjf;sf] k|: tfj k] z ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . t/ Pp6} k| wfgdGqL pk/ 5 dlxgfdf Psk6seGbf a9L cljZjf;sf] k|: tfj k]z ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . -#_

pkwf/f -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|:tfjsf] lg0f{o Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf

tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] ✄=========== ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 . %^= ljz]ifflwsf/M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] a}7sdf k"0 f{ jfs :jtGqtf /xg]5 / ;f] a} 7sdf JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f jf lbPsf] s'g} dtnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf /fVg jf lgh pk/ s'g} cbfntdf s'g} sf/afxL rnfpg ;lsg] 5}g . -@_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bnfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/afxL lgoldt ug{] k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]5 / s'g} sf/afxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g egL lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k| Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . -#_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] s'g} klg sfd sf/afxLnfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] z+sf p7fO{ s'g} l6sf l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af] n]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL– hfgL unt jf e|fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg tyf k| ;f/0f ul/g] 5}g . -$_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{ t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg jf sf/afxL k|s flzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQm pk/ cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfpg ;lsg] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0fM :ki6Ls/0fM pkwf/f -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu æJoj:yflksf– ;+;bÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] / To;sf] s'g} ;ldlt ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 . ✄ kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] . www.lawcommission.gov.np

21

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-%_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj]zg cjlwe/ kqmfp ul/g] 5}g . t/ s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s'g} ;b:onfO{ sfg"g cg';f/ kqmfp ug{ o; pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L s'g} ;b:o kqmfp ul/Pdf kqmfp ug{] clwsf/Ln] To;sf] ;"rgf Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg{] 5 . -^_ o; wf/fdf pNn] v ePsf s'g} s'/f pNnª\3g ePdf Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ xgg x'g] / Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xggnfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] cjx] ngf dflgg]5 . s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{ o ug{] clwsf/ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . -&_ s;}n] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cjx]ngf u/]df ;f] ;DaGwL a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmn] a}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, gl;xt lbg jf tLg dlxgfdf ga9\g] u/L s}b ug{ jf b; xhf/ ¿k} ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf lghn] r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFs L ;/x c;' n pk/ ul/g]5 . t/ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lghn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]df Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] Ifdf k|bfg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{ jf 36fpg ;Sg]5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn] v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]i fflwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . %&= sfo{ ;~rfng ljlwM ljlwM o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng /fhg}lts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ug]{5 / Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a} 7ssf] ;' Joj:yf sfod /fVg / ;ldltx¿sf] u7g, sfd sf/afxL / cGo s'/f lgoldt ug{sf] nflu lgodfjnL agfpg]5 . To:tf] lgodfjnL gag];Ddsf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ lgoldt ug{]5 . ▲

%&s= ljkIfLo bn M -!_ -@_

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf ljkIfL bn / To;sf] g]tf /xg]5 .

ljkIfLo bnsf] g]tfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP

adf]lhd x'g]5 . %*= ;ldltM Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf o;sf] lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfjZos ;+ Vofdf ;ldlt / pk–;ldltx¿ /xg] 5g\ .

▲ kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np

22

www.lawcommission.gov.np # %(= ;+ljwfg ;efn] Joj:yflksf– Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{]M o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfg ;efn] k|of]u ug{] 5 . ^)= ax;df aGb]hM -!_ g]kfnsf] s'g} cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g} d'2f ;DaGwdf tyf GofofwLzn] sQ{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] Goflos sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf ;bgdf 5nkmn ug{ kfOg] 5}g . t/ dxfleof] usf] k| : tfjdf 5nkmn ubf{ GofofwLzsf] cfrf/ ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/ f JoQm ug{ o; wf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ df ul/Psf] of] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;d]t nfu" x'g]5 .

^!= Joj:yflksf– Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu Ps ;lrjfno /xg] 5 . To:tf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -@_

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos

x'g] sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 . ±

^!s= Joj:yflksf– Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] bsf] dxf;lrj / ;lrj M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf Pshgf dxf;lrj / Pshgf ;lrj /xg]5g\ . -@_ dxf;lrj / ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd' vsf] l;kmfl/;df ✔

/fi6« kltn] ug]{5 . -#_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] dxf;lrj / ;lrjsf] of]U otf, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/

tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ sfg'gåf/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . ^@= kfl/>ldsM Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd' v, pk–;efd' v, ;b:o tyf ;ldltsf ;efkltx¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To;/L lgwf{/0f geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . efu & ;+ljwfg jwfg ;ef ^#= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7gM u7gM -!_ g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}+n] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL Ps ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g x'g]5 . #

5}6f} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .

±

t];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ✔

23

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_

of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De eP kl5 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:osf] lgjf{rg g]kfn

;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ldltdf x'g]5 . 

-#_

;+ljwfg ;efdf ;dfg hg;+Vof / ef}u f]lns cg's"ntf tyf ljlzi6tfsf

cfwf/df / dw]zdf hg;+ Vof k|ltztsf] cfwf/df sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg'?k b]xfo adf]lhd lgjf{lrt / dgf]gog x'g] b]xfosf ;+ Vofsf ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ M– -s_ k| zf;sLo lhNnfnfO{ lgjf{ rg lhNnf sfod u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{ rg x'g'e Gbf cl3sf] /fli6« o hgu0fgfaf6 lglZrt ePsf] hg;V+ ofsf] cfwf/df To:tf lhNnf / ;b:o ;+ VofaLrsf] cg' kft oyf;Dej ;dfg x'g] u/L wf/f !%$s= adf]lhd Joj:yf ePsf] lgjf{ rg If]q lgwf{/ 0f cfof] uaf6

♠

lgwf{/0f

ePadf]lhd b'O{ ;o rfnL; lgjf{ rg If]q sfod u/L k| To]s lgjf{ rg If] qaf6 Pshgfsf b/n] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{l rt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0 ffnLcg';f/ lgjf{lrt ;b:o, -v_ ;Dk"0f{ d'n'snfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg' kflts lgjf{ rg k|0ffnL cg' ;f/ ♠ lgjf{lrt x'g] tLg ;o k} QL; ;b:o, -u_ /fli6«o hLjgdf dxTjk"0f{ of] ubfg k'¥ofPsf ♠ ljlzi6 JolQmx¿ / v08 -s_ / v_ adf]lhdsf] lgjf{rgaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf cflbaf;L hghfltdWo]af6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 dgf]gog x'g] ♠ 5AaL; hgf ;b:o . •

-#s_ pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] v08

adf]lhd lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+j t\ @)%^ ;fndf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] k|ltlglw;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg x'Fbfsf avt k| rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfod /x]sf k|zf;sLo lhNnfx?sf lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;+VofnfO{ oyfjt\ /fvL lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf hg;+ Vof j[l4sf] cfwf/df lgjf{rg If]q j[l4 ul/g]5 / To;/L lgjf{ rg If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ dw] zsf] hg;+ Vofsf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df lgjf{ rg If]qsf] ;+ Vof sd ePsf dw]zsf k|zf;sLo lhNnfsf] lgjf{ rg If]q j[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_

pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnx¿n] pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{

;dfj] zL l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{5 / v08 -v_ adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnx¿n]  klxnf] ♠

;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . t];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . • klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . www.lawcommission.gov.np 24

www.lawcommission.gov.np

pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"lrs[t ubf{ dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t hflt÷cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw] zL nufot cGo ju{ ;d]tsf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg' kg]{5 . -%_

pkwf/f -$_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dlxnfsf] xsdf pkwf/f -#_

sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjdf x'g] ;ª\Vofdf ;f] pkwf/fsf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ lbOg] pDd]bjf/Lsf] ;+Vof hf]8]/ s'n ;+Vofdf Go"gtd Ps ltxfO{ pDd]bjf/L lbg' kg]{5 . -^_

;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd uf]K o

dtbfgåf/f x'g]5 . -&_

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k| of] hgsf] nflu ;+j t\ @)^# ;fn dª\l;/

d;fGt;Dd c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] k| To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd dtbfg ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 . ❒

-&s_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt ;b:osf] :yfg s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm

ePdf To:tf] :yfg h'g k|lqmofåf/f lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gLt ePsf] xf] ;f] xL k|lqmofåf/f k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k"lt{ ul/g]5 . Χ

-&v_ pkwf/f -&_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_

adf]lhd lgjf{ lrt ;b:osf] :yfg s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm eO{ pkwf/f -&s_ adf]lhd lgjf{rgåf/f k"lt{ ug'{kbf{ To;/L lgjf{ rg ul/g] ;fneGbf tTsfn cl3Nnf] ;fnsf] r}q d;fGt;Dd c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] k| To]s g] kfnL gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf] lhd dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . -*_

o; wf/fdf n]l vPsf] s'/fx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg / ;f]

;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 . ^$= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfnM fnM ;+ljwfg ;efn] k|: tfj kfl/t u/L cufj} lj36g u/]sf]df afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a} 7s a;]sf] ldltn] tLg jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ d'n'sdf ;+s6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] sfd k"/f x'g g;s]df ;+ljwfg ;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn yk 5 dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;Sg]5 . ^%= ;b:osf] of]Uotf otfM ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu s'g} klg JolQmn] b]xfosf of]U otf k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg{] 5M -s_ ❒

Χ

g]kfnL gful/s,

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . 5}6f+} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk .



cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 25

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-v_

sDtLdf kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/ f u/]sf] ,

-u_

g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L s;"/df ;hfo gkfPsf] ,

Ψ

-u!_ s'g} sfg"gn] cof]Uo gePsf],

-3_

s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/]sf] .

:ki6Ls/0fM v08 -3_ sf] k|of] hgsf nflu ænfesf] kbÆ eGgfn] lgjf{rg jf dgf]gogåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] /fhg}lts kb afx]s s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 kfl/>lds jf cGo s'g} cfly{s ;'ljwf kfpg] cGo s'g} kbnfO{ hgfpg]5 . ^^= ;b:osf] cof]U otf ;DaGwL k|Zgsf] lg0f{oM ;+ljwfg ;efsf s'g} ;b:o wf/f ^% adf]lhd cof]Uo 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k| Zg p7]df To;sf] clGtd lg0f{o ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfntn] ug]{5 . ^&= ;b:osf] :yfgsf] l/Qmtf M ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:osf] :yfg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M -s_ lghn] lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ wf/f ^% adf]lhd lghsf] of]Uotf gePdf jf g/x]df, -u_ ;efnfO{ ;"rgf glbO{ nuftf/ b;j6f a}7sdf cg'kl:yt /x]d f, -3_ h'g /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o eO{ lgjf{lrt ePsf] xf] ;f]xL bnn] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd lghn] bn Tofu u/]sf] jf bnsf] ;b:otf sfod g/x]sf] s'/f ;"lrt u/]df, -ª_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . :ki6Ls/0fM :ki6Ls/0fM v08 -3_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf jf pkfWoIfsf] xsdf nfu" x'g ] 5}g . ^*= ;b:osf] zkyM zkyM ;+ljwfg ;efsf k|To]s ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;ef jf o;sf] s'g} ;ldltdf klxnf] k6s efu lng' cl3 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd zky lng' kg{] 5 . ^(= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7s M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] clGtd lgjf{rg kl/0ffd lgjf{rg cfof]u n] ;fj{ hlgs u/]sf] PSsfO; lbgleq k|wfgdGqLn] cfJxfg u/] adf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:g]5 / To;kl5sf a}7s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmn] tf]s]sf] ldlt / :yfgdf a:g]5 . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf sDtLdf

Ps rf} yfO{ ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a} 7s af] nfpg cfjZos 5 egL sf/0f ;lxt ;+ljwfg Ψ

bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . www.lawcommission.gov.np 26

www.lawcommission.gov.np

;efsf cWoIf ;dIf lgj]bg u/]df cWoIfn] kGw| lbgleq ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7s af]nfpg' kg{]5 . &)= ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os kfl/t ug{] ljlw M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw] os kfl/t ubf{ ;+ljwfg ;efdf k]z ePsf] To:tf] ljw] ossf] k|:tfjgf tyf k| To]s wf/fdf dtbfg u/L kfl/t ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd dtbfg ubf{ ;+ljwfg ;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt ePsf] a}7ssf] ;j{;Ddltaf6 kfl/t ug'{ kg{]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] ljw] ossf] k|: tfjgf jf To;sf] s'g} wf/fsf ;DaGwdf ;j{;Ddt sfod x'g g;s]df ;f] ljifodf ;j{;Ddlt sfod ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{] /fhg}lts bnsf ;+ ;bLo bnsf g]tfn] cfk;df k/fdz{ ug{]5g\ . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd k/fdz{ ug{] sfd ;j{ ;Ddlt sfod x'g g;s]sf] ldltn] a9Ldf kGw|lbg;Dd k"/f ul/;Sg' kg{]5 . -%_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd k/fdz{ ePsf]d f To:tf] k/fdz{ ug{] sfd k"/f ePsf] ;ft lbgleq To:tf] ljw] ossf] k|:tfjgf jf s'g} wf/f pk/ k'gM dtbfg x'g] 5 . -^_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd dtbfg x'Fbf klg pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;j{;Ddt sfod x'g g;s]df k|: tfjgf jf h'g wf/fsf ;DaGwdf ;j{ ;Ddt sfod x'g g;s]sf] xf] ;f] k|:tfjgf jf wf/fdf k'gM dtbfg x'g] 5 / To:tf] dtbfgdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:osf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt ePsf] a}7ssf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf To:tf] k|:tfjgf jf wf/f kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 . -&_ o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;+ljwfg ;efdf k]z ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf jf To;sf] s'g} wf/fsf] ;DaGwdf dtbfg ubf{ s'g} klg ;b:on] To:tf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf jf To;sf] s'g} wf/fsf] ljkIfdf dt glbPdf ;j{ ;Ddlt sfod ePsf] dflgg]5 . &!= ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf pkfWoIfMM -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL cfˆgf] sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ cl3 ▲cfˆgf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 /fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df Pshgf cWoIf / Pshgf pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ug{]5 . ❒

-!s_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]df ;+ljwfg ;efdf

tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ax'dt k| fKt ug]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIf jf pkfWoIf kbdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] dflgg]5 . ▲ kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np

27

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ ▲pkwf/f -!_ jf pkwf/f -!s_ adf]lhd lgjf{rg ubf{ cWoIf / pkfWoIf ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{] cnu–cnu /fhg}lts bnaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug{] ;b:o x'g ' kg{]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{ rg ;DkGg geP ;Dd pd]/sf lx;fan] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;a}eGbf h]i7 ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{]5 . -$_ cWoIf jf pkfWoIfn] o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf g/xL t6:y JolQmsf] x}l;otn] ug{]5 . &@= cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] :yfg l/Qmtf M -!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] kb l/Qm x'g]5M– -s_

lghn] lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,

-v_

;+ljwfg ;efdf lghsf] ;b:otf g/x]d f,

-u_

lghn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf, jf

-3_

lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-@_

;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIfn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj

pk/ 5nkmn x'g] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pkfWoIf jf cGo s'g} ;b:on] ug{] 5 / ;f] k|:tfjsf] 5nkmndf cWoIfn] efu lng / dt lbg kfpg]5 . &#= u0fk"/s ;+VofM ofM o; efudf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7sdf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt geP;Dd ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg] 5}g / s'g} k| Zg jf k|:tfj lg0f{osf nflu k| :t't x'g] 5}g . ▲

&$= ;b:osf] ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{ ;~rfng M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x] klg ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfkmgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg]5 / cof]Uotfsf] sf/0f ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} sfd sf/afxLdf efu lng gkfpg] s'g} JolQmn] efu lnPsf] s'/f kl5 kQf nfUof] eg] klg eO;s]sf] sfd sf/afxL cdfGo x'g] 5}g . -@_

;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] eP klg dGqL, /fHodGqL, ;xfosdGqLn]

;+ljwfg ;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g ;Sg] 5 . t/ lghnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5}g .

❒

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ▲

28

www.lawcommission.gov.np

&%= dtbfgM dtbfgM o; efudf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lg0f{osf] nflu k| :t't h'g;'s} k|Zg jf k|: tfjsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg ug{] ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 . cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ ;fdfGotof dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g . t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lghn] cfˆgf] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 . &^= cglws[ cglws[t pkl:yt ePdf jf dtbfg u/]df ;hfo x'g]M wf/f ^* adf]lhd zky glnO{ jf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf] nflu cfjZos of]U otf k' u]sf] 5}g eGg] yfxf kfpFbf kfpFb} s'g} JolQm ;+ljwfg ;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ePdf jf lghn] dtbfg u/]df lghnfO{ ;f] a}7sdf cWoIftf ug{] JolQmsf] cfb]zn] To;/L pkl:yt ePsf] jf dtbfg u/]sf] k|To]s k6ssf nflu kfF r xhf/ ¿k} ofF hl/jfgf x'g]5 . o;/L ePsf] hl/jfgf lghn] r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;' n pk/ ul/g]5 . &&= ljz]ifflwsf/ M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a} 7sdf k"0 f{ jfs :jtGqtf /xg]5 / ;f] a}7sdf JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f jf lbPsf] s'g} dtnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf /fVg jf lgh pk/ s'g} cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}g . -@_

;+ljwfg ;efsf] k| To]s a}7snfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/afxL lgoldt

ug{] k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]5 / s'g} sfd sf/afxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g egL lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ;DalGwt a}7snfO{ dfq x'g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fOg] 5}g . -#_

;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} klg sfd sf/afxLnfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] z+sf

p7fO{ s'g} 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af] n]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL–hfgL unt jf e| fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg tyf k| ;f/0f ul/g] 5}g . -$_

;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg jf

sf/afxL k|sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQm pk/ cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0fM pkwf/f -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7sÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfg ;ef / To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7s ;d] tnfO{ hgfpg]5 . -%_

;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfne/ kqmfp

ul/g] 5}g . t/ s'g} kmf}Hbf/L cleof]udf s'g} ;b:onfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd kqmfp ug{ o; pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L s'g} ;b:o kqmfp ul/Pdf kqmfp ug{] clwsf/Ln] To;sf] ;"rgf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ t' ?Gt lbg' kg{]5 . -^_

o; wf/fdf pNn]v ePsf s'g} s'/f pNnª\3g ePdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

ljz]ifflwsf/ xgg x'g] / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xggnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cjx] ngf www.lawcommission.gov.np 29

www.lawcommission.gov.np

dflgg]5 . s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ;f] ;efnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . -&_

s;}n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cjx] ngf u/]df ;f] ;DaGwL a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug{]

JolQmn] a} 7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, gl;xt lbg jf tLg dlxgfdf ga9\g ] u/L s}b ug{ jf bz xhf/ ¿k} ofF ;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf lghn] r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;' n pk/ ul/g]5 . t/ ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lghn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]df ;+ljwfg ;efn] Ifdf k|b fg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{, 36fpg jf sfof{Gjog gu/fpg ;Sg]5 . -*_

o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn] v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]i fflwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿

sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . &*= sfo{ ;~rfng ljlwM ljlwM o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ a}7ssf] ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg / ;ldltx¿sf] u7g, sfd sf/afxL / cGo s'/f lgoldt ug{sf] nflu lgodfjnL agfpg]5 . To:tf] lgodfjnL gag];Ddsf] nflu ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ lgoldt ug{]5 . &(= ;ldlt ;ldltM ltM ;+ljwfg ;efdf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfjZos ;+Vofdf ;ldlt / pk;ldltx¿ /xg] 5g\ . cfjZostf cg';f/ ljz]if1x¿sf] ;xof]u lng ;lsg]5 . *)= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;lrjfno M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu Ps ;lrjfno /xg]5 . To:tf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos x'g] sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 . *!= kfl/>ldsM kfl/>ldsM ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;b:o tyf ;ldltsf ;efkltx¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To;/L Joj:yf geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . *@= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36g lj36gMM ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g]5 . t/ ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nflu Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] sfd sf/afxL ;f] ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . *#= Joj:yflksf– Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug{]M -!_

o; efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]

eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;ef sfod /x]s f] cjlwe/ ;f] ;efn] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] sfd ;d]t www.lawcommission.gov.np 30

www.lawcommission.gov.np

ug{]5 / lgoldt ljwfog ;DaGwL cfjZos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efn] 5'§} ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_

;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf tyf pkfWoIf Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf qmdzM ;efd'v

/ pk–;efd' v x'g]5g\ . -#_

;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;lrjfno / To;sf sd{rf/Lx¿ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]

;lrjfno / sd{rf/L x'g] 5g\ . -$_

;+ljwfg ;efn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] x}l;otdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ efu *

sf Joj:yfx¿ cfjZos x]/km]/ ;lxt ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ nfu" x'g] 5g\ . efu * Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw *$= ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] s'g} klg ;b:on] ;bgdf ljw] os k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] 5 . :ki6Ls/0fMM o; efusf] k| of]hgsf] nflu æ;bgÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;bg / :ki6Ls/0f æ;b:oÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:onfO{ hgfpg]5 . -@_

cy{ ljw]os tyf g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k| x/L, g]kfn k| x/L nufot ;'/Iff

lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt ljw] os ;/sf/L ljw] ossf] ¿kdf dfq k|:t't ul/g]5 . -#_

æcy{ ljw]osÆ eGgfn] b]xfodf plNnlvt ;a} jf s'g} ljifol;t ;DaGw

/fVg] ljw] osnfO{ hgfpg]5M– -s_ s/ nufpg], p7fpg] , vf/]h ug]{, 5"6 lbg], kl/jt{g ug]{ jf s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ljifo, -v_ ;l~rt sf]if jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, To:tf] sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug]{ jf To:tf] sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug]{ jf ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] /sd 36fpg], a9fpg] jf vf/]h ug]{ ljifo, -u_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] C0f k|fKt ug]{ jf hdfgt lbg] ljifo Jojl:yt ug]{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] jf lng] cfly{s bfloTj ;DaGwL sfg"g ;+ zf] wg ug]{ ljifo, -3_ ;/sf/L sf]ifdf k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] /fh:j, C0f c;' nLaf6 k| fKt /sd / cg'bfgsf] /sd lhDdf /fVg], nufgL ug]{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ ljifo, jf www.lawcommission.gov.np 31

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-ª_ v08 -s_ b]lv v08 -3_ ;Ddsf ljifox¿;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf k|f;ª\lus ljifox¿, t/ s'g} cg'dltkq b:t'/, lgj]bg b:t'/, gljs/0f b:t'/ h:tf z'Ns, b:t'/ nufpg] jf s'g} hl/jfgf jf s}b x'g] Joj:yf jf :yfgLo lgsfon] nufpg] s'g} s/, b:t'/ jf z'Ns ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq s'g} ljw]os cy{ ljw]os dflgg] 5}g . -$_

s'g} ljw] os cy{ ljw]os xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg p7]df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]

;efd' vsf] lg0f{ o clGtd x'g] 5 . *%= ljw]os kfl/t ug]{ ljlwM ljlwM

-!_ ;bgdf ljw]os k|:t't ug{ rfxg] ;b:on] ljw] os k|:t't

ug'{ eGbf sDtLdf ;ft lbg cufj} ;f]s f] ;" rgf dxf;lrj jf ;lrjnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 . t/ ;/sf/L ljw]ossf] xsdf kfF r lbg cufl8 ;"rgf lbg' kof{K t x'g] 5 . -@_

ljw]os k] z x'g] lbgeGbf b'O{ lbg cufj} k| To]s ;b:onfO{ ljw] ossf] k|lt

pknAw u/fOg]5 . -#_

ljw]os k|: t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bg ;dIf ljw]osdfly ljrf/ ul/of] ;\ eGg]

s'g} k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_

pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdsf] k|: tfj :jLs[t ePdf To:tf] ljw] os dflysf]

bkmfaf/ 5nkmn ;bgdf jf ;DalGwt ;ldltdf x'g]5 . -%_

;bgdf bkmfaf/ 5nkmn ePsf]d f ;f] ;dfKt ePkl5 / ;ldltdf bkmfaf/

5nkmn ePsf]df ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg dflysf] 5nkmn ;dfKt ePkl5 ljw] os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ljw] os kfl/t ul/of] ;\ eGg] k|:tfj k|: t't ug]{ 5 . -^_

pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj ;bgsf] s'n ;b:o ;+ Vofsf]

;fdfGo ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw] os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 . *^= ljw]os lkmtf{ lng]M ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bgsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljw]os lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]]5 . *&= ljw]ossf] k|df0fLs/0fM f0fLs/0fM ;bgaf6 kfl/t ljw]os

✔

/fi6« kltåf/f k|df0fLs/0f ePkl5 P]g

aGg]5 . 

t/ /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg eO{ sfo{e f/ g;Dxfn] ;Dd ;efd'våf/f g} k|df0fLs/0f x'g]5 .

**= cWofb]zM

-!_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj]zg jf a}7s rln/x]s f] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo

cj:yfdf tTsfn s]xL ug{ cfjZos k/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk www.lawcommission.gov.np 

32

✔

/fi6«klt ;Gt'i6 ePdf o;

www.lawcommission.gov.np

;+ljwfgdf n]l vPsf s'/fx¿sf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L

✔

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df cfjZos

cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] cWofb] z P]g ;/x dfGo x'g] 5 . t/ To:tf] k|To]s cWofb]z,– -s_ hf/L ePkl5 a;]sf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf k]z ul/g]5 / To:tf] a}7sn] :jLsf/ gu/]df :jtM lgliqmo x'g]5, -v_

✔

/fi6« kltaf6 af6 h'g;'s} avt vf/]h x'g ;Sg]5, /

-u_ v08 -s_ jf -v_ adf]lhd lgliqmo jf vf/]h gePdf Joj:yflksf– ;+;bsf] a} 7s a;]sf] ;f7L lbgkl5 :jtM lgliqmo x'g]5 . efu ( cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL *(= sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] M

-!_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g}

s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g . -@_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f s'g} C0f lnOg] / hdfgt lbOg] 5}g . ()= ;l~rt sf]ifMfM u'7L /sd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|s f/sf /fh:j, /fh:jsf] lwtf]df lnOPsf ;a} shf{x¿ / P]gsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lbOPsf] h'g;'s} C0f c;' n x'Fbf k| fKt ePsf] ;a} wg tyf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cGo h'g;'s} /sd Ps ;/sf/L sf]ifdf cfDbfgL afFlwg]5 h;nfO{ ;l~rt sf]if elgg]5 . t/ lghL u' 7L afx]ssf] cGo u' 7Lsf] /sdsf] xsdf sfg"g agfO{ lgoldt ul/g]5 . (!= ;l~rt sf]i f jf ;/sf/L sf]i faf6 JooM JooM b]xfosf /sd afx]s ;l~rt sf]if jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd lemSg ;lsg] 5}gM– -s_ ;l~rt sf]i fdfly Jooef/ ePsf] /sd, -v_ ljlgof]hg ug]{ P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd, -u_ ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf cj:yfdf k]:sLsf] ¿kdf P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd, jf -3_ ljz]if cj:yfdf Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ P]gåf/f Joo x'g ] /sd . t/ cfsl:ds sf]ifsf xsdf wf/f (* adf]lhd x'g]5 . (@= ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/M Jooef/M b]xfosf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt vr{x¿ ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g]5g\M– www.lawcommission.gov.np 33

www.lawcommission.gov.np ✔

-s_

/fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«kltsf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] /sd,



-s!_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz tyf cGo GofofwLzx?nfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf / lgj[lQe/0fsf] /sd,

-v_

lgDg lnlvt kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf /sdx¿M– -!_

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf ;efd' v / pk–;efd'v,

-@_

;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf,

-#_

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmx¿,

-$_ dxfn] vfk/LIfs, -%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿,

-u_

-^_

k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿, /

-&_

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ .

;jf]{ Rr

cbfnt,

clVtof/

b'¿kof]u

cg';Gwfg

cfof]u ,

dxfn] vfk/LIfs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u , lgjf{rg cfof]u / /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;DaGwL k| zf;lgs Joox¿, -3_

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] C0f ;DaGwL Jooef/,

-ª_

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lj?4 cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf jf cf1lKt cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ /sd, /

-r_

sfg"gn] ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g] egL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] /sd .

(#= /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg M -!_

cy{ dGqLn] k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf–

;+;b ;dIf b] xfosf s'/fx¿ ;d]t v' nfO{ jflif{s cg'dfg k] z ug{'

kg]{5 M–

-s_ /fh:jsf] cg'dfg, -v_ ;l~rt sf]i fdfly Jooef/ x'g] cfjZos /sdx¿, / -u_ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f Joo x'g] cfjZos /sdx¿ . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd jflif{s cg'dfg k] z ubf{ cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{d f k| To]s

dGqfnonfO{ 5' 6\ofOPsf] vr{sf] /sd / ;f] vr{ cg';f/sf] nIo xfl;n eof] jf ePg To;sf] ljj/0f klg k] z ug'{ kg]{ 5 . ($= ljlgof]hg P]gM ljlgof]hg P]g cg';f/ Joo x'g] cfjZos /sd zLif{sx¿df lglb{i6 u/L ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvg] 5g\ . ✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk www.lawcommission.gov.np 

34

www.lawcommission.gov.np

(%= k/s "/s cg'dfgM fgM -!_ s'g} cfly{s jif{df b]xfosf] cj:yf kg{ cfPdf cy{ dGqLaf6 Joj:yflksf– ;+;b ;dIf k"/s cg'dfg k] z ul/g]5 M– -s_ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f s'g} ;] jfsf] nflu vr{ ug{ clVtof/L lbOPsf] /sd ckof{Kt ePdf jf To; jif{s f lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gn] clVtof/ glbPsf] gofF ;] jfdf vr{ ug{ cfjZos ePdf, jf -v_ To; cfly{s jif{df s'g} ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f clVtof/L lbPsf] /sdeGbf a9L vr{ x'g uPdf . -@_

k"/s cg'dfgdf /flvPsf] /sd zLif{s x¿df lglb{i6 u/L k"/s ljlgof]hg

ljw]osdf /flvg]5g\ . (^= k]:sL vr{M -!_ o; efudf h'g ;'s} s'/f n]l vPsf] eP tfklg ljlgof] hg ljw] os ljrf/fwLg /x]s f] cj:yfdf cfly{s jif{s f nflu cg'd fg ul/Psf] Joosf] s'g} c+ z cufj} k] :sLsf ¿kdf P]gåf/f vr{ ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_

wf/f (# df ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg' ;f/ /fh:j / Joosf] cg' d fg k] z

gul/P;Dd k] :sL vr{ ljw] os k|: t' t ul/g] 5}g / k]: sLsf] /sd cfly{s jif{ sf] Joo cg'd fgsf] t[ tLof+ zeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g . -#_

k]:sL vr{ P]g cg' ;f/ vr{ ePsf] /sd ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf ;dfj] z

ul/g]5 . ❒

(^s= /fh:j / Joo ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M -!_ o; efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf cfufdL cfly{s jif{s f] nflu /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k] z x'g g;Sg] ljz]i f kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePdf rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] cfly{s P]g adf]lhd /fh:j ;Íng ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePdf cy{ dGqLn] To;sf] sf/0f v'nfO{ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] s'n Joosf] Ps t[tLof+zdf ga9\g] u/L cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] nflu vr{ ug]{ clwsf/sf] ljw] os Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k] z ug{ ;Sg]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd vr{ ePsf] /sd ljlgof]hg ljw] osdf ;dfj] z ul/g]5 . -$_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ePsf] ljw]os ;f] ljw]os k]z ePsf] lbgdf g} 5nkmn k|f/De u/L kfl/t ug{ ;lsg]5 .

❒

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . www.lawcommission.gov.np 35

www.lawcommission.gov.np

(&= pwf/f] vr{M o; efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|fs[lts sf/0f jf jfx\ o cfqmd0fsf] cfzÍf jf cfGtl/s lj£g jf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ :yfgLo jf /fi6«JofkL ;Í6sf] cj:yf ePdf wf/f (# cGtu{ t rflxg] ljj/0f v'nfpg cJofjxfl/s jf /fHosf] ;'/Iff jf lxtsf b[li6n] cjf~5gLo b]lvPdf cy{ dGqLn] Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k] z ug{ ;Sg] 5 . (*= cfsl:ds sf]ifMfM P]gåf/f cfsl:ds sf]ifsf gfdn] Pp6f sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]5 / To:tf] sf]ifdf ;do ;dodf P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP cg';f/sf] /sd hDdf ul/g]5 . ;f] sf]if g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] sf]ifaf6 cfsl:ds sfo{sf] nflu vr{ ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] vr{sf] /sd P]gåf/f oyfzLw| ;f] wegf{ ul/g]5 . ((= cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL P]gM P]gåf/f ljlgof]lht Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{ zLif{sdf /sd ;fg]{ / cfly{s sfo{ljlw;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ P]gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5 . efu !) Gofokflnsf !))= Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfntaf6 k|of]u x'g]M -!_ g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfox¿af6 k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_

g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] :jtGq Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff /

d"NodfGotfnfO{ cg';/0f u/L nf]stGq / hgcfGbf] ngsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ o; ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 /xg] 5 . !)!= cbfntx¿M cbfntx¿M -!_ g]kfndf b]xfo adf]lhdsf cbfntx¿ /xg] 5gM– -s_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt, -v_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, / -u_ lhNnf cbfnt . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s vf; lsl;d / k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] sf/afxL /

lsgf/f ug{ sfg"gåf/f cGo cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ s'g} vf; d'2fsf] nflu cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ul/g] 5}g . !)@= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt cbfntMM

-!_ Gofokflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] tx ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt x'g]5 .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 36

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfnt afx]s g]kfnsf cGo ;a} cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf dftxtdf x'g]5g\ . ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] dftxtsf cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿sf] lg/LIf0f Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ / cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -#_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt clen]v cbfnt x'g]5 . o;n] cfˆgf] / cfˆgf dftxtsf cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfox¿sf] cjx] ngfdf sf/afxL rnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifodf afx]s o; ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] JofVof ug]{ clGtd clwsf/ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntdf lglxt /xg] 5 . -%_ ;jf{] Rr cbfntdf k| wfg GofofwLzsf] cltl/Qm a9Ldf rf} w hgf;Dd cGo GofofwLzx¿ /xg]5g\ . s'g} ;dodf ;jf{] Rr cbfntdf d'2fsf] ;+ Vof a9\g uO{ GofofwLzx¿sf] ;+ Vof ckof{Kt x'g uPdf s'g} lglZrt cjlwsf nflu c:yfoL GofofwLz lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg]5 . !)#= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm / of]U otfM otfM -!_ ✔/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz / k|wfg GofofwLzn] Gofo kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . k| wfg GofofwLzsf] kbfjlw wf/f !)% sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] cwLgdf /xL lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltaf6 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . -@_

;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz kbdf sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfd u/]sf] JolQm

;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of]U o dflgg]5 . -#_

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLz jf ;f] ;/xsf] Gofo ;] jfsf] s'g} kbdf ;ft

jif{ jf Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] kbdf sDtLdf afx| jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmf jf jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] x}l;otdf sDtLdf kGw| jif{ jsfnt u/]sf] jf sDtLdf kGw| jif{ ;Dd Gofo jf sfg"gsf] If]qdf sfd u/L ljlzi6 sfg"gljb\sf ¿kdf Voflt k| fKt u/]sf] JolQm dfq ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]U o dflgg]5 . -$_

k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kb l/Qm ePdf jf c:j:ytfsf] jf c? s'g} sf/0fn]

k|wfg GofofwLz cfˆgf] kbsf] sfd ug{ c;dy{ ePdf jf labf a;]sf] jf g] kfn aflx/ uPsf] sf/0fn] k| wfg GofofwLz ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf pkl:yt gx'g] cj:yf k/] df ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] jl/i7td GofofwLzn] sfod d's fod k| wfg GofofwLz eO{ sfd ug]{ ] 5 .

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 37

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-%_

k|wfg GofofwLz / ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿ k} ;6\ 7L jif{sf]

pd]/ gk'u];Dd cfkmgf] kbdf jxfn /xg] 5g\ . !)$= k|wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzsf] ;]j fsf zt{ tyf ;'ljwfM jwfM -!_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz tyf sDtLdf kFfr jif{ sfd u/]sf] ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] :yfoL GofofwLzn] cjsfz k|fKt ubf{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5g\ . -@_

o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg

GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzsf] kfl/>lds, labf, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5g\ . -#_

pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dxfleof]uåf/f

kbd'Qm ePsf] ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzn] pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g . -$_

;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L lghsf]

kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf jf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ ablng] 5}g . !)%= k|wfg GofofwLz tyf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz kb d'Qm x'g]M

-!_

b]xfosf]

cj:yfdf

k|wfg GofofwLz jf ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf] cGo s'g} GofofwLz cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ k|wfg GofofwLzn]

✔

/fi6«klt ;dIf / GofofwLzn] k| wfg GofofwLz ;dIf

lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ lghsf] k}+;¶L jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePdf, -u_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;baf6 dxfleof] u k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf, -3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -@_ k|wfg GofofwLz jf cGo s'g} GofofwLz sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfˆgf] kbLo st{ Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf dxfleof]u k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 / ;f] k|: tfj tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'd taf6 kfl/t ePdf lgh :jtM kbd'Qm x'g]5 . t/ To:tf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}s faf6 jlGrt ul/g] 5}g . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd dxfleof]usf] sf/afxL k|f/De ePkl5 ;f] sf/afxLsf] 6' Ëf] gnfu];Dd cf/f]k nfu]s f] k| wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] kbsf] sfo{ ug]{ 5}g . ✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 38

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!)^= k|wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLznfO{ cGo s'g} kbdf sfddf nufpg gx'g]M -!_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ GofofwLzsf] kbdf afx] s cGo s'g} kbdf sfddf nufOg] jf sfhdf v6fOg] 5}g . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo kl/ifb\;F+u k/fdz{ lnO{ ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ Goflos hfFra'emsf] sfddf jf s] xL vf; cjlwsf] nflu sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg, cGj]i f0f jf /fli6« o ;/f]sf/sf] cGo s'g} sfddf v6fpg ;Sg]5 . -@_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLz eO;s]sf] JolQm wf/f !#! sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]l hdsf] kbdf afx]s s'g} klg ;/sf/L kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu u| fXo x'g] 5}g / lghn] s'g} klg c8\ 8f cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ ax; k}/ jL ug{ kfpg] 5}g . !)&= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qM -!_ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|b Q df}l ns xs pk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;F u aflemPsf] x'Fb f ;f] sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]{ Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] 5 / ;f] cg' ;f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]l vPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]l v g} jf lg0f{ o ePsf] ldltb]l v cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g] 5 . -@_ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}l ns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|e fjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj] z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg¿k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb] z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g] 5 . ;f] k| of]hgsf] nflu k"0 f{ ¿kdf Gofo u/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb] z, pTk|]i f0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[ R5f nufot h'g;'s} pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] 5 . t/ clwsf/ If] qsf] cefj ePsf] df afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] rnfPsf] ljz]i fflwsf/sf] sf/afxL / tT;DaGwdf tf]s]s f] ;hfodf o; pkwf/f cGtu{ t ;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] x:tIf] k ug]{ 5}g . -#_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd z'? d'2f x]g]{, k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;fws hfF Rg], d'2 f bf] x¥ofpg] jf lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 39

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-$_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf cj:yf / zt{df cfkm\gf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] 5 . o;/L k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf ubf{sf GofofwLz afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] ug]{5g\ . -%_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] cGo clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !)*= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] :yfkgf, Joj:yf / clwsf/ If]qM o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt dftxtsf cGo cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . !)(= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, of]U otf / ;]j fsf zt{ tyf ;'ljwfx¿M jwfx¿M -!_ k|wfg GofofwLzn] Gofo kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz / GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -@_ sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/L lhNnf GofofwLz jf Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0 fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf ;ft jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts jl/i7 clwjQmf jf clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf sDtLdf b; jif{ jsfnt u/]sf] jf sDtLdf b; jif{ sfg"gsf] cWofkg, cGj]if0f jf sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cGo s'g} If]qdf sfd u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d' Vo GofofwLz jf GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 . -#_ sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/L Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf sDtLdf cf7 jif{ jsfnt u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s lhNnf GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmfnfO{ lhNnf GofofwLzdf lgo'lQm ubf{ Gofo kl/ifb\af6 lnOg] lnlvt / df}lvs k/LIffaf6 pQL0f{ ePsf JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . To:tf] k/LIff k|0 ffnL / cGo sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ Gofo kl/ifb\n] o; wf/f adf]lhd of]U o ePsf] JolQmnfO{ of]U otf, Ifdtf, cg'ej, Gofo k|ltsf] lgi7f / of]ubfg, ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf cfh{g u/]sf] VoftL, pRr g}lts rl/q ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{] 5 . -^_ of] wf/f jf o; kl5sf cGo wf/fx¿df k| of] u ePsf] GofofwLz eGg] zAbn] ljifo jf k| ;Ëaf6 csf]{ cy{ gnfu]d f cltl/Qm GofofwLz ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] 5 .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 40

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-&_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d' Vo GofofwLz, GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kfl/>lds, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f, labf, pkbfg / ;]j fsf cGo ;'ljwf / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . -*_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d' Vo GofofwLz / GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L lghsf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf / ;]j fsf zt{ ablng] 5|}g . -(_ pkwf/f -&_ df h'g ;'s} s'/f n]l vPsf] ePtfklg pkwf/f -!)_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd kbd'Qm ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzn] pkbfg tyf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g . -!)_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLz cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_

lghn] k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,

-v_

lghsf] lq;¶L jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePdf,

-u_

sfo{ I fdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j {s cfˆgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfng gu/]s f] , zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] , Gofodf ljrlnt ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df kbd'Qm ug]{ egL Gofo kl/ifb\s f] lg0f{ o adf]l hd k| wfg GofofwLzaf6 kbd' Qm ePdf, o; v08 adf]lhd cf/f]k nfu]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ cfˆgf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ dgfl;a df}sf lbOg]5 / ;f] k|of] hgsf] nflu lgh;Fu aofg lng, k|df0f ;Íng ug{ / /fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ Gofo kl/ifb\n] hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f] ;ldltsf] sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t x'g]5 .

-3_

lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-!!_ pkwf/f -!)_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]l hd sf/afxL k| f/De ePkl5 ;f] sf/afxLsf] 6' Ëf] gnfu] ;Dd cf/f] k nfu]s f] To:tf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] kbsf] sfo{ ug] { 5}g . !!)= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ cGo s'g} kbdf ;?jf ug{ jf sfddf nufpg gx'g]M -!_ s'g} GofofwLznfO{ GofofwLzsf] kbdf afx]s cGo s'g} kbdf ;?jf ul/g], sfd nufOg] jf sfhdf v6fOg] 5}g . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo kl/ifb\\;Fu k/fdz{ lnO{ k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ Goflos hfF ra'emsf] sfddf jf s]xL vf; cjlwsf] nflu sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f jf /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf] cGo s'g} sfddf v6fpg ;Sg]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 41

www.lawcommission.gov.np

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] xsdf k| wfg GofofwLzn] Gofo kl/ifb\\;Fu k/fdz{ u/L plNnlvt sfd / lgjf{rg h:tf sfddf nufpg ;Sg]5 . -@_ Gofo kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLzn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ Ps cbfntaf6 csf]{ cbfntsf] GofofwLzdf ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 . -#_ d'2fsf] ;+ Vof / Goflos lg¿k0f ul/g' kg]{ ljjfbsf] ljifo ;d]tsf] cfwf/df s'g} cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ s]xL ;dosf] nflu ;dfg txsf] cGo cbfntdf GofofwLz eO{ sfd sfh ug{ k|wfg GofofwLzn] k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -$_ s'g} If]qdf /x]sf GofofwLznfO{ ef}uf]lns b[li6n] glhssf] If]qsf] ;dfg txsf] cGo cbfntdf /x]sf] d'2fsf] sf/afxLsf]] qmddf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 jf cGo dfWodaf6 k|f/lDes tyf cGtl/d cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . !!!= d'2 f ;fg{ ;Sg]M s'g} cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] d'2f ;f] cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf Gofo k|e fljt x'g] cj:yf 5 eGg] sf/0f;Fu ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt ;Gt'i6 ePdf To:tf] d'2f ;dfg txsf] cGo cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb] z lbg ;Sg]5 . !!@= k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lhDd]j f/LM f/LM d'n'ssf] Gofo k| zf;gnfO{ k| efjsf/L agfpg] clGtd lhDd]jf/L k|wfg GofofwLzsf] x'g]5 / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu lghn] o; ;+ljwfg tyf cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;jf{] Rr cbfnt tyf dftxtsf cbfntnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg] 5 . !!#= Gofo kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\M -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/afxL, avf{ ;L / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿sf] l;kmfl/; ug{ jf k/fdz{ lbg Pp6f Gofo kl/ifb\\ /xg] 5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhd cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ x'g]5g\M– -s_ k|wfg GofofwLz

– cWoIf

-v_ Gofo dGqL

– ;b:o

-u_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td GofofwLz Pshgf

– ;b:o

▲

-3_ /fi6«kltn] k| wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df dgf]gLt u/]sf] Pshgf sfg"gljb\

-ª_

– ;b:o

g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] l;kmfl/;df k| wfg GofofwLzåf/f lgo'Qm jl/i7 clwjQmf jf sDtLdf aL; jif{sf] cg'ej k| fKt clwjQmf

–

;b:o :ki6Ls/0fM o; efusf] k| of] hgsf nflu ædGqLÆ eGgfn] :jtGq sfo{ ef/ ePsf] /fHo dGqL ;d]t nfO{ hgfpg]5 . ▲

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 42

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -3_ / -ª_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:osf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] ;/x x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -3_ / -ª_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ Gofo kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf nufotsf ;b:on] s'g} GofofwLzsf] ;DaGwdf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/L;Fu ;Da4 d'2fsf sfuhft tyf kmfon dufO{ cWoog u/L Gofo kl/ifb\df To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg]5 . -%_ s'g} GofofwLzsf] ljifodf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf k| f/lDes 5fglag u/fpFbf ljz]if1af6 lj:t[t 5fglag ug'{ kg{] b]lvPdf Gofo kl/ifb\n] hfF ra'em ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] 5 . -^_ Gofo kl/ifb\\sf] cGo sfd, st{ Jo / clwsf/ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !!$= Gofo ;]j f cfof]u M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]s f] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd ug]{5 . t/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf axfn g/x]sf] JolQmnfO{ Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf gofF egf{åf/f :yfoL lgo'lQm ubf{ jf Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkq cglÍt kbaf6 Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf a9'j f ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] nf]s ;] jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 . -@_

-#_

Gofo ;]jf cfof]udf b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ x'g]5g\ M– -s_ k|wfg GofofwLz

– cWoIf

-v_ Gofo dGqL

– ;b:o

-u_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] jl/i7td GofofwLz

– ;b:o

-3_ nf]s ;] jf cfof] usf] cWoIf

– ;b:o

-ª_ dxfGofoflwjQmf

– ;b:o

Gofo ;]j f cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f

lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !!%= cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{M Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt / cGo cbfntx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / dftxtsf ;a} sfof{no jf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] st{Jo x'g]5 . !!^= cbfntsf] cfb]z / lg0f{onfO{ dfGg' kg{]M -!_ d'2f dfldnfsf] /f] xdf cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{osf] ;a} n] kfng ug'{ kg]{5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 43

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ d'2f dfldnfsf /f] xdf ;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGt g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;a} c8\8f cbfntx¿n] dfGg' kg]{5 . !!&= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_

;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] k|To]s jif{ cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg

✔

/fi6«klt

;dIf k]z ug]{ 5 / ✔/fi6« kltn] k| wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fx¿sf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf] ljj/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ 5M– -s_ ;jf{] Rr cbfnt / dftxtsf cbfntdf btf{ ePsf d'2fsf] ;+ VofTds ljj/0f, -v_ v08 -s_ df pNn] v eP adf]lhd btf{ ePsf d'2 f dWo] km5\ of{} 6 ePsf / gePsf d'2fsf] ;+ Vof / km5\of{}6 x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f, -u_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf gofF ghL/x¿sf] ljj/0f, -3_ ;jf{] Rr cbfntaf6 k'g/fjnf]sg ePsf] d''2fsf] ;+ Vof, -ª_ ;jf{] Rr cbfntn] dftxtsf cbfntsf] s'g} GofofwLzsf] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;DaGwdf sfo{Ifdtf ;DaGwL ljifodf s'g} Goflos l6Kk0fL u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f, -r_ b08 jf hl/jfgf c;' n pk/ ePsf] /sdsf] ljj/0f, -5_ km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljj/0f, -h_ ;jf{] Rr cbfnt tyf dftxtsf cbfntnfO{ ljlgof]hg ePsf] ah]6 / vr{sf] ljj/0f . -#_

;jf{] Rr cbfntn] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ubf{ Gofo kl/ifb\ /

Gofo;]j f cfof] uaf6 ePsf sfd sf/afxLsf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg{] 5 . !!*= ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfntM -!_ lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ph'/ L x]g{ Ps ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfnt u7g ul/g]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfntsf] u7g, If]q flwsf/ / cGo ljifox¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 . -#_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] cbfntdf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd ph'/ gk/L ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf nflu ePsf] s'g} lgjf{rg ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k| Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 44

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-$_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|s[of k|f/De ePkl5 lgjf{rg cj?4 x'g] u/L s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . efu !! !! clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u !!(= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u M -!_ g]kfndf Ps clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u /xg]5 h;df k|d' v cfo'Qm / cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGo cfo'Qmx¿ /xg]5g\ . k|d' v cfo'Qmsf cltl/Qm cGo cfo'Qm lgo'Qm ePdf k|d'v cfo'Qmn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug]{5 . -@_

✔

/fi6« kltn]] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo

cfo'Qmx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx¿sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|d' v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] pd]/ k}+ ;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'QmnfO{ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_

b]xfosf cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_

lghn] ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,

-v_

pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df,

-u_

lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm k|d' v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o x'g] 5}g M– -s_

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf] kflw k|fKt u/]sf],

-v_

lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],

-u_

n]vf, /fhZj, OlGhlgol/Ë, sfg"g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf sDtLdf aL; jif{ sfd u/L cg'ej / Voflt k|fKt u/]sf],

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 45

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-^_

-3_

k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] , /

-ª_

pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] .

k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f

lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qm cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x] ;Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]j fsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -&_

k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]j fdf lgo'Qm x'gsf]

lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/, -s_

clVtof/ b' ¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'QmnfO{ k|d' v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf]df lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo'Qm ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf] 8L u0fgf ul/g]5 .

-v_

s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k] z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

!@)= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M clwsf/M -!_ s'g} ;fj{ hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u n] sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 . t/ o; ;+ljwfgdf 5'6\6} Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/L / cGo sfg"gn] 5'6\6} ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g . -@_

v/fa cfr/0fsf cfwf/df dxfleof]u k|:tfj kfl/t eO{ kbd'Qm x'g]

;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/Lx¿, Gofo kl/ifb\af6 ;f]xL cleof]udf kbd'Qm x'g] GofofwLzx¿ / ;}lgs P]g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g] JolQmsf xsdf lghnfO{ kbd'Qm eO;s]kl5 sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ u/fpg ;lsg]5 . -#_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]l hd ePsf] cg' ;Gwfg / txlssftaf6

;fj{ hlgs kb wf/0f u/]s f] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]l hd cg'l rt sfo{ dflgg] s'g } sfd u/L clVtof/sf] b' ¿kof]u u/]s f] b]l vPdf clVtof/ b' ¿kof] u cg' ;Gwfg cfof] un] www.lawcommission.gov.np 46

www.lawcommission.gov.np

lghnfO{ ;r] t u/fpg, ljefuLo sf/afxL jf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cGo cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf n] vL k7fpg ;Sg] 5 . -$_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs

kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'¿kof] u cg';Gwfg cfof] un] To:tf] JolQm / ;f] ck/fwdf ;+ nUg cGo JolQm pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k| fKt cbfntdf d'2 f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg -%_

;Sg]5 .

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs

kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] sfd sf/afxL cGo clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t kg{] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'¿kof] u cg';Gwfg cfof]u n] cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu ;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf n] vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -^_

o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg

cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -&_

cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug]{ jf d'2 f rnfpg] cfˆgf] sfd, st{ Jo /

clwsf/dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u n] k|d'v cfo'Qm, cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . !@!= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM gM -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd clVtof/ b'¿kof] u cg';Gwfg cfof] un] cfk"m n] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / ✔/fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k] z ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k] z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf jif{e/L k/]sf ph'/L, cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k| fKt cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] / tfd] nLdf /fv]s f] d'2fsf] ;+ Vof, cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf]d f ;r]t u/fPsf] jf ljefuLo sf/afxL jf cGo sf/afxLsf nflu n] vL k7fPsf] ;+Vof, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] pknlAw tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 . efu !@ dxfn] dxfn]vfk/LIfs !@@= dxfn]vfk/LIfsM -!_ g]kfndf Ps dxfn] vfk/LIfs x'g]5 . -@_ ✔/fi6« kltn] ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df dxfn] vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . ✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 47

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+ zsf] cwLgdf /xL dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] 5 jif{s f] x'g] 5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/ f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ dxfn] vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M– -s_

lghn] ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,

-v_

pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df,

-u_

lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm dxfn] vfk/LIfssf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o x'g] 5}g M– -s_

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 Joj:yfkg, jfl0fHozf:q jf n] vfdf :gftsf] kflw k|fKt u/L jf rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G ;L k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf sfd u/]sf] jf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfddf sDtLdf aL; jif{ cg'ej k| fKt u/]sf],

-v_

lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],

-u_

k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] , /

-3_

pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] .

-^_

dxfn] vfk/LIfssf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP

adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . dxfn] vfk/LIfs cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x] ;Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -&_ dxfn] vfk/LIfs eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k] z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 48

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!@#= dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ ;jf]{ Rr

cbfnt,

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b,

;+ljwfg ;ef, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u , dxfn]vfk/LIfs, nf]s ;]j f cfof] u, lgjf{rg cfof]u , /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ no tyf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfof{no / g]kfnL ;]gf Pj+ ;z:q k|x/L jf g]kfn k| x/L nufotsf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{ no / cbfntsf] n]vf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t tl/sf adf]lhd lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k| efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d] tsf] ljrf/ u/L dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f x'g]5 . -@_

krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L z] o/ jf hfoh] yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj

ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n] vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ubf{ dxfn] vfk/LIfs;F u k/fdz{ ul/g]5 . To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n] vfk/LIf0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ;DaGwdf dxfn] vfk/LIfsn] cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -#_

dxfn] vfk/LIfsnfO{ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfdsf] nflu n]vf ;DaGwL

sfuhkq h'g;'s} avt x]g{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . ;f] cg' ;f/ dxfn]vfk/LIfs jf To;sf s'g} sd{rf/Ln] dfu u/]sf] h'g;'s} sfuhkq tyf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;DalGwt sfof{no k|d'vsf] st{ Jo x'g]5 . -$_

pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ n] vfk/LIf0f ul/g] n]vf ;DalGwt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL

dxfn] vfk/LIfsåf/f tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf /flvg]5 . -%_

pkwf/f -!_ df pNn]v ePsf sfof{nox¿sf] n]vfsf cltl/Qm cGo s'g}

sfof{ no jf ;+:yfsf] dxfn] vfk/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ kg]{ u/L sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 . !@$= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_

dxfn] vfk/LIfsn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ✔/fi6«klt

;dIf k]z ug{] 5 / ✔/fi6« kltn] k| wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]l hd k] z ul/g] k|l tj]bgdf cGo s'/ fsf] cltl/Qm

dxfn] vfk/LIfsaf6 jif{ e/Ldf n] vfk/LIf0f u/] sf lgsfosf] ljj/0f, n] vfk/LIf0faf6 b]l vPsf] a] ? h's f] l:ylt, a]? h' km5\ of}{ 6 ug{ u/]s f] k| of; / a]? h' km5\ of}{ 6sf ;DaGwdf k| fKt pknlAw tyf n] vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug' { kg{ ] ;' wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn] v ug' { kg{ ] 5 .

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 49

www.lawcommission.gov.np

efu !# nf]s ;]jf cfof]u !@%= nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM -!_

g]kfndf Ps nf]s ;]j f cfof]u x'g] 5 h;df cWoIf / cfjZostf

cg';f/ cGo ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ . -@_

✔

/fi6« kltn] ;+ j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf cWoIf /

;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -#_

nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf ;b:ox¿dWo] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ aL;

jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 / afFsL ;b:ox¿ lj1fg, k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, sfg"g, hgk| zf;g, ;dfhzf:q jf /fli6«o hLjgsf cGo If]qdf zf] w, cg';Gwfg, cWofkg jf cGo s'g} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ u/L Vofltk|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]a f6 lgo'Qm x'g]5g\ . -$_

pkwf/f -*_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL nf]s

;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g cufj} nf]s ;]j f cfof] usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] pd]/ k};¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf nf]s ;]j f cfof] usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ lghn] ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -^_ b]xfo adf]lhd geO{ s'g} JolQm nf]s ;]jf cfof] usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o x'g] 5}g M– -s_

g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k| fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf],

-v_

lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],

-u_

k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] , /

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 50

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-3_ -&_

pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] .

nf]s ;]jf cfof] usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿

sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:o cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x] ;Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -*_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]j fdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/, -s_

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:onfO{ cWoIfdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} ;b:o cWoIfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;b:o ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 .

-v_

s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

!@^= nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ clwsf/MM -!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf} 6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ nf]s ;] jf cfof]usf] st{ Jo x'g]5 . :ki6Ls/0fM :ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k| of] hgsf] nflu ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q k| x/L jf k| x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;] jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;] jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]j f jf kb dflgg]5 . -@_

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lagf

:yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g . -#_

b]xfosf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ 5M– -s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf, -v_ lghfdtL ;]j f jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf, -u_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf, -3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]j fsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]j fdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,

www.lawcommission.gov.np 51

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-ª_

nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof] usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf, /

-r_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg wf/f !!$ adf]lhd Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qleq kg{] ljifodf ;f] xL adf]lhd x'g] 5 . -%_ ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k| x/L ;]jf jf k| x/L ;]j f jf cGo ;/sf/L ;] jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg{]5 . -^_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;] jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k| rlnt sfg"g / To:tf] ;]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;Fu To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s ;]j f cfof]u n] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 . :ki6Ls/0fMM o; wf/fsf] k| of]hgsf nflu æ;fj{ hlgs ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf :ki6Ls/0f a9L z]o/ jf hfoh] yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ ul7t ;+: yfnfO{ hgfpg]5 . -&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u n] cfˆgf] sfd, st{ Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfˆgf] s'g} ;b:o jf ;b:ox¿sf] ;ldlt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug]{ u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg] 5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 . !@&= jflif{s k|ltj] tj]bgM gM

-!_

✔

k|To]s jif{ nf]s ;]j f cfof]u n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg

/fi6« klt ;dIf k] z ug{]5 /

✔

/fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–

;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k] z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/ fsf] cltl/Qm nf]s ;]j f cfof]u n] jif{e/Ldf pDd]bjf/ 5gf} 6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ k/LIffyL{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{ rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfo ubf{ lbPsf] k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f / k/fdz{ adf]lhdsf] sfd eP gePsf] ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]j fsf] kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'j f / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 52

www.lawcommission.gov.np

ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] af/]d f k/fdz{ lbPsf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f / eljiodf lghfdtL ;]j fsf] ;' wf/sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn] v ug'{ kg{] 5 . efu !$ lgjf{rg cfof]u !@*= lgjf{rg cfof] cfof]uM

-!_

g]kfndf Ps lgjf{ rg cfof]u x'g ] 5 h;df k|d' v lgjf{ rg cfo'Qm

/ cGo rf/ hgf;Dd lgjf{ rg cfo'Qmx¿ /xg] 5g\ . k| d' v lgjf{ rg cfo'Qmsf cltl/Qm cGo lgjf{ rg cfo' Qm lgo'Q m ePdf k|d ' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmn] lgjf{ rg cfof] usf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug{ ] 5 . -@_

✔

/fi6« kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm /

lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -#_

pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL k|d'v

lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{s f] x'g] 5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm jf lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] pd]/ k};¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ lghn] ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -%_ b]xfo adf]lhd geO{ s'g} JolQm k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o x'g] 5}gM– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k| fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/]sf], -v_ lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], -u_ k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] , / ✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 53

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-3_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -^_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] 5g\ . k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qm cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg{] u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -&_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/, -s_ lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm k|d' v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo'Qm ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d] t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 . -v_ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfF ra'em jf 5fglag ug{] jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug{] s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !@(= lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ clwsf/MM -!_

of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL

;+ljwfg ;ef, wf/f !%& adf]lhd x'g] hgdt ;ª\u|x tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb{]zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof] uaf6 x'g] 5 . ;f] k| of] hgsf] nflu dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ ug{] sfo{ lgjf{ rg cfof]un] ug{]5 . -@_

;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] nflu pDd]bjf/Lsf] dgf]gog btf{ eO;s]sf] t/

lgjf{rg k"/f gx'Fb} s'g} pDd]bjf/ wf/f ^% cg';f/ cof]U o 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]df To;sf] lg0f{ o lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{5 . -#_

lgjf{rg cfof]u n] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo /

clwsf/ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, lgjf{ rg cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg] 5 . -$_

o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL lgjf{ rg cfof]usf cGo sfd, st{ Jo /

clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . !#)= g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ cfjZos sd{rf/L pknAw u/fpg' kg{]M o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgjf{rg cfof] unfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg{] sd{rf/L / cGo s'/fx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 54

www.lawcommission.gov.np

efu !% /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u !#!= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u M -!_ g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u x'g]5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\M– -s_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLz kbaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q JolQm jf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g jf ;dfh;]j fsf If]qdf lqmofzLn /xL ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf Vofltk|fKt JolQmx¿ dWo]a f6

– cWoIf

-v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g jf ;dfh;]jfsf If]qdf lqmofzLn /xL ljlzi6 of] ubfg k'¥ofPsf Vofltk| fKt JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 rf/hgf -@_

– ;b:o

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf

;lxt ljljwtf sfod ug'{ kg{]5 . -#_

✔

/fi6« kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/

cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -$_

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf]

ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_

lghn] ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,

-v_

pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df,

-u_

lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-^_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of] U otf geO{ s'g} JolQm /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'l Qm x'g of]U o x'g] 5}gM–

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ✔

55

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw xfl;n u/]sf], -v_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -&_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:o cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x] ;Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg{] u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{ x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -*_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg' ;Gwfg, hfF ra'em jf 5fglag ug{] jf To:tf] ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k] z ug{] s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !#@= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ df plNnlvt st{ Jo k"/f ug{sf] nflu /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u n] b] xfosf sfd ug{]5M– -s_ s'g} JolQm jf ;d" xsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3 g jf To;sf] b'? T;fxg ePsf]d f kLl8t JolQm cfkm}+ jf lghsf] tkm{a f6 s;} n] cfof] u ;dIf k| :t't jf k|]lift u/]s f] lgj]bg jf ph'/ L jf s' g} ;|f] taf6 cfof] unfO{ k| fKt ePsf] hfgsf/L jf cfof] usf] cfˆg} :jljj] sdf To;sf] 5fglag tyf cg' ;Gwfg u/L bf]i fL pk/ sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{] , -v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\ 3g x'gaf6 /f] Sg] lhDd]j f/L jf st{ Jo ePsf] kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] lhDd]j f/L k"/ f gu/]d f jf st{ Jo kfng gu/]d f jf lhDd]j f/L k"/ f ug{ jf st{ Jo kfngf ug{ pbfl;gtf b] vfPdf To:tf] kbflwsf/L pk/ ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{ ;DalGwt clwsf/L ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{] , -u_ dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug{] JolQmsf lj?4 d'2f rnfpg' kg{] cfjZostf ePdf sfg"g adf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{], www.lawcommission.gov.np 56

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-3_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;r] tgf clej[l4 ug{ gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{] , -ª_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gstf{nfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL tyf ;hfo ug{ sf/0f / cfwf/ v' nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{, -r_ dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cfjlws ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] tyf To;df ug'{ kg{] ;' wf/ tyf ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{], -5_ dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}t fsf] g]kfn kIf aGg' kg{] ePdf To;sf] sf/0f;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{] / kIf alg;s]sf ;lGw jf ;Demf}t fsf] sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg u/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] kfOPdf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{], -h_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gsf ;DaGwdf /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u n] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; jf lgb{]zg kfngf jf sfof{Gjog gug{] kbflwsf/L, JolQm jf lgsfosf] gfd sfg"g adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs u/L dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gstf{sf] ¿kdf clen] v ug{] . -#_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] un] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ jf st{Jo kfngf ubf{ b]xfosf] clwsf/ k| of] u ug{ ;Sg]5M– -s_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfof]u ;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ hfgsf/L jf aofg lng] jf askq u/fpg], k|df0f a'‰g], bzL k|df0f bflvnf ug{ nufpg] ;DaGwdf cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ k| of]u ug{], -v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g x'g nfu]sf] jf eO;s]sf] ;" rgf cfof]u n] s'g} lsl;daf6 k| fKt u/]df s'g} JolQm jf lghsf] cfjf; jf sfof{ nodf ljgf ;"rgf k|j] z ug{], vfgtnf;L lng] tyf To;/L vfgtnf;L ln+bf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g;Fu ;DalGwt lnvt, k|df0f jf ;a'b sAhfdf lng], -u_ s'g} JolQmsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g eO/x]sf] s'/f hfgsf/L eO{ tTsfn sf/afxL ug{' kg{] cfjZos b]lvPdf lagf ;"rgf ;/sf/L sfof{ no jf cGo 7fpFd f k| j]z ug{] / p4f/ ug{], -3_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbg cfb] z lbg], www.lawcommission.gov.np 57

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-ª_ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cGo clwsf/sf] k|of]u / st{ Josf] kfngf ug{] jf u/fpg] . -$_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;}lgs P]gsf] If]qflwsf/sf] ljifodf /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ If]q flwsf/ x'g] 5}g . t/ dfgj clwsf/ jf dfgjLo sfg"gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf] ljifodf sf/afxL rnfpg jfwf kg]{ 5}g . !##= jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf k] z ug{]5 / ✔/fi6« kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k] z ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k] z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf jif{e/L k/]sf ph'/L, To:tf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] 5fglag / cg';Gwfgsf] ljj/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg ljifodf u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] ljj/0f, dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug{] JolQm lj?4 s'g} d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] ;+ Vof, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{gsf ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{] 5 . efu !^ dxfGofoflwjQmf !#$= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm M -!_ g]kfndf Ps dxfGofoflwjQmf /xg] 5 h;sf] lgo'lQm ✔

k| wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltaf6 x'g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmf k|wfgdGqLsf] OR5fg' ;f/sf]

cjlw;Dd cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg]5 . -@_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g ;Sg] of]U otf geO{ s'g} klg JolQm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'l Qmsf] nflu of] U o dflgg] 5}g . -#_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ lghn] ✔k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t /fi6« klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_

✔

k| wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 lghnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/Pdf,

-u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -$_

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf]

GofofwLz ;/x x'g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;]j fsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ✔

58

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!#%= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'g]5 . ;+j} wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -@_

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2 fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf

jf lghsf] dftxtsf clws[t x¿af6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g]5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPb]lv afx]s s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 . -#_

pkwf/f -@_ sf] cwLgdf /xL dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ cfˆgf] st{Jo kfng ubf{

b]xfosf sfd ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5M– -s_

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug]{,

-v_

d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfof{G jog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg],

-u_

lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{{ cfkmGt;Fu jf sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t e]63f6 ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf 5fglag u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg] .

-$_ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ cfˆgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfngf ubf{ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} cbfnt, sfof{ no / kbflwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -^_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] of] wf/f adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfd, st{ Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u / kfng ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[t nfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . !#^= jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ✔/fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug]{5 / ✔/fi6« kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ 5 .

✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 59

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmfn] jif{ e/Ldf ;+j} wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf lbPsf] /fo ;Nnfxsf] ;+Vof, ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rn]sf d'2f ;DaGwL ljj/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf k|lt/Iff u/]sf] ljj/0f, ck/fw ;DaGwL ljj/0f tyf ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rNg] d'2fdf eljiodf ul/g' kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{] 5 . !#&= Joj:yflksf– Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf pkl:yt x'g kfpg]M dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;b, ;+ljwfg ;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a} 7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 . t/ dt lbg] clwsf/ eg] x'g] 5}g . efu !& /fHosf] 9fFrf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g !#*= /fHosf] cu|u fdL k'g;{+/ rgfM -!_ juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}l Ës, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fF rfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj] zL, 

nf]stflGqs ;+3 Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] cu|u fdL k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . ❒

-!s_ dw] zL hgtf nufot cflbjf;L hghflt / lk5l8Psf tyf cGo If]qsf

hgtfsf] :jfoQ k| b] zsf] rfxgfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L g] kfn ;+3 Lo nf]s tflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo x'g] 5 . k|b] zx? :jfoQ / clwsf/;DkGg x'g] 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;fj{ e f}l dstf, Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVb} :jfoQ k|b] zx?sf] ;Ldf, ;+ Vof, gfd / ;+/ rgfsf cltl/Qm s]Gb| / k|b] zsf] ;"rLx?sf] k"0 f{ ljj/0f, ;fwg–;| f]t / clwsf/sf] af“ f8kmf“ 8 ;+ ljwfg ;efaf6 lgwf{ /0f ul/g] 5 . -@_ ▲pkwf/f -!_ / -!s_ adf]lhd /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf ug{sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg Ps pRr:t/Lo cfof]usf] u7g ul/g]5 . To:tf] cfof] usf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / ;]j fsf zt{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_



/fHosf] k'g ;{+/ rgf tyf ;+3 Lo zf;g k|0 ffnLsf] :j?k ;DaGwL ljifosf]

clGtd 6' Ëf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]l hd x'g] 5 . !#(= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] Joj:yfM Joj:yfM -!_

:yfgLo :t/b]l v g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ e f}d ;Qfsf]

k| of] u ug{] cg's " n jftfj/0f agfO{ d' n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . ▲ kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np  ❒

60

www.lawcommission.gov.np

;xeflutf k|j w{g ug{ / hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df g} ;] j f pknAw u/fpg tyf nf]s tGqsf] :yfgLo :t/b]l v g} ;+: yfut ljsf; ug{ ljs] Gb| Ls/0f tyf clwsf/sf] lgIf] k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL ▲lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ul/g] 5 . ▲

-@_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nflu :yfgLo txdf lqmofzLn

/fhg}lts b/x?sf] ;xdlt / ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f lhNnf, gu/ / ufp“ :t/df cGtl/d :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ul/g]5 . :ki6Ls/0f M o; pkwf/fsf] k| of]hgsf] nflu æ:yfgLo txdf lqmofzLn /fhg}lts bnÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf / ;f] ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf klxnf] x'g ] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{ t ;DalGwt lhNnfdf pDd]bjf/L lbPsf /fhg}lts bnnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ . -#_

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfosf] ;+u 7gfTds ;+/rgf, To;sf]

:j¿k / k|fb]lzs Onfsf tyf u7g ljlw sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !$)= /fhZj kl/rfng / Joj:yfM Joj:yfM -!_ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] nflu :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd agfpg ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf Gofof]lrt ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf sfod /fvL :yfgLo :t/sf of]hgfsf] klxrfg, th'{d f / sfof{Gjogdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ g} hjfkmb]xL agfpg sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfo aLr lhDd]jf/L / /fhZj kl/rfng tyf afF8kmfF8 x'g]5 . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd /fhZj kl/rfng / afF8kmFf8 ubf{ d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt /

;dfg ljsf; x'g] u/L ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;du| pTyfgsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg{]5 . efu !* /fhg}lts bnx? !$!= /fhg}lts bnnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg aGb]h M -!_ ;dfg /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmddf k|lta4 JolQmx¿n] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+ z -#_ cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL cfˆgf] OR5fg' ;f/ /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng, ;~rfng ug{ / ;f] sf] ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmdk|lt hg;fwf/0fsf] ;dy{g / ;xof] u k| fKt ug{sf] nflu To;sf] k|rf/ / k| ;f/ ug{, u/fpg jf ;f] k| of] hgsf nflu cGo s'g} sfd ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . To:tf] s'g} sfo{df s'g} k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L agfOPsf] sfg"g jf ul/Psf] s'g} Joj:yf jf lg0f{o of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|lts"n dflgg] / :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 61

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ s'g} Pp6} /fhg} lts bn jf Ps} lsl;dsf] /fhg} lts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g jf sfo{ qmd ePsf JolQmx¿n] dfq lgjf{ rg, b] zsf] /fhg}l ts k|0 ffnL jf /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngdf efu lng kfpg] jf ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] u/L agfPsf] sfg"g , ul/Psf] s'g } Joj:yf jf lg0f{ o o; ;+l jwfg k|lts" n / :jtM cdfGo x'g ] 5 . -#_ of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|: tfjgfsf] d"n efjgf / dd{ k|lts"n p2]Zo /fv]sf kf6L{x¿ bn btf{sf] lglDt of]U o dflgg] 5}gg\ . !$@= /fhg}l ts bnsf] ¿kdf lgjf{rgsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt ug{ btf{ u/fpg' kg{]M -!_ lgjf{rgsf] k|of] hgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dfGotf k| fKt ug{ rfxg] k|To]s /fhg}lts bnn] lgjf{rg cfof]u åf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfo{ljlw k"/ f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ u/fpg' kg{]5 . o; cg';f/ btf{ gug]{ /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] gfd lgjf{ rg cfof]usf] ;"rLaf6 x6fOg]5 . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg ubf{ k|:tfj btf{ ug{ ul/Psf]

/fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg, 3f]if0ffkq / lgodfjnL k] z u/L cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf] ljj/0f v' nfpg' kg{]5M– -s_ /fhg}lts bnsf] gfd / To;sf] k|wfg sfof{no /xg] 7]u fgf, -v_ /fhg}lts bnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltsf ;b:o tyf cGo kbflwsf/Lsf] gfd / 7]u fgf, -u_ /fhg}lts bnsf] cfo;| f]tsf] sf]if / ;f] h' 6fpg] ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg lb+bf s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnn] b]xfosf zt{x¿ k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg{] 5M– -s_

/fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg / lgodfjnL nf]stflGqs x'g' k5{ ,

-v_

/fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{df Ps k6s ;f] bnsf k|To]s txsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf x'g' k5{,

-u_

ljleGg :t/sf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf dlxnf, blnt nufot pk]lIft / pTkLl8t If]qsf ;b:ox¿ ;d]t /xg] ;dfj]zL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g' k5{,

-3_

bnsf] ljwfgdf bnsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t t'N ofpg] k|e fjsf/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g' k5{ .

-$_

s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:otf k| fKt ug{ s]jn wd{, hft, hflt,

efiff jf lnËsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/s pk/ e]befjk"0 f{ aGb]h nufOPsf] jf s'g} /fhg}lts ;+u7g jf bnsf] gfd, p2] Zo, lrGx jf em08f d'n'ssf] wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos PstfnfO{ www.lawcommission.gov.np 62

www.lawcommission.gov.np

vnn kfg{] jf d'n'snfO{ ljvl08t ug{] k|s[ltsf] jf To:tf] bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf lgb{nLo jf PsbnLo Joj:yfsf] ;+ j4{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zo /x] 5 eg] lgjf{rg cfof]u n] To:tf] ;+u7g jf bnnfO{ btf{ ug{] 5}g . -%_ lgjf{rgsf] lglDt bn btf{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu sDtLdf b; xhf/ dtbftfx¿sf] ;dy{g ;lxtsf] x:tfIf/o'Qm lgj]bg cfjZos kg]{5 . t/ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bnx¿sf] xsdf of] k| fjwfg nfu" x'g] 5}g . -^_ o; efudf n]l vPb]lv afx]s /fhg}lts bnsf] :yfkgf, btf{ , dfGotf tyf cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 . efu !( ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ !$#= ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{e f}d;Qf, cv08tf jf s'g} efusf] ;'/Iffdf o' 4, afXo cfqmd0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x jf r/d cfly{s lj>[ ª\vntfsf] sf/0fn]] uDeL/ ;Í6 pTkGg ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/,

✔

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltn] g]kfn /fHoe/ jf s'g} vf;

If]qdf nfu" x'g] u/L ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ jf cfb] z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb] z ;f] cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] Ps dlxgfleq cg'df]bgsf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] a}7sdf k] z ul/g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd cg'df]bgsf] nflu k] z ePsf] 3f]i f0ff jf cfb]z Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{–ltxfO ax'dtn] cg'df]bg u/]df 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf;Dd nfu" /xg]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf]] a}7sdf cg'df]bgsf] nflu k] z ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd cg'df]bg gePdf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb] z :jtM lgliqmo ePsf] dflgg]5 . -%_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] cj:yf cem} ljBdfg 5 egL pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdsf] Dofb e'Qmfg gx'Fb} Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{–ltxfO ax'dtn] k|:tfjåf/f lg0f{ o u/L csf{] Ps k6s tLg dlxgfdf ga9fO{ ;f] k|:tfjdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf] nflu ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]zsf] Dofb a9fpg ;Sg]5 . -^_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb] z ePkl5 To:tf] cj:yfsf] lgjf/0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, ✔dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltn] cfjZos cfb] z ✔

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ✔

63

www.lawcommission.gov.np

hf/L ug{ ;Sg] 5 . To;/L hf/L ePsf] cfb] z ;Í6sfnLg cj:yf axfn /x];Dd sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g]5 . -&_

✔

/fi6« kltaf6 pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z

ul/+bf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x];Ddsf] nflu efu # df Joj:yf ePsf df}lns xs lgnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -!_, -@_ / pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -u_ / -3_, wf/f !# / !$, wf/f !% sf] pkwf/f -@_ / -#_, wf/f !^, !&, !*, @), @!, @@, @#, @$, @^, @(, #) / #! tyf To:tf wf/f;Fu ;DalGwt wf/f #@ adf]lhd ;+j} wflgs pkrf/sf] xs / aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] pkrf/ k| fKt ug{] xs lgnDag ul/g] 5}g . -*_ pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd o; ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/f lgnDag ul/Psf]df ;f] wf/fn] k|bfg u/]sf] df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu s'g} cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg jf To; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k| Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . -(_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb] z axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] sfg"g ljk/Lt jf ablgot;fy s'g} sfd u/]af6 s;}nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] Iflt ePsf] /x]5 eg] lghn] ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq cfk"m nfO{ k/]sf] Iflt jfkt Ifltk"lt{sf] bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 / bfaL dgfl;a 7x/fPdf cbfntn] plrt Ifltk"lt{ e/fOlbg ;Sg] 5 . -!)_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]i f0ff jf cfb] z g]kfn ;/sf/, ✔dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 ;f] 3f]i f0ff jf cfb] z axfn /x] ;Dd h'g;'s } avt klg lkmtf{ lng ;lsg]5 . efu @) ;]gf;DaGwL Joj:yf !$$= g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u7g M -!_ g]kfndf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Ps ;+ u7g /xg]5 . 

-!s_ /fi6«klt g]kfnL ;]g fsf] ;jf]{ Rr k/dflwklt x'g] 5 . -@_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm

✔

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df

/fi6«kltn] ug]{5 . -#_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg sfg"g adf]lhd ✔

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ug]{5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fhg}lts ;xdlt /



rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ✔

64

www.lawcommission.gov.np

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] ;'emfj lnO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{5 . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd sfo{ of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ubf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pko'Qm ;ª\ Vof, nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf / /fli6« o / ;dfj] zL rl/q lgdf{0f u/L nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/sf] d"N oåf/f ;]gfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ sfd ul/g]5 . ❒

-$s_ g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fli6«o :j?k k|bfg ug{ / ;dfj]zL agfpg dw]zL,

cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf, lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf hgtfsf] k|j]z ;dfgtf / ;dfj] zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . -%_ g]kfnL ;]gf ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !$%= /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb kl/ifb\M\ -!_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng, ;~rfng / k|of]u ug{sf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\ /xg]5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g\ M– -s_ k|wfgdGqL

– cWoIf

-v_ /Iff dGqL

– ;b:o

-u_ u[x dGqL

– ;b:o

▲

-3_dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]s f /fhg}lts b/x?dWo]

km/s–km/s bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf tLghgf dGqL

– ;b:o

t/ dlGqkl/ifb\df tLgeGbf sd /fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]eGbf sd /fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/L tf]Sg afwf k'u]s f] dflgg] 5}g .Æ -@_ k|wfgdGqL / /Iff dGqL Ps} JolQm /x]sf] cj:yfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] jl/i7td ;b:o /fli6« o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o x'g]5 . -#_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\n] cfˆgf] a}7sdf cfjZostf cg' ;f/ cGo JolQmnfO{ a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf] ;lrjsf] sfd /Iff dGqfnosf] ;lrjn] ug{]5 / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf] clws[t n] ug{]5 .

❒

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ▲

65

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-%_ k|fs[lts ljkt k/]sf] sf/0fn] g]kfnL ;]g f kl/rfng ePsf]d f afx]s ;]gf kl/rfng ;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 ePsf] lg0f{ o Ps dlxgfleq Joj:yflksf– ;+;bn] tf]s]sf] ljz]if ;ldltdf k|:t't eO{ cg'df]bg x'g' kg]{5 . -^_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\n] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 . !$^= n8fs'x¿sf] ;ª\ \qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf M dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x¿sf] /]vb]v, ;dfof]hg / ;ªqmd0fsfnLg k'g:yf{kgfsf lglDt ▲;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf k|d'v /fhg}lts bnx?sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if ;ldlt agfpg]5 / To:tf] ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] 5 . !$&= Joj:yfkg / cg'u dg M ;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]j fbL_ aLr ;DkGg @)^# ;fn dª\l ;/ % ut]sf] …lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfÚ / @)^# ;fn dª\l;/ @@ ut]sf] …;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfÚ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 . efu @! ;+ljwfg jwfg ;+zf]wg !$*= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM g M -!_

;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf k| :t't ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw] os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 . efu @@ ljljw !$(= ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ kl/ifbM\ -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ Pp6f ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\\ x'g]5 h;df b] xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ M– -s_

k|wfgdGqL

–cWoIf

-v_

k|wfg GofofwLz

–;b:o

-u_

Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;efd' v

–;b:o

▲

-3_ dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]s f /fhg}lts bnx?dWo]

▲

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ▲

66

www.lawcommission.gov.np

km/s–km/s bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf tLghgf dGqL

– ;b:o

t/ dlGqkl/ifb\df tLgeGbf sd /fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]eGbf sd /fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/L tf] Sg afwf k'u]sf] dflgg] 5}g .Æ ❒

-ª_

Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf ljkIfL bnsf g]tf

– ;b:o

-@_ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; ubf{ ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\\df Gofo dGqL ;b:osf] ¿kdf /xg] 5 . -#_ ;+j}wflgs cËsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\\sf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -$_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrjn] ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\sf] ;lrj eO{ sfd ug{] 5 . !%)= g]kfnL /fhb"t / ljz]i f k|ltlglwM tlglwM ✔dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] g]kfnL /fhb"t / s'g} vf; k| of] hgsf] nflu ljz]if k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . !%!= dfkmLM ✔dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] h'g ;'s} cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt, ;}lgs cbfnt jf cGo s'g} Goflos, cw{ Goflos jf k| zf;sLo kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] u/]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL, d'ntjL, kl/jt{g jf sd ug{ ;Sg]5 . !%@= pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fM

-!_ ✔dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6

lbOg] pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fx¿ k|bfg x'g]5g\ . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/sn] s'g} ljb]zL d'n'ssf] ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] pkflw, ;Ddfg jf lje"if0f u| x0f ug{ x'Fb}g . !%#= ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7gM g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf ;] jfx¿sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{ x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g] 5g\ . !%$= cfof]usf] u7g u7gMM g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw] zL, ckfË, dhb'/ jf ls;fg nufot ljljw If]qsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug{ cfjZos cfof]u x¿ u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf cfof]u x¿sf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

❒

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . ✔ rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 67

www.lawcommission.gov.np •

!%$s= lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ug]{ k| of]hgsf] nflu lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ps lgjf{ rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof] u u7g ug{ ;Sg] 5, h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ M– -s_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntaf6 ;] jflgj[Q GofofwLz

– cWoIf

-v_ e"uf]nljb\

– ;b:o

-u_ ;dfhzf:qL jf hg;+ Vofljb\

– ;b:o

-3_ k|zf;gljb\ jf Joj:yfkgljb\

– ;b:o

-ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;] jfdf /x]sf] /fhkqflÍt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] clws[t

– ;b:o–;lrj

-@_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] lgo'lQm g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]{5 . -#_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf] sfof{jlw ;f] cfof]u u7g ubf{sf avt g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] 5 / To:tf] sfof{jlw cfjZostfg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] yk ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] ;j{dfGotfdf k|lts"n gx'g] u/L b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]U otf geO{ s'g} klg JolQm lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of]U o x'g] 5}g M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotfk| fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DalGwt ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]kflw xfl;n u/]sf] , -v_ sDtLdf k}+t fnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], -u_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M– -s_

lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,

-v_

lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-^_

lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u n] o; wf/f adf]lhd lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{

wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f -#_ / -#s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL To:tf lhNnfx?sf] hg;+Vof / ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o ;+ VofaLrsf] cg'kft oyf;Dej ;dfg x'g] u/L k|+To]s lhNnfsf] hg;+Vofsf]

•

klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . www.lawcommission.gov.np 68

www.lawcommission.gov.np

cfwf/df ;f] lhNnfaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] To:tf] ;b:o ;+ Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{5 / ;f] ;+ Vof a/fa/ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:osf] lgjf{ rgsf] nflu lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . -&_ pkwf/f -^_ adf]lhd lgjf{ rg If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfg hg;+ Vof / ef}uf]l ns cg's"ntf tyf ljlzi6tfsf] cfwf/df k|To]s k|zf;sLo lhNnfsf] l;dfgf, ef}u f]lns cj:yf, hg;+Vofsf] 3gTj, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf / To:tf] lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ jfl;Gbfx?sf] ;fd'bflos tyf ;f+:s[lts kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' kg]{5 . -*_ pkwf/f -&_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt lgjf{rg lhNnfdf sfod /x]sf lgjf{rg If]qeGbf sd x'g] u/L lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . -(_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]uåf/f lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] Ψjf pkwf/f !)u_ adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] ljifodf s'g} cbfntdf s'g} k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . -!)_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u n] cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf a'emfpg]5 . Ψ

-!)s_ k|wfgdGqLn] pkwf/f -!)_ adf]lhd k| fKt k|ltj]bg dlGqkl/ifb\ ;dIf

/fVg]5 / dlGqkl/ifb\n] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]u tyf cGo ;Da4 lgsfodf k7fpg] 5 . Ψ

-!)v_ pkwf/f -!)s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -!)_

adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL ;dIf a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgdf k|fljlws ?kdf gldn]sf] b]lvPsf] lhNnfsf] xsdf k'g/fjnf]sg x'g cfjZos ePsf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] 7fg]df pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul7t cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlw tf]sL dlGqkl/ifb\n] To:tf] ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ;f] k|ltj]bg Psk6ssf] nflu k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ cg'/f] w ug{ ;Sg]5 . Ψ

-!)u_ pkwf/f -!)v_ adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\n] cg'/f]w u/]df To:tf] cfof]usf]

cWoIf / ;b:on] ;f]xL cjlwleq dlGqkl/ifb\n] cg'/f]w u/]sf] ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k] z ug'{ kg]{5 . Ψ

-!)3_ pkwf/f -!)u_ adf]lhd k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf]df To:tf] k|ltj]bg pk/

pkwf/f -!)s_ adf]lhdsf] sf/afxL ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

Ψ

bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk . www.lawcommission.gov.np Ψ

69

www.lawcommission.gov.np Ψ

-!)ª_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -!)u_

adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu pkwf/f

-!)v_ sf] cjlwe/sf nflu

lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u sfod /x]sf] dflgg]5 . -!!_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . -!@_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf qmdzM lgjf{rg cfof]usf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm ;/x x'g]5 . -!#_

lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]unfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n]

pknAw u/fpg]5 . !%%= ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;'g'jfO / gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM Joj:yfM -!_ ∗o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kb tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz / /fhb'tsf] kbdf lgo'lQm k"j{ lghx¿sf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO x'g] 5 . -@_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j} wflgs kbx¿df j+zh jf hGdsf gftfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s ePsf] JolQm jf cËLs[t gful/stf k|fKt u/L sDtLdf b; jif{ g]kfndf a;f]jf; u/]sf] JolQm dfq lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o dflgg]5 . !%^= ;lGw jf ;Demf}t fsf] cg'd f]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[ :jLs[lt jf ;dy{gM -!_ g]kfn

/fHo

jf

g]kfn

;/sf/ kIf x'g] ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd sfg"g agfpFbf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf tTsfn sfod /x]s f ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] ug'{ kg{] zt{ /flvg]5M– -s_

zflGt / d}q L,

-v_

;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdl/s ;DaGw,

-u_

g]kfn /fHosf] l;dfgf, /

-3_

k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]usf] afF8kmfF8 .

t/ v08 -s_ / -3_ df plNnlvt ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf dWo] /fi6«nfO{ Jofks, uDeL/ jf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg{] ;fwf/0f k|s[ltsf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg]5 . ∗

bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np 70

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-#_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 x'g] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}t f o; wf/f adf]lhd cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn /fHosf] xsdf nfu" ePsf] dflgg] 5}g . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn /fHosf] k|fb]lzs cv08tfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{] u/L s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}t f ul/g] 5}g . !%&= hgdt ;ª\ ;ªu|\ux| af6 lg0f{o ug{ ;lsg] M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s /fli6«o dxTjsf] s'g} ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|xaf6 lg0f{ o ug{ cfjZos 5 egL ;+ljwfg ;efn] tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 lg0f{ o u/]df To:tf] ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|xaf6 lg0f{ o lng ;lsg]5 . -@_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofaf6 lg0f{o lnOg] sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f

eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !%*= jfwf c8\ \s fp k'msfpg] clwsf/M c8sfp clwsf/M

▲

of] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g} jfwf c8\sfp k/]df

/fi6«kltn] dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df To:tf] jfwf c8\sfp k'msfpg cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 / o:tf] cfb]z Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 ✄========== Ps dlxgfleq cg'df]bg u/fpg' kg{]5 . efu @# ;ª\ qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf ✔

!%(= ;DklQ 6«i6 agfO{ /flvg] M -!_ tTsflng /fhf lj/]Gb|, /fgL P]Zjo{ / lghx?sf kl/jf/sf] ;DklQ g]kfn ;/sf/ dftxt NofO{ 6«i6 agfP/ /fi6««lxtdf k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_ tTsflng /fhfsf] x}l;otn] 1fg]Gb| zfxnfO{ k|fKt ePsf ;a} ;DklQx? h:t} ljleGg :yfgsf b/jf/x?, jg tyf lgs'~hx?, P]]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf ;Dkbfx? cflb_ /fli6«os/0f ul/g]5 .

!^)= dlGqkl/ifb\ dlGqkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]s f] dlGqkl/ifb\ o;} ;+ljwfg cGtu{t u7g ePsf] dflgg]5 . -@_

wf/f #* adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g geP;Dd pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf]

dlGqkl/ifb\ sfod /xg]5 . !^!=

Joj:yflksf– Joj:yfMM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g f;fy o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;DaGwL Joj:yf Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] u7g x'g] 5 .

▲

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] . ✔ rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ✄

71

www.lawcommission.gov.np

-@_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 tTsfn sfod /x]sf] k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;ef :jtM lj36g x'g]5 / ;f] xL lbg o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] klxnf] a} 7s a:g]5 . -#_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf] avt k|ltlglw;efdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljw]osx¿ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf x:tfGt/0f x'g] 5g\ . -$_

of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] ;+;b ;lrjfno / ;f]

;lrjfnodf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sfod x'g] Joj:yflksf– ;+;b ;lrjfno / lgo'lQm ePsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L dflgg]5g\ . !^@=

Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf M-!_

of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf

;jf]{ Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx¿ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg]5 / of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g' cl3 bfo/ ePsf d'2 fx¿ tt\ tt\ cbfntaf6 lg¿k0f ug{ of] ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_

of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De ePkl5 ;jf{] Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /

lhNnf cbfntx¿df axfn /x]sf GofofwLzx¿n] of] ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4tfsf] zky g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd u|x0f ug'{ kg]{5 . zky u|x0f ug{ OGsf/ ug]{ GofofwLz :jtM cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 . -#_

:jtGq, :jR5, lgikIf / ;an Gofokflnsfsf nflu nf]stflGqs

d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df Gofo If]qnfO{ ;' wf/ ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . !^#=

;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+ j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ dWo] o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn] v gul/Psf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De ePkl5 sfod /xg] 5}gg\ . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg] 5g\ / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd tL lgsfox¿df ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljifox¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg o; ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs cË / ltgsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf cg'¿k ;' wf/ ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_ of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd Joj:yf ul/Psf] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u u7g geP;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u sfod /xg]5 / o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u u7g ePkl5 ;f] cfof]uaf6 km5\ of}{6 x'g afFsL /x]sf lgj]bg / ph'/Lx¿ o; cfof]udf ;g{] 5g\ / ;f] cfof]u n] To:tf lgj]bg / ph'/Lx¿ pk/ of] ;+ljwfg / o; cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL ug{]5 .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 72

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!^$= jt{d fg sfg"g nfu" /xg]M -!_ k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efåf/f eP u/]sf lg0f{o / sfd sf/afxL of] ;+ljwfg;F u gaflemPsf] xb;Dd o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5g\ . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf sfg"gx¿ vf/]h of ;+ zf] wg geP;Dd sfod /xg]5g\ . t/ of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 . efu @$ kl/efiff !^%= kl/efiffM kl/efiffM -!_

ljifo jf k| ;Ën] csf{] cy{ gnfu]d f o; ;+ljwfgdf,–

-s_

æwf/fÆ eGgfn] of] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ;Demg' k5{ .

-v_

æg]kfnÆ eGgfn] g]kfn /fHo ;Demg' k5{ .

-u_

ægful/sÆ eGgfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s ;Demg' k5{ .

-3_

æljw]osÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;b jf ;+ljwfg ;efdf k]z ePsf] ;+ljwfg jf P]gsf] d:of}bf ;Demg' k5{ .

-ª_

ækfl/>ldsÆ eGgfn] tna, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;d] t ;Demg' k5{ . -@_ ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]d f o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf s'/fx¿sf]

cwLgdf /xL sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL k| rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf nfu" eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g]5 . efu @% ;+lIfKt gfd, k|f/De / vf/]hL !^^=

;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De /DeM

-!_ of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ æg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#Æ elgg]5 .

-@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|ltlglw;efåf/f hf/L x'g]5 / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+ ;båf/f cg'df]bg ul/g]5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lj:t[t Joxf]/ f cg';"rL–# df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_ ldlt @)^# dª\l;/ % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= -dfcf] jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg …lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfÚ / ldlt @)^# dª\l;/ @@ ut] ;DkGg …xltof/ / ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfÚ cg';"rL–$ df /flvPsf] 5 . -$_ of] ;+ljwfg ;+jt\ b'O{xhf/ lq;¶L ;fn df3 dlxgfsf] Ps ut] ;f]daf/b]lv k|f/De x'g]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 73

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!^&= vf/]hLMLM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .

cg';"rL– L–! -wf/f ^ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ /fli6«o em08f -s_ lsgf/fleqsf] cfsf/ agfpg] tl/sf (1)

Pp6f l;ld|s /Ësf] /ftf] sk8fdf tNnf] efudf rflxPsf] hlt nDafOsf] /]vf afofFaf6 bflxg]lt/ lvRg] / o;nfO{ s v gfd /fVg] .

(2)

s af6 ;Lwf dfly u ;Dd s v sf] nDafO hltdf s v s} t[tLof+ z yKbf hlt x' G5 Tolt nfdf] x'g] u/L s u /]vf lvRg] . s u df s af6 s v sf] nDafO hlt lnO{ 3 lrGxf] nufpg] . v / 3 hf]8\g] .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 74

www.lawcommission.gov.np (3)

v 3 /]vfdf v af6 s v hlt lnO{ ª lrGxf] nfpg] .

(4)

ª x'Fb} s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ s u df kg]{ laGb' r af6 z'? u/L bflxg]lt/ 5 ;Dd s v sf] nDafO hlt /]vf lvRg] .

(5)

u / 5 nfO{ hf] 8\g] . - v_ rGb| agfpg] tl/sf

(6)

s v sf] rt'yf+{ z hlt s af6 bflxg]df h lrGxf] nfpg] / ToxfFaf6 dfly s u sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ u 5 nfO{ em df 5'g] /] vf lvRg] .

(7)

u r sf] cfwf ` af6 s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ /]vf bfofFlt/ lvrL u 5 nfO{ 6 df 5'g] .

(8)

` 6 / h em /]vf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf 7 lrGxf] /fVg] .

(9)

` / 5 hf]8\g] .

(10)

` 5 / h em sfl6Psf] laGb'df 8 lrGxf] nfpg] .

(11)

8 nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL v 3 /]vfnfO{ Go"gtd cGt/ kg]{ u/L :kz{ ubf{ x'g] hlt b"/L kg]{ u/L h em /]vfsf] tNnf] efudf 9 lrGxf] nufpg] .

(12)

8 df 5f]O{ s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ /]vf afofFaf6 bfofFlt/ lvRg] / o;n] s u nfO{ 5f]Psf] ljGb'sf] gfd 0f /fVg] .

(13)

7 s]Gb| lnP/ 7 9 Jof;f4{n] tNnf] efudf j[Q v08 lvRg] / 0f 8 af6 uPsf] /] vfnfO{ o;n] 5f]Psf] b'j} 7fpFdf qmdzM t / y gfd /fVg] .

(14)

8 nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL 8 y Jof;f4{ n] tNnf] efudf cw{ j[Qfsf/ t y nfO{ 5'g] u/L lvRg] .

(15)

9 s]Gb| dfgL 9 8 sf] Jof;f4{n] t 9 y j[Q v08sf] b'j}tkm{ 5'g] u/L j[Q v08 lvRg] / o;n] t 9 y nfO{ 5f]Psf] ljGb'x¿sf] gfd qmdzM b / 9 /fVg] . b w nfO{ hf]8\g] . b 9 / h em sfl6Psf] ljGb'sf] gfd g /fVg] .

(16)

g nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ Jof;f4{ g w n] t 9 y sf] dflyNnf] efudf b'j} 7fpFdf 5'g] u/L cw{ j[Qfsf/ lvRg] .

(17)

g nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ Jof;f4{ g 8 n] t 9 y sf] dflyNnf] efudf b'j} 7fpFd f 5'g] u/L j[Q v08 lvRg] .

(18)

of] cg';"rLsf] g+= -!^_ sf] cw{ j[Q fsf/ leq / g+= -!&_ sf] j[Q v08 aflx/ rGb|dfsf] cf7j6f a/fa/sf sf]0f agfpg] . -u_ ;"o{ agfpg] tl/sf

(19)

s r sf] cfwf k af6 s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ v ª df 5'g] u/L k km /] vf lvRg] .

(20)

h em / k km sfl6Psf] laGb' a s]Gb| dfg]/ 8 9 sf] Jof;f4{ n] j[Qfsf/ k"/f lvRg] .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 75

www.lawcommission.gov.np (21)

a nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ 7 9 Jof;f4{ n] j[Q fsf/ k"/f lvRg] .

(22)

of] cg' ;"rLsf] g+= -@)_ sf] j[Qfsf/ aflx/ / of] cg';"rLsf] g+= -@!_ sf] j[Qfsf/leq k/]sf] uf]n 3]/fsf] aLr efudf ;"o{sf] afx|j6f a/fa/sf sf]0fx¿ b'O{ r'Rrfx¿n] h em /]vfdf 5'g] u/L agfpg] . -3_ lsgf/f agfpg] tl/sf

(23)

g 9 sf] rf}8fO hlt uf9f gLnf] /Ësf] lsgf/f em08fsf] cfsf/sf] aflx/L ;a}lt/sf] ;Ldfdf yKg], t/ em08fsf] kfFr sf]0fx¿df rflx+ aflx/L sf]0 fx¿ klg leq} ;/xsf agfpg] .

(24)

em08f 8f]/L nufO{ k|of]u u/]df dfly atfOPs} kl§ /fVg] . em08f n6\ 7Ldf 3';fg]{ xf] eg] s u kl§ cfjZos k/] hlt lsgf/f rf}8\ofpg] . 8f]/ L jf n6\7Lsf] k| of]udf s u sf] kl§df Kjfn /fVg] . :ki6Ls/0fM :ki6Ls/0fM em08f agfpFbf lvlrPsf h em b w, r ª, ª 3, ` 5, 0f y, ` 6 / k km /]vfx¿ slNkt x'g\ . To:t} ;"o{sf aflx/L / leqL j[Qfsf/x¿ tyf v'k]{ rGb| afx]s c? j[Q v08 klg slNkt x'g\ . lognfO{ v08df b]vfOFb}g . 

cg' ;"rL–!s=

-wf/f #^r= / wf/f #^em= sf] pkwf/f -@_ ;u ;DalGwt_ /fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«kltn] lng] kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zkysf] 9f“ rf d -/fi6«klt÷pk/fi6«kltsf] k"/f gfd_ == === === == === === == d'n's / hgtfk|lt k"0f{ akmbf/ /xL ;Tolgi7fk"j{s k|lt1f u5'{÷O{Zj/sf] gfddf zky lnG5' ls g]kfnsf] /fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{e f}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|lt k"0 f{ akmfbf/ /x“b} /fi6«klt÷pk/fi6«klt kbsf] sfdsfh k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL d' n's / hgtfsf] ;f]emf] lrtfO{, s;}sf] 8/ gdfgL, kIfkft gu/L, k"j f{u|x jf v/fa efjgf glnO{ ▲OdfGbf/Ltfsf ;fy ug]{5' / cfkmgf] st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf cfkm"nfO{ hfgsf/LdfcfPsf] s'/f d kbdf axfn /xbf jf g/xbf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg sfg"gsf] kfngf ubf{ afx]s c? cj:yfdf s'g} lsl;daf6 klg k|s6 jf ;+s]t ug]{ 5}g\ . gfd, y/ M ===================== ldlt M =========================

;xL M ===========================



rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt . www.lawcommission.gov.np ▲

76

www.lawcommission.gov.np

✖

cg' ;"rL–@

======================== cg' ;"rL–# -wf/f !^^ sf] pkwf/f -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ ldlt @)^# ;fn dª\l;/ % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg …lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfÚ / ldlt @)^# ;fn dª\l ;/ @@ ut] ;DkGg …xltof/ tyf ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfÚ adf]lhd xltof/sf] Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ;'? ePkl5 k|ltlglw;efåf/f of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g]5 / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+ ;båf/f cg'df]bg x'g] 5 .

✖

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] . www.lawcommission.gov.np 77

www.lawcommission.gov.np

cg' ;"rL–$ -wf/f !^^ sf] pkwf/f -#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]j fbL_ aLr ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf k|: tfjgf g]kfnL hgtfn] @))& ;fn klxn]b]lv xfn;Dd k6s k6s ub}{ cfPsf P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{ / hgcfGbf] ng dfk{mt\ nf]stGq, zflGt / cu|udgsf kIfdf k|s6 ePsf] hgfb] zsf] ;Ddfg ub}{, ;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L, * a'Fb] ;xdlt, g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg @% a'Fb] cfrf/;+l xtf, @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ ut] ;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf zLif{ g]tfx?sf] a}7ssf lg0f{ox? nufot g]kfn ;/sf/ / www.lawcommission.gov.np 78

www.lawcommission.gov.np

g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg ;a} ;Demf}tf, ;xdlt, cfrf/;+lxtf / ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nfO{ k|]lift ;dfg wf/0ffsf] kqfrf/k|lt k"0 f{ k|ltj4tfsf] k'gk'{li6 ub}{ , b]zdf ljBdfg juL{ o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lus ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g{;+/rgf ug]{ ;+sNk ub}{, k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf k|ltsf] k"0f{ k|ltj4tfnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpb}, dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* tyf cGt/f{li6« o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfGotfx?k|lt k|ltj4 /xFb} , :jtGq, lgikIf / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{, nf]stGq, zflGt, ;d[l4, cu|u fdL cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{g tyf b]zsf] :jtGqtf, cv08tf, ;fj{e f}ldstf / :jfledfgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb}, @)^$ ;fn h]7 dlxgfleq :jtGq / lgikIf ?kn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{ k|ltj4tfnfO{ sfof{G jog ug]{ b[9tf JoQm ub}{ , ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t\ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{e f}d;Qfsf] ;'lglZrttf, cu| ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;, /fHosf] nf]stflGqs k'g;{+/ rgf / cfly{s–;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0f ug{ b'j} kIfaLr ePsf] /fhgLlts

;xdltsf cfwf/df b] zdf @)%@ ;fnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] ;z:q åGånfO{ cGTo u/L

zflGtk"0 f{ ;xsfo{sf] gofF cWofo k|f/De ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub}{, g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf aLr ePsf] o'4lj/fdnfO{ bL3{sfnLg zflGtdf kl/0ft ug]{ k|ltj4tfsf;fy g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]j fbL_ sf aLr of] lj:t[ t zflGt ;Demf}t f ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . !=

k|f/lDes M !=! o; ;Demf}tfsf] gfd ælj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, @)^#Æ /x]s f] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf o; ;Demf}tfnfO{ zflGt ;Demf}tf elgg] 5 . !=@ of] ;Demf}t f ;/sf/ kIf / dfcf] jfbL kIfsf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff dfkm{t\ cfh}sf ldltb]lv nfu" x'g]5 . !=# b'j} kIfn] cf–cfˆgf] dftxtsf ;a} lgsfonfO{ of] ;Demf}t f tTsfn sfof{Gjog tyf kfngf ug{ cfjZos lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{5g\ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] 5g\ . !=$ cg';"rLdf ;ª\nUg ;ft /fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/ / dfcf] jfbL kIf aLr ePsf ;a} ;xdlt, ;dembf/L, cfrf/;+l xtf / lg0f{ox? o; ;Demf}t fsf] cleGg cË dflgg] 5g\ .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 79

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!=% of] ;Demf}t f sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ kl5 ul/g] ;xdlt / ;Demf}t fx? klg o;}sf c+u dflgg] 5g\ . @=

kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;+u n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]d f o; ;Demf}t fdf M– -s_ æo'4lj/fdÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf g]=s=kf= -dfcf] jfbL_ aLr Ps csf{nfO{ nlIft u/L ul/g] ;a} k|sf/sf cfqmd0f, ckx/0f, a]kQf, y'g5]s, ;z:q anx?sf] kl/rfng, ;'b[9Ls/0f, cfqmfds Pj+ lx+;fTds sf/jfxL tyf h'g ;'s} dfWodaf6 ;dfhdf ljWj+ z km}nfpg], pQ]lht kfg{] Pjd\ e8\s fpg] lqmofsnfk lgif]w ug]{ sfo{ nfO{ hgfpF 5 . -v_ æcGtl/d ;+ljwfgÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfg ;efåf/f gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO{ nfu" geP;Ddsf] nflu hf/L ul/g] æg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#Æ nfO{ hgfpF 5 . -u_ æcGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\Æ eGgfn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg adf]lhd u7g x'g] æcGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\Æ nfO{ hgfpF5 . -3_ æb'j} kIfÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{

-dfcf]j fbL_

kIfnfO{ hgfpF 5 . -ª_ …k|rlnt sfg'gÚ eGgfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# / o;;F u gaflemPsf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'gnfO{ hgfpF 5 . t/ o; kl/efiffn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L x'g' cl3sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ jfwf k'¥ ofpg] 5}g . -r_ …k|df0fLs/0fÚ eGgfn] ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;]gf, n8fs' / xltof/sf] k|d f0fLs/0f u/L oyfy{ nut tof/ kfg]{ ljifonfO{ hgfpF 5 . #=

/fhgLlts –cfly{s– ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f / åGå Joj:yfkg M b'j} kIf b]xfoadf]lhd /fhgLlts–cfly{s– ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cjnDjg ug{ / b]zdf ljBdfg åGåsf] ;sf/fTds 9Ën] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xdt 5g\ M #=!= @)^# sflt{s @@ ut] ;DkGg ;ft bn / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf zLif{ g]tfx?sf] a}7ssf lg0f{ox? -cg';"rL–^_ sf cfwf/df b]zdf cu|ufdL /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{ . #=@ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/df cGtl/d Joj:yflksf –;+ ;b u7g ug]{ / cGtl/d ;/sf/åf/f cfufdL @)^$ h]7 dlxgfleq :jtGq / lgikIf ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{ / g]kfnL hgtfdf cGt/lglxt ;fj{e f}d;Qfsf] Jojxfl/s k|Tofe"lt ug]{ . #=# d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;DaGwL s'g} klg clwsf/ /fhfdf g/xg] . :juL{ o /fhf jL/]Gb|, /fgL P]Zjo{ / lghx?sf kl/jf/sf] ;DklQ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf NofO{ 6«i6 agfP/ /fi6«lxtdf k|of]u ug]{ . /fhfsf] x}l ;otn] /fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ k| fKt ePsf ;a} ;DklQx? -

www.lawcommission.gov.np 80

www.lawcommission.gov.np

h:t} ljleGg :yfgsf b/af/x?, jg tyf lgs'~hx?, P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf ;Dkbfx? cflb_ /fli6«os/0f ug]{ . /fh;+:yf sfod /fVg] of g/fVg] af/] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a} 7såf/f ;fwf/0f ax'dtn] 6'+ uf] nufpg] . #=$ ljZjJofkL ?kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{e f}d;Qf / hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, ljlwsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udg, k"0 f{ k|] ; :jtGqtf, hgtfsf] ;" rgfsf] clwsf/, /fhgLlts bnx?sf lqmofsnfkx?df kf/blz{t f / hjfkmb]xLtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx?sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug]{ / e|i6frf/ tyf åGblxgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ . #=% juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,dw] zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo,lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;+jf] wg ug{

/fHosf] jt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds

9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj] zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|u fdL k'g;{/rgf ug]{ . #=^ ;fdGtjfbsf ;j} ?kx?sf] cGTo ug]{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{s|d cfk;L ;xdltn] to u/]/ nfu" ub}{ hfg] . #=& ;fdGtL e":jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{s|d nfu" ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug]{ . #=* /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg>f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k| jw{g ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ . #=( lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;'/Iffdf ;j} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ gLlt lng] . #=!) ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x/jfr/jf nufotsf cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUuf nufot cfly{s ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng] . #=!! ;/sf/L nfesf] kbdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ u/L cs"t ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{x? pk/ s8f sf/afxL u/L bl08t ug]{ gLlt lng] . #=!@ b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b] znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt / cfly{s ?kn] ;d[4zfnL jgfpg Ps ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{ . #=!# >ldssf k]zfut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|j w{g cflbsf nflu nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x?sf] Jofks j[l4 ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ . www.lawcommission.gov.np 81

www.lawcommission.gov.np

$=

;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkg M ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{ rgnfO{ zflGtk"0 f{, lgikIf / eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg ug{ / ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0f tyf k'g;{+/rgf ug{ ljutdf ePsf afx« a'Fb] ;dembf/L, cf7 a'Fb] ;xdlt, kRrL; a'Fb] cfrf/;+lxtf, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ k7fOPsf] kfF r a'Fb] kq / sflt{s @@ ut] ;DkGg zLif{ g]tfx?sf] a} 7ssf lg0f{ox? cg'?k lgDg sfdx? ug]{ – Dffcf]jfbL ;]gfsf] ;DaGwdf – $=!= @)^# ;fn ;fpg @$ ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] tk{maf6 ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ k7fOPsf] kqdf JoQm k|ltj4tf cg' ;f/ dfcf]j fbL ;]gfsf n8fs' x? (Combatants) lgDg lnlvt :yfgx?df c:yfoL lzlj/x? (Cantonments) df ;Lldt /xg] . ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3åf/f pgLx?sf] k|df0fLs/0f / cg'udg ug]{ . d'Vo lzlj/x? lgDg :yfgx?df /xg] 5g\ M– != s}nfnL @= ;' v]{t

#= /f]Nkf

$= gjnk/f;L

%= lrtjg ^= l;Gw' nL

&= Onfd

d'Vo lzlj/x? jl/kl/ #÷# j6fsf b/n] ;xfos lzlj/x? /xg] 5g\ . $=@= dfcf] jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x? lzlj/df /x]kl5 lzlj/sf] ;'/Iffy{ rflxg] xftxltof/ / uf]nLu¶f jfx]s cGo ;j} xltof/x? lzlj/ leq} ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug]{ / Psn tfNrf nufO{ rfjL ;DalGwt kIfn] g} /fVg] . ;f] tfNrf nufpg] k|lqmofdf ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] lgu/fgLsf nflu p;sf] /]s8{ , ;fO/g ;lxtsf] ;+ oGq (Device) ;lDdlnt ug]{ . e08f/0f ul/Psf xftxltof/x?sf] cfjZos hfFr ug'{ kbf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;DalGwt kIfsf] /f] xj/df ug]{ . Sofd/f cg'udg nufot o; ;DaGwsf cGo lj:t[t k| fljlws ljj/0f ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, g]=s=kf= -dfcf] jfbL_ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;xdltn] tof/ ug]{ . $=#= dfcf] jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x? c:yfoL lzlj/df al;;s]kl5 pgLx?sf] /;bkfgL nufot cGo cfjZos Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]{ . $=$ dfcf] jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs' x?sf] /] vb]v, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgf lglDt cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if sld6L agfP/ sfd ug]{ . $=% dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xdltn] ug]{ . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;DaGwdf – $=^ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ k|]lift kqdf JoQm k|ltj4tf cg';f/ g]kfnL ;]gf Aof/]sleq ;Lldt /xg] . p;sf xltof/x? s;}sf] klg kIf of ljkIfdf k|of]u gx'g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ . dfcf] jfbL ;]gfsf tk{maf6 e08f/0f ePsf xltof/sf] a/fa/L ;+Vofdf g]kfnL ;]g fn] klg cfˆgf xltof/x? ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug]{ / Psn tfNrf nufO{ rfjL ;DjlGwt kIfn] g} /fVg] . ;f] tfNrf nufpg] k|lqmofdf ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] lgu/fgLsf] nflu p;sf] /]s8{, www.lawcommission.gov.np 82

www.lawcommission.gov.np

;fO/g ;lxtsf] ;+ oGq (Device) ;lDdlnt ug]{ . e08f/0f ul/Psf xftxltof/x?sf] cfjZos hfF r ug'{ kbf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;DalGwt kIfsf] /f]xj/df ug]{ . Sofd/f cg'udg nufot o; ;DaGwsf cGo lj:t[t k| fljlws ljj/0f ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 , g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf=-dfcf] jfbL_ sf] ;xdltn] tof/ ug]{ . $=&= g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg gofF ;}lgs P]g adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ . cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fhgLlts ;xdlt / cGtl/d Joj:yflksfsf] ;DalGwt ;ldlt;d]tsf] ;'emfj lnP/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o; cGtu{t g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pko'Qm ;+Vof, nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf, /fli6«o / ;dfj] zL rl/q lgdf{0f ub}{ nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] d"Noåf/f ;]gfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ nufotsf sfdx? ug]{ . $=* g]kfnL ;]gfn] ub}{ cfPsf ;Ldf ;'/Iff, cf/If, lgs'~h, a}+s, ljdfg:yn, ljB'tu[x, 6]lnkmf]g 6fj/, s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno, ljlzi6 JolQmx?sf] ;'/Iff nufotsf sfdx?nfO{ lg/Gttf lbg] . %=

o'4lj/fd M %=! ;}Go sf/jfxL / ;z:q kl/rfngsf] cGTo M %=!=!= b'j} kIf b]xfodf plNnlvt sfo{ gug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5g\ M– s_ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf Ps csf{]k|lt nlIft s'g} klg lsl;dsf] xft xltof/sf] k| of]u jf cfqmd0f ug{] sfo{, v_ b'j} kIfsf] ;xdltn] xftxltof/ e08f/0f ul/Psf] :yfgdf xftxltof/;lxt of /lxt?kdf csf]{ kIfsf] xftxltof/ vfgtnf;L jf j/fdbL ug{] sfo{, u_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ gf] S;fgL ug]{ jf dfgl;s bjfj k'¥ofpg] sfo{ , 3_ Ps csf{ nfO{ nlIft u/L w/fk -PDa';_ yfKg] sfo{ , ª_ xTof tyf lx+;fTds sf/jfxLx? r_ ckx/0f÷kqmfp÷ y'g5]s÷a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ 5_ ;fj{hlgs÷lghL÷;/sf/L jf ;}lgs ;DklQ gf]S;fgL, h_ xjfO{ cfqmd0f jf aDaf/L, em_ hldg d'gL af?b lj5\ ofpg] sfo{ -dfOlgË_ / ljWj+;fTds sfo{ -:ofjf]6]h_, `_ Ps csf{sf] ;}lgs ultljlwsf] ;'/fsL ug{] sfo{ . %=!=@ b'j} kIfn] yk ;}Go etL{ ug{] 5}gg\ / xftxltof/, uf]nLu¶f tyf ljikmf]6s kbfy{ cf] ;f/ k;f/ jf Ps csf{ lj?4 ;}lgs xs{t ug{] 5}gg\ .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 83

www.lawcommission.gov.np

t/, cGt/f{ li6« o ;Ldf / eG;f/ ljGb'd f xft xltof/, ljikmf]6s kbfy{ jf To;sf] c+ z jf sRrf kbfy{ h:tf ;fdfgx? u}/sfg"g L ?kdf cf] ;f/ k;f/ ug{ ] sfo{ /f] Sg] ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;/sf/n]

;'/ Iff lgsfo kl/rfng u/L

u:tL ug{, vfgtnf;L ug{ jf j/fdbL ug{ ;Sg] 5 . %=!=# s'g} klg JolQm jf ;d" x cj}w xft xltof/, uf] nLu¶f / ljikmf]6s kbfy{ ;fydf lnO{ cfjthfjt ug{] 5}gg\ . %=!=$ b'j} kIf o'4sf] ;dodf k| of]u ul/Psf w/fk tyf af?bL ;'? Ëx?sf] /]vfÍg, e08f/0f #) lbgleq Ps csf{nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg / ^) lbgleq lgis[o / lgd"{n ug{ Ps csf{ nfO{ ;xof] u ug{]5g\ . %=!=% s'g} klg gful/s ;ef jf /fhg}lts ;ef jf ;fj{ hlgs sfo{qmddf b'j} kIfsf ;]gf xltof/ jf sDJof6 kf]zfs;lxt pkl:yt x'g] 5}gg\ . %=!=^ g]kfn k| x/L / ;z:q k|x/Ln] hgcfGbf] ng / zflGt ;Demf}t fsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'?k tyf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sfg"g Joj:yf / zflGt ;'Joj:yf Pj+ ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ rfn' /fVg] 5 . %=!=& Ps kIfsf ;z:q JolQmn] csf{] kIfsf ;z:q JolQmnfO{ …zq'Ú egL ;Daf]wg ug{ / Jojxf/ ug{ ;d]t /f]s nufpg] u/L cf–cfˆgf ;z:q lgsfo / JolQmnfO{ kl/kq ug{]5g\ . %=!=*

;z:q åGåsf] qmddf sAhf ul/Psf, tfnf nufOPsf jf k|of]u ug{ glbOPsf ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs, lghL ejg, hldg tyf cGo ;DklQx? nut v8f u/L tTsfn lkmtf{ ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdlt JoQm ub{5g\ .

%=@ l:ylt ;fdfGoLs/0fsf pkfox?M %=@=! OR5f ljk/Lt tyf k|rlnt sfg'g k|lts"n gub tyf lhG;L ;+sng / s/ c;"nL ug{ kfOg] 5}g . %=@=@ cfˆgf sAhfdf /x]sf dflg;x?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L ;fj{ hlgs u/L !% lbgleq ;a}nfO{ d'Qm ug{ b'j} kIf d~h'/ ub{ 5g\ . %=@=# b'j} kIfåf/f j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx?sf] tyf o' 4sf] ;dodf dfl/Psfx?sf] jf:tljs gfd,y/ / 3/sf] 7]ufgf ;Demf}t f ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbgleq ;"rgfx? ;fj{hlgs u/L kl/jf/hgnfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg d~h'/ ub{5g\ . %=@=$ b'j} kIf ;z:q åGåaf6 pTkGg ljifd kl/l:yltnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ub{} ;dfhdf zflGt sfod u/fpg tyf o' 4af6 kLl8t / lj:yflkt JolQmx?sf] nflu /fxt sfo{ / www.lawcommission.gov.np 84

www.lawcommission.gov.np

k'g:yf{kg u/fpg /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{ kg cfof] u u7g ug{ / To;dfkm{t\ o;;DaGwL sfd cufl8 a9fpg ;xdt 5g\ . %=@=% b'j} kIf ;z:q åGåsf qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] u+eL/ pNn+3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUgx?sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ / ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ cfk;L ;xdltaf6 pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;xdt 5g\ . %=@=^ b'j} kIf g]kfnL ;dfhdf nf]stGq, zflGt / cu|u fdL kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|ltj4tfsf;fy b]zdf ljBdfg ;a} :j?ksf o'4 , cfqmd0f, k|Tofqmd0f, lx+ ;f / k|ltlx+;f kl/Tofu ug]{ k|lt1f ub{5g\ . zflGt :yfkgf / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfdf b'j} kIfn] Ps csf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt /x]sf] 5 . %=@=&

b'j} kIf ljleGg JolQmx?nfO{ /fhgLlts sf/0fn] nufOPsf cf/f]k, bfjL, ph'/L / ljrf/fwLg /x]sf d'2 fdfldnf lkmtf{ lng / y'gfdf /flvPsf aGbLx?sf] l:ylt tTsfn} ;fj{hlgs u/L t'?Gt l/xf ul/g] Uof/]G6L ub{ 5g\ .

%=@=*

b'j} kIf ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf lj:yflkt JolQmx?nfO{ /fhgLlts k"jf{u|x lagf :j]R5fn] cf–cfˆgf] k}t[s jf k"j{ a;f]af;sf] :yfgdf kms{g lbg, o'4sf sf/0fn] gi6 ePsf k"jf{wf/x? k'glg{df{ 0f ug{ / lj:yflkt JolQmx?nfO{ ;;Ddfg k'g{:yfkgf tyf ;fdfhLs/0f ug{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5g\ .

%=@=(

pk/f] Qm ;Gbe{df pTkGg ;d:ofx? cfk;L ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;dfwfg ug{ Pj+ cfk;L ;DaGw ;fdfGoLs/0f tyf d] nldnfk ug{ cg's'n jftfj/0f >[ hgf ug{] sfo{ df ;a} /fhlglts bnx?, gful/s ;dfh / :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfx? ;d]tsf] ;xof] udf JolQmut tyf ;fd'lxs ?kdf pQ/bfloTj lnO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg b' j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ .

%=@=!)

b'j} kIf kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:o Ps csf{ kIf;F u ;Dj4 ePsf cfwf/df kl/jf/sf

cGo ;b:ox?dfly s'g} klg lje]b gug{ / s'g} klg bjfj glbg k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5g\ . %=@=!!

g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ b] zsf] s'g} klg

efudf :jtGq ?kdf cfjthfjt ug{, cfˆgf] st{Jo kfng ug{ tyf cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf ltgLx?nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] jfwf cj/f]w v8f gug{ / To:tf] cj/f]w v8f x'g glbg tyf pgLx?sf] sfddf ;xof] u ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ . www.lawcommission.gov.np 85

www.lawcommission.gov.np

%=@=!@ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, cGt/f{li6«o bft[ ;d'bfo nufot g]kfn l:yt s"6g}lts lgof]u, /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, k|];, dfgj clwsf/jfbLx?, lgjf{rg ko{j]Ifs tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx?nfO{ g]kfn /fHoleq sfg'g adf]lhd lgjf{w cfjt hfjt ug{ lbg] s'/fdf b'j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ . %=@=!# b'j} kIf k|rf/–k| ;f/sf sfo{qmdx? lzi6 / dof{lbt 9Ën] ;+rfng ug{ k|lta4 5g\ . ^=

o'4 ;dflKt M ^=! @)^# sflt{s @@ ut] ;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]skf -dfcf]j fbL_ aLr ;DkGg P]ltxfl;s ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/ dfcf]j fbLaLr rfn" o'4lj/fdnfO{ :yfoL ?k lbb} @)%@ ;fnb]lv rlncfPsf] ;z:q o' 4 ;dfKt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{ 5f}+ . ^=@ ;ft bn / g]skf -dfcf]j fbL_ sf zLif{ g]tfx?sf] @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ ut]sf] a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{ox? bL3{sfnLg zflGtsf] nflu d"n gLltut cfwf/ x'g]5g\ . ^=# g]kfnL ;]gf Aof/]sdf / dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x? c:yfoL lzlj/df cfO;s]kl5 ;xdlt, ;Demf} tf / sfg'g k|lts"n xltof/ /fVg, k|b z{g, 8/qf; / s'g} klg ?kdf lx+;f / xltof/sf] k| of] u ug{ sfg"gtM b08gLo x'g]5 . ^=$

b'j} kIfsf ;]gfn] s;}s f] kIf jf ljkIfdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ / kIf ljkIfdf nfUg kfpg] 5}gg\ . t/ pgLx?nfO{ dtflwsf/af6 jl~rt ul/g]5}g .

&=

dfgj clwsf/, df}l ns clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf M dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfGotfx?k|lt k|ltj4 /xFb} b'j} kIf b]xfosf ljifox?df cfkm\gf] ;xdlt hgfpF5g\ M &=! dfgj clwsf/ M &=!=! b'j} kIfn] dfgj clwsf/k|ltsf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gk|ltsf] k|ltj4tfsf] k'gMk'li6 ub{5g\ / s'g} klg JolQm pk/ j0f{, lnË, efiff, wd{, pd]/, hft hflt, /fli6«o jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, ckfËtf, hGd / cGo x}l;ot, ljrf/ jf cf:yfsf] cfwf/df e]befj x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5g\ . &=!=@ b'j} kIf g]kfnL hgtfsf] gful/s, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xdt 5g\ / eljiodf s'g} klg cj:yfdf o:tf clwsf/ xgg gx'g] jftfj/0f agfpg k|ltj4 5g\ .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 86

www.lawcommission.gov.np

&=!=# b'j} kIf ;Demf}tf kqdf pNn] v ePsf clwsf/sf] pkef]udf afwf k'¥ ofpg] lhDd]jf/ JolQmx? dfly sfg'g cg';f/ lgikIf 5fgjLg tyf sf/jfxL x'g]5 egL k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ub{5g\ / b08lxgtfnfO{ k|>o glbg] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5g\ . o;sf ;fy} åGå / oftgf kLl8t tyf j]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf] kl/jf/sf] /fxt k| fKt ug{] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;'lglZrt ub{5g\ . &=!=$ b'j} kIfn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ oftgf lbg], ckx/0f ug{], ha/h:tL s'g} sfddf nufpg] sfd ug]{ 5}gg\ / To:tf sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ cfjZos sf/afxL ;d]t ug{]5g\ . &=!=% b'j} kIfn] wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df s'g} klg ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s ;+j]bgzLntf, wfld{s :yn / JolQmsf] wfld{s cf:yfsf] ;Ddfg ug{]5g\ . &=@ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ M &=@=!= b'j} kIfn] JolQmsf] afF Rg kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ub{5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg of] cfwf/e"t clwsf/af6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g tyf d[To'b08 lbOg] u/L s'g} klg sfg'g agfOg] 5}g . &=# j}olQms dof{bf, :jtGqtf / cfjthfjtsf] clwsf/ &=#=!= b'j} kIfn] j}olQms dof{bfsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / /Iff ub{5g\ . o; l;nl;nfdf sfg"g adf]lhd :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt JolQm nufot sf]xL klg oftgf jf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf kfq x'g ] 5}gg\ . sfg'gtM gful/ssf] uf] kgLotfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/g]5 . &=#=@=

b'j} kIfn] JolQmsf] :jtGqtf / ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/sf] k"0f{ ;Ddfg ub}{ s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L jf u}/sfg"gL y'g fdf /fVg], ckx/0f ug]{ jf aGws agfpg] 5}gg\ . b'j} kIfn] a]kQf kf/]sf / sAhfdf /fv]s f k| To]s JolQmsf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs ug{ / ltgLx?sf kl/jf/hg, sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ / cGo cflwsfl/s JolQmnfO{ o;;+u ;DalGwt hfgsf/L lbg ;xdt 5g\ .

&=#=# b'j} kIfn] k| To]s gful/ssf] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ tyf cfˆgf] a;f]af;sf] :yfg sfg'gL dof{bfdf /xL 5fGg] :jtGqtfnfO{ ;Ddfg tyf ;+/If0f ub}{ åGåaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf JolQm / lghsf kl/jf/x? cfˆgf] d" n af;:yfgdf kms{g kfpg] jf ltgLx?n] rfx] cg';f/ cGo s'g} 7fpFd f a;f]af; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5g\ . &=$ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ www.lawcommission.gov.np 87

www.lawcommission.gov.np

&=$=! b'j} kIf k|To]s JolQmsf] ljrf/, cleJolQm, ;+3;+ :yf vf]Ng] tyf zflGtk"j{s e] nf x'g] :jtGqtf tyf zf]if0f lj?4sf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{ k|ltj4 5g\ . &=$=@ b'j} kIf k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|ToIf jf cfk"mn] OR5fPsf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf efu lng], dtbfg ug{], lgjf{lrt x'g] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|j] zsf] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub{5g\ . &=$=# b'j} kIf JolQmsf] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ k|ltj4 5g\ . &=% cfly{s– ;fdflhs clwsf/ &=%=! JolQmn] :jtGq?kn] 5fg]sf] jf :jLsf/]sf] /f]huf/L u/L hLjg ofkg ug{] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg tyf ;+/If0f ug{ b'j} kIf k|ltj4 5g\ . &=%=@= b'j} kIf ;a} hgtfsf] vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xssf] ;Ddfg Pjd\ k|Tofe"lt ug{ k|ltj4 5g\ . vfBj:t', vfB pTkfbg, vfBfGgsf] k| of]u, cf] ;f/k;f/ tyf ljt/0f sfo{d f s'g} x:tIf]k gul/g] ;'lglZrttf ub{5g\ . &=%=# b'j} kIf gful/ssf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{5g\ . b'j} kIfn] cf}iflwsf] cfk"lt{, ;xfotf Pjd\\ :jf:Yo;DaGwL cleofgdf jfwf k'¥ofpg] 5}gg\ / åGåsf] sf/0faf6 3fOt] ePsfx?sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{ Pj+ k'g{:yfkgfsf] sfo{ ug{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{ 5g\ . &=%=$ b'j} kIfn] ;a} nfO{ lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt / ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} lzIf0f ;+:yfdf pko'Qm z}lIfs jftfj/0f sfod ug{ k|ltj4 5g\ . b'j} kIf lzIff;DaGwL xssf] pNn+3g gx'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;xdt 5g\ . lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ sAhfdf lng] Pjd\ k| of]u ug{] / lzIfs ljBfyL{ x?nfO{ a]kQf kfg{] jf sAhf jf ckx/0f ug{] sfo{ tTsfn /f]Sg / ljBfno tyf c:ktfnnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ u/L ;}G o Jof/]s g/fVg ;xdlt JoQm ub{5g\ . &=%=% sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s;}sf] klg JolQmut ;DklQ hkmt jf sAhf ul/g] 5}g eGg] s'/fdf b'j} kIf ;xdlt JoQm ub{ 5g\ . &=%=^ b'j} kIf d'n'sdf cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0fnfO{ gvNjNofO{ pTkfbg sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg, cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] xs Pj+ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ;Ddfg ug{, cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg / >ldsaLr s'g} ;d:of pTkGg ePdf pgLx?nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ k|]l/t ug{] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ / cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u 7gn] to u/]sf] sfdsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub{5g\ . &=^ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ www.lawcommission.gov.np 88

www.lawcommission.gov.np

&=^=! b'j} kIf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf clwsf/x?sf] ljz]if ;+/If0f ug{, s'g} klg k|sf/sf] of}ghGo zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ nufot dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf lj?4 x'g] jfn>d nufotsf ;a} vfn] lx+;fTds sfo{x?dfly tTsfn /f]s nufpg / c7f/ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf d'lgsf s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ s'g} klg ;}Goandf ;dfj]z jf pkof]u gug{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;xdt 5g\ . o;/L k|efljt afnaflnsfx? t'?Gt p4f/ ul/g] 5g\ / ltgLx?sf] k'g:yf{kgsf] nflu cfjZos / oyf]lrt ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g]5 . &=&= j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ &=&=!= b'j} kIf cf:yf / ljrf/sf] :jtGqtf, jfs tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtf, zflGtk"j{s / lagf xftxltof/ e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, cfjfudgsf] :jtGqtf, cfkm"v'zL k]zf Joj;fo ug{, ;DklQ cfh{g / ef]urng ug]{ :jtGqtf, zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts s[ofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g] :jtGqtf, sfg'gsf] gh/df ;a} ;dfg x'g] / ;lxi0f'tfk"0f{ Gofo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ u/fpg ;xdt 5g\ . *=

dte]b lg?k0f tyf sfof{Gjog ;+oGq M *=! b'j} kIf ljutdf eP u/]sf q'l6x?nfO{ eljiodf gbf]xf]¥ofpg] / qmlds ?kdf ;Rof+pb} n}hfg] u/L j} olQms Pjd\ ;fd'lxs ?kdf pQ/bfoL x'g] ;xdlt k|s6 ub{5g\ . *=@ /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kg cfof]un] zflGt cleofgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+ oGqx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] 5 . cfof]usf] u7g / sfo{ljlw cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] to u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . *=# b'j} kIf jt{dfg / eljiodf x'g ;Sg] ;a} lsl;dsf kf/:kl/s dte]b jf ;d:ofnfO{ cfk;L ;Djfb, ;dembf/L, ;xdlt tyf jftf{s f] dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ k|lta4 5g\ . *=$ of] ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf ;ft bn Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ePsf ;a} lg0f{o, ;xdlt / ;dembf/Lx? sfof{Gjog ug{ cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kg cfof] u, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof] u, /fHosf] k'g ;{+/rgf ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;'emfj cfof]u nufot cfjZostf cg';f/sf cGo ;+ oGqx?sf] u7g ug]{ / ltgLx?sf] sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf b'j} kIf k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5g\ .

(=

sfof{G jog tyf cg'udg M o; ;Demf}tfdf pNn] v ul/Psf ;xdltsf] sfof{Gjog tyf To;sf] cg'udgsf] nflu lgDg Joj:yf ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdt ePsf 5g\ – (=! b'j} kIf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] g]kfn l:yt sfof{ noaf6 o; ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx?sf]] cg'udgsf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;xdt 5g\ .

www.lawcommission.gov.np 89

www.lawcommission.gov.np

(=@ b'j} kIf ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] g]kfn l:yt ldzgaf6 k"j{ k|]lift kfFr a'Fb] kq / o; ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;} Go tyf xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg u/fpg ;xdt 5g\ / To; sfo{d f ;xof]u k'¥ofpg k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5g\ . (=# b'j} kIf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ko{j]If0f u/fpg ;xdt 5g\ . (=$ /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] un] sfg"g adf] lhd lgjf{ x ug'{ kg{] bfloTjsf ;fy} o; ;Demf} tfdf pNn] v ul/Psf dfgj clwsf/ cg' udg ;DaGwL sfo{ x? klg ;Dkfbg ug] { 5 . cfof] un] cfkm\g f] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL /fli6« o tyf cGt/f{li6« o ;+3 ;+: yf;F u cfjZos ;dGjo u/L ;xof] u lng ;Sg] 5 . (=% dfly pNn]l vt ;a} lgsfon] lbPsf k|ltj]bgx? a'‰g, cg'/f]w u/]sf ;" rgfx? pknAw u/fpg tyf ltgn] lbPsf ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x?sf] sfof{ Gjog ;xdlt / 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ . !)= ljljw M !)=! sflt{s @@ ut]sf] lg0f{osf] dd{ / zflGt ;Demf}t fsf] efjgf cg'?k ;/sf/ jf /fHo ;+oGqsf s'g} klg If]qdf ;dfgfGt/ jf cGo :j?ksf] ;+oGq ;~rfng gug{ b'j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ . !)=@ b'j} kIf k| :t' t ;Demf} tfsf] sfof{G jogsf nflu cfjZostfg' ;f/ cGo k"/s ;xdltx?df x:tfIf/ ug{ d~h'/ ub{ 5g\ . !)=# b'j} kIfsf] ;xdltaf6 k|: t't ;Demf}tfdf s'g} klg ;dodf ;+ zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ;+zf]wg ug{ rfx]d f ;f] sf] lnlvt ;" rgf csf]{ kIfnfO{ k|b fg ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ . To;/L ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 b'j} kIfsf] ;xdltaf6 ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg]5 . To:tf] ;+zf]wgn] ug]{ Joj:yf dfGotf k|fKt Go"gtd cGt/f{li6« o dfgj clwsf/, dfgjLo sfg"gsf] dfkb08 tyf zflGt :yfkgfsf] d"n dd{eGbf Go"g x'g] 5}g . !)=$ of] ;Demf} tfsf] s'g} JofVofdf s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePdf of] ;Demf}tfsf] k|: tfjgf / cg';"rLdf ;ª\ nUg b:tfj] hx?sf cfwf/df b'j} kIf ;lDdlnt ;+o'Qm ;+oGqn] JofVof ug]{ 5 / of] JofVof clGtd x'g]5 . !)=% cGtl/d Joj:yflksf –;+;b u7g eP kl5 o; ;Demf}t fdf pNn]l vt …b'O{ kIfÚ sf] cjwf/0ff tyf l:ylt :jtM ;dfKt x'g] 5 . o;kl5 o; ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt ;Dk"0 f{ cleef/f sfof{ Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] bfloTj cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . ;Demf}tfsf] kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ ofpg' ;a} /fhgLlts bnx?sf] sQ{Jo tyf lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 . www.lawcommission.gov.np 90

www.lawcommission.gov.np

!)=^ l;Ëf] d' n's ;+l jwfg ;efsf] lgjf{ rgsf] d' Vo cleofgdf s]lGb| t eO/x]s f] a] nf cfkm\g f ;d:of / dfux?nfO{ ;+ j fb / jftf{s f] dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ tyf ;+l jwfg ;efsf] lgjf{ rg tyf zflGt ;' /Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;xof]u k' ¥ ofpg ;a}d f xflb{s cg'/ f] w ub{ 5f} + . !)=& ;z:q åGånfO{ cGTo ub}{ ;+ l jwfg ;efsf] lgjf{ rgåf/f gofF nf]s tflGqs g] kfnsf] lgdf{ 0 f tyf lbuf] zflGt + : yfkgfsf] of] P] l txfl;s cleofgdf ;s[ o ;xeflutf hgfO{ ;kmn agfpg gful/s ;dfh, k] zfut ;d'b fo, hgjuL{ o ;Ëu7gx?, kqsf/ hut, j' l4hLjLx? / cfd g] kfnL hg;d'b fodf xflb{s ckLn ub{ 5f} + . !)=* k"0f{ nf]stGq / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf] of] cleofgdf g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;a} ldq /fi6«x? tyf ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nufot cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ xflb{s cfu|x ub{5f}+ . b]z / hgtfsf] eljiok|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L af]w ub}{ / o; lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf k|lt k"0f{ k|lta4 x'+b} xfdL–g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf tk{maf6 x:tfIf/ u/L of] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ;fj{hlgs ub{5f+} .

k|r08

lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnf

cWoIf

k|wfgdGqL

g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]j fbL_

g]kfn ;/sf/ x:tfIf/ ldlt M– @)^#÷*÷%

www.lawcommission.gov.np 91

www.lawcommission.gov.np

Agreement on Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies 8 December 2006

Preamble

In keeping with the letters to the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General of 9 August and the Comprehensive Peace Accord of 21 November 2006; Guaranteeing the fundamental right of the Nepali people to take part in the constituent assembly elections in a free and fair environment without fear; Declaring the beginning of a new chapter of peaceful democratic interaction by ending the armed conflict taking place in the country since 1996, based on the Comprehensive Peace Accord between the two parties in order to accomplish, through the constituent assembly, certainty of sovereignty of the Nepali people, progressive political outlet, democratic restructuring of the state, and socialeconomic-cultural transformation; and, Affirming the will to fully observe the terms of this bilateral agreement witnessed by the United Nations: The parties agree to seek UN assistance in monitoring the management of the arms and armies of both sides by the deployment of qualified UN civilian personnel to monitor, according to international norms, the confinement of Maoist army combatants and their weapons within designated cantonment areas and monitor the Nepal Army (NA) to ensure that it remains in its barracks and its weapons are not used against any side. 1.

Modalities of the Agreement 1.1 Principles Neither of the parties shall engage in movement or redeployment of forces resulting in tactical or strategic advantage. Any claims or reports of violations of this agreement will be reported to UN monitors, substantiated or not substantiated, and subsequently reported to the parties through the appropriate representative of the UN Mission in Nepal.

www.lawcommission.gov.np 92

www.lawcommission.gov.np

The security forces deployed by the interim government shall have authority to conduct routine patrol, explore in order to prevent illegal trafficking of the weapons, explosives or raw materials used in assembling weapons at the international border or custom points and seize them. Both parties agree to allow the United Nations, international donor agencies and diplomatic missions based in Nepal, national and international non-governmental organizations, press, human rights activists, election observers and foreign tourists to travel unrestricted according to law in the state of Nepal. The parties will ensure the safety, security, freedom of movement and well-being of UN Mission and associated personnel, goods and services in all parts of Nepal. The parties shall immediately take all necessary measures to cooperate with efforts aimed at controlling illicit trafficking of arms and the infiltration of armed groups. Both parties fully agree to not include or use children who are 18 years old and under in the armed forces. Children thus affected would be immediately rescued and necessary and appropriate assistance will be provided for their rehabilitation. 1.2 Definitions The following definitions are accepted: (1)

Cantonment (Maoist army) is a temporarily designated and clearly defined geographical area for encampment and provision of services for the Maoist combatant units including weapons, ammunition and equipment. The cantonments are provided for all echelons of the Maoist army.

(2)

Barracking (NA) is the deployment of Nepal Army units to barracks, including weapons, ammunition and equipment. No units below a company level will be independently deployed unless for activities specified elsewhere in this agreement or otherwise mutually agreed by the parties.

www.lawcommission.gov.np 93

www.lawcommission.gov.np

(3)

Secure arms storage areas are either military barracks with regular armoury stores used for storage of weapons, munitions and explosives, or storage containers established in special perimeters at cantonment sites controlled and guarded by the responsible unit.

(4)

"The parties" refers to the party of Government of Nepal (including the Nepal Army) and the party of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), (including the Maoist Army).

(5)

UN Monitoring refers to all efforts by the United Nations Mission to determine relative compliance with the terms spelled out in this agreement and to report to all the parties and others concerned its findings.

(6)

The Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee (JMCC) is the monitoring, reporting and coordinating body chaired by the UN with membership of the parties. The JMCC is responsible for supervising compliance by the parties with this agreement in accordance with provision 6.1 of this agreement.

(7)

Joint Monitoring Teams (JMTs) are the bodies which will assist in monitoring the cessation of hostilities. The Joint Monitoring Teams will be active at the regional and local level and in mobile teams. Each team will be comprised of one UN monitor serving as team leader, one monitor from Nepal Army and one monitor from the Maoist Army. Joint Monitoring Teams will not be used for weapons storage inspections. Inspections at Maoist army cantonments will take place with a UN monitoring team and a representative of the Maoist army. Inspections at Nepal Army barracks will take place with a UN monitoring team and a Nepal Army representative.

(8)

Maoist army combatants: For purposes of this agreement this will include regular active duty members of the Maoist army who joined service before 25 May 2006, who are not minors and who are able to demonstrate their service, including by CPN (M) identity card and other means agreed by the parties.

www.lawcommission.gov.np 94

www.lawcommission.gov.np

1.3 Promotion The parties shall promote awareness of this agreement, and adherence to its provisions, among their commanders, members and affiliated groups. The parties, Government of Nepal, Nepal Army (NA), CPN (M) and the Maoist army, shall design, in cooperation with the UN Mission, an awareness programme to ensure that local communities and the parties’ commanders, members and affiliated groups understand the mandate of the UN Mission and all of the obligations of the parties spelled out in this agreement. The information programmes shall include the use of meetings and print and electronic media in local languages. 1.4 Phases This agreement shall come into force upon signing. Thereafter it shall be implemented in phases, as follows: (1) Reporting and verification; (2) Redeployment and concentration of forces; (3) Maoist army cantonment, NA barracking and arms control; and, (4) Full compliance with the agreement. A full and practical timeline will be established by the parties for all of these activities to take place in consultation with the UN. 2.

Reporting and verification The parties will report detailed information about their troops and this information will be treated with appropriate confidentiality by the United Nations. The parties will provide maps and sketches showing current dispositions, including: (1) Order of battle/military structure, organisation, deployment and number of troops; (2) Minefields,

landmines,

unexploded

ordnance,

standard

explosives,

improvised explosive devices and exact location of such items; (3) All necessary information about roads, tracks, trails and passages related to encampments;

www.lawcommission.gov.np 95

www.lawcommission.gov.np

(4) Information regarding armed or unarmed groups working along with the parties, the Nepal Army (NA) and the Maoist army, including their responsibilities; and, (5) Other information required by the UN for proper monitoring of the disposition of arms and armies. The UN Mission shall check this information immediately after monitors are deployed. 3.

Redeployment and concentration of forces Comprehensive plans, timelines and routes for the redeployment and concentration of forces will be provided by both the NA and Maoist army to the UN Mission. The redeployment and concentration of all combatants in Nepal -- with the NA in barracks and the Maoist army moving in to cantonment sites -- shall be carried out in consultation with the UN. The redeployment and cantonment of forces will be monitored by the UN monitors after they are deployed. Both sides express an understanding to create a record of government, public and private buildings, land and other properties and return them immediately. The parties will withdraw all military and paramilitary checkpoints (unless explicitly permitted in this agreement) to promote and guarantee free movement and create an environment free of fear and intimidation. The Nepal Police and Armed Police Force shall continue the task of maintaining law and order and conduct criminal investigations as per the spirit and sentiment of the Jana Andolan and peace accord as well as the prevailing law. Both parties agree not to operate parallel or other forms of mechanism in any areas of the state or state machinery as per the spirit of the decisions of November 8, 2006 and the essence of the peace accord. All sides agree to let employees of Nepal Government and public agencies travel freely to any part of the country, to fulfill their duties and not to create any obstacle or obstruction while executing their work or not to let obstructions to arise and to facilitate their work.

www.lawcommission.gov.np 96

www.lawcommission.gov.np

4.

Maoist Army cantonment, barracking of the NA and arms control 4.1 Maoist army cantonment In accordance with the commitment expressed in the letter sent to the United Nations, Maoist army combatants and their weapons shall be confined within designated cantonment areas. The cantonment shall be based on comprehensive planning and preparation before implementation. After the Maoist army combatants stay in the temporary cantonments, the Government of Nepal will provide food supplies and other necessary arrangements. When implemented, the comprehensive concept shall ensure good communications and proper logistics. UN monitors will have access to any and all cantonment sites for purposes of monitoring. 4.1.1

Commanders’ responsibilities The

normal

Maoist

army

chain

of

command,

control,

communication and information will be utilised to control the Maoist army cantonment, using the normal Maoist army structure in administration of the sites. There will be seven main cantonment sites and 21 satellite cantonment sites of three per main cantonment site. The satellite sites will be clustered no more than two hours driving distance from the main sites unless otherwise agreed by the parties. The designated seven main sites will be under command, control, communication and information of the Maoist army site commander and the satellite sites by the designated satellite commanders. The site commanders shall provide the following information in detail for each site to the UN Mission: (1) Command structure for the unit and sub-units plotted on a map; (2) Names of commanders down to company level; (3) Communication system; (4) Complete list of personnel; (5) Complete list of weapons, i.e. types, numbers, serial number and calibre under storage at the main cantonment sites; www.lawcommission.gov.np 97

www.lawcommission.gov.np

(6) Ammunition inventory type, lot number and amount; and, (7) List of names for the site security guards detachment, and complete list of weapons and ammunition for the detachment (main and satellite cantonment levels). Site commanders’ responsibilities include: (1) Camp security, including access control to the site; (2) Ensuring the security, freedom of movement and well-being of UN Mission and associated personnel, goods and services; (3) Providing information in cooperation with the UN Mission in accordance with Section 2; (4) Maintenance of discipline, morale and normal training in the spirit of the Comprehensive Peace Accord, excluding live fire exercises; (5) Daily routines and control of troops; and, (6) Logistics and camp services (in cooperation with the Government of Nepal and other assisting agencies). 4.1.2

Weapons storage and control The parties agree upon the safe storage of all Maoist army weapons

and ammunition, in the seven main cantonment areas under UN monitoring, except as provided below for perimeter security purposes. Both sides shall assist each other to mark landmines and booby-traps used during the time of armed conflict by providing necessary information within 30 days and to defuse and remove/lift and destroy them within 60 days. All improvised explosive devices will be collected at designated sites a safe distance from the main cantonment areas. These sites shall be agreed by the parties to consultation with the UN Mission.Unsuitable devices will be destroyed immediately.

Stable

devices will be stored safely and under 24-hour armed guard provided for by the guard agreements cited below. The parties, in consultation with the UN, will determine a timeline and process for the later destruction of all improvised explosive devices. To ensure the safety of

www.lawcommission.gov.np 98

www.lawcommission.gov.np

both monitors and Maoist army personnel, no improvised explosive devices or crude bombs will be brought inside the cantonment sites. In the main cantonment sites the weapons and ammunition storage area will be secured by the following system: (1) A solid fence will surround the specified area, including a gate with a lock. There will be signs on the fence clearly identifying the restricted area. (2) The weapons storage depot will be composed of storage containers painted white and furnished with shelves for safe weapons storage and easy control, and with a complete inventory (weapon type, calibre and serial number). (3) A single lock provided by the UN will secure each storage container. The key will be held by the designated main cantonment site commander. A 24-hour surveillance camera provided by the UN Mission will cover the storage site and will be monitored from the UN office in the cantonment site. Floodlights will be switched on automatically during hours of darkness. (4) The UN Mission will provide an inspection registration device mounted on each container door indicating when the storage container has been opened. (5) An alarm system provided by the UN Mission will be connected to sirens in both the UN office and the camp commander’s office. The system will be activated if the container door is opened without a “safe button” having been switched off in connection with regular inspections. (6) UN monitors will carry out the inspections of the arms storage area and containers in the presence of a Maoist army representative. Each main cantonment site will be allowed 30 weapons of the same make and model to be used only for clearly defined perimeter security by designated guards, with each satellite allowed 15 such weapons under the same conditions. These weapons will all be www.lawcommission.gov.np 99

www.lawcommission.gov.np

properly registered with make and serial number and locked in a guardhouse when not in use. The parties, in consultation with the UN, will periodically review the number of weapons needed for perimeter security purposes on the basis of a shared threat assessment. Security provisions will be made for CPN(M) leaders through understanding with the government. The UN Mission shall monitor these commitments with a fulltime presence at the Maoist army main cantonment sites and through field visits and regular inspections. These inspections will be carried out randomly and without warning. 4.1.3

Registration of Maoist army combatants at cantonment sites All Maoist army combatants will be registered at the main

cantonment sites. This registration will include the provision of age, name, rank, responsibilities within unit/formation, date of entry into service and will provide the basis for a complete list of personnel. Maoist combatants will be registered regardless if they are in possession of weapons or not. If with weapon, the type and condition of weapon will be specified. The total number of weapons will be categorized by unit/formation. Only those individuals who were members of the Maoist army before 25 May 2006 will be eligible for cantonment. The parties will agree as to how this pre-existing service is to be confirmed in consultation with the UN. As part of this registration, all Maoist army combatants will present their Maoist army identity card to be marked by the UN. The process for marking the cards will be determined. This registration card will be the basis for any assistance received by Maoist army members. Unregistered persons will not be eligible for assistance or permitted to remain in cantonments. Only those Maoist army combatants who have been properly registered at cantonment sites will be eligible for possible integration into the security forces fulfilling the standard norms. Any discharged www.lawcommission.gov.np 100

www.lawcommission.gov.np

personnel will be ineligible for possible integration. Those who are eligible for integration into the security forces will be determined by a special committee as agreed in the Comprehensive Peace Accord. This integration process will be determined in subsequent agreement with the parties. Upon registration Maoist army combatants, if found to be born after 25 May 1988, will be honourably and automatically discharged. Discharged Maoist army combatants must: release all weapons, uniforms and other military gear; and, agree not to return to cantonment sites unless mutually agreed by UN monitors in consultation with the parties. The assistance packages to be provided to voluntarily discharged personnel will be agreed by the parties in advance of cantonment. The Interim Council of Ministers will form a special committee to supervise, integrate and rehabilitate the Maoist army combatants. 4.2 Barracking of the Nepal Army 4.2.1

General regulations In accordance with the commitment expressed in the letter sent to the

United Nations, the Nepal Army shall remain in its barracks and its arms are not to be used in favour of or against any side. UN monitors will have access to any and all NA barracks for purposes of monitoring whether Nepal Army forces or weapons are being used for or against any party. Upon visiting any Nepal Army barracks for inspection, the site commander will be duly notified, and UN inspections will relate only to matters regarding the disposition of forces and weapons. The Council of Ministers will control, mobilise and manage the Nepal Army as per the Army Act of 2006 (Sainik Ain 2063) or its successor legislation. The Interim Council of Ministers to prepare and implement

the

detailed

action

plan

of

the

Nepal

Army's

democratization by taking suggestions from the concerned committee of the Interim Parliament/legislature. Under this to carry out activities like assessing the appropriate number of the Nepal Army, to train the www.lawcommission.gov.np 101

www.lawcommission.gov.np

army in democratic and human rights values while developing democratic structure, national and inclusive character. 4.2.2

Commander responsibilities The normal NA chain of command, control, communication and

information will be utilised to monitor the NA deployment to barracks. The commanders shall provide the following information in detail to the UN Mission: (1) Command structure for the unit and sub-units plotted on a map; (2) Names of commanders down to company level; (3) Communication system; (4) Order of battle/military structure, organisation, deployment and number of troops; (5) Minefields, landmines, unexploded ordnance, standard explosives, improvised explosive devices and exact location of such items; and, (6) Other information required by the UN Mission for proper monitoring of the disposition of arms and armies. The NA will ensure the safety, security, freedom of movement and well-being of UN Mission and associated personnel, goods and services, and provide information in cooperation with the UN Mission according to Section 2. The UN Mission shall monitor these commitments through daily presence in selected NA barracks, field visits and regular inspections. 4.2.3

Weapons storage and control The Nepal Army will remain within the barracks as per the

commitment expressed in the letter sent to the UN to ensure that their arms are not used for or against any party. The Nepal Army to store arms in equal numbers to that of the Maoist army, to seal it with a single-lock and give the key to the concerned party. In the process of installing the lock, to assemble a mechanism including a siren and register for the monitoring by the UN. While carrying out the necessary examination of the stored arms, the UN will do so under the presence of a Nepal Army www.lawcommission.gov.np 102

www.lawcommission.gov.np

representative. The barrack/barracks where NA arms will be monitored under the conditions spelled out in section 4.1.2 will be identified and agreed by the parties. The arms will be stored in storage containers. 4.2.4

Deployment and Concentration of Forces – NA permitted

activities In accordance with the spirit of the Comprehensive Peace Accord, continuity will be given to functions of the Nepal Army including border security, security of the conservation areas, protected areas, banks, airports, power houses, telephone towers, central secretariat and security of VIPs. A detailed list of these institutions and installations will be kept by the Secretary, Ministry Defence, along with the number and types of forces assigned to such duties. The list of such institutions and installations will be kept by the NA under seal, and this list will be made available to UN monitors when they deemed necessary on a case-by-case basis. Permitted NA activities are as follows: 1. Routine military activities within the barracks and regular training in barracks and camps. The JMCC will be notified 48 hours in advance before undertaking limited live fire exercises at designated live firing ranges. 2. Participation in official ceremonies, parades, etc. as directed by the Government. 3. Provision of Border Security as directed by the Government. 4. Relief of troops on a one-to-one basis, including transport as mentioned. 5. Regular maintenance and replacement of non-lethal equipment, including transport as mentioned. Maintenance and replacement of lethal weapons will take place only with the determination of the interim government or agreement by both parties. 6. Execution of development and construction tasks as directed by the civilian authorities, on central, regional and local levels.

www.lawcommission.gov.np 103

www.lawcommission.gov.np

7. Provision of support in relief work in times of natural and other disasters as directed by the Government. 8. Participation in Peacekeeping Operations called for by the United Nations, and all preparations, transport, training, transfer of equipment, etc. connected to this. 9. Provision of security for VVIPs and VIPs. 10. Provision of security of vital installations as directed by the Government. 11. Provision of security of transportation of Nepal Rastra Bank funds. For all of the above activities the rules regarding notification of troop, air movements and exercises spelled out in section 5.2 apply. 5.

Compliance with the Agreement 5.1 Prohibited Activities In the spirit of the Comprehensive Peace Accord, and in light of this agreement, after the placement of the Nepal Army in the barracks and the Maoist Army combatants in cantonment, the parties shall scrupulously refrain from the following activities: 1. Holding and carrying arms is in violation of the law. Displaying arms, intimidation and any type of use of violence is prohibited, and use of arms is legally punishable. 2. Any type of arms and weapons targeted against each other in a direct or indirect way or any act of attack. 3. Harming or intimidating any person, including internally displaced persons, humanitarian and development workers and other noncombatants, and any seizure of their equipment and property. 4. Ambushes, murder or violent operations. 5. Kidnapping, unlawful detention or imprisonment, disappearances; 6. All offensive military flights in and over Nepal. 7. Damaging or seizing public/private/government, military or UN property and all attacks on UN and associated personnel. 8. Planting mines or improvised explosive devices, conducting sabotage or military espionage.

www.lawcommission.gov.np 104

www.lawcommission.gov.np

9. Recruiting additional armed forces or conducting military activities against each other, including transporting weapons, ammunitions and explosives (unless mutually agreed by the parties and notified in advance according to the terms of this agreement). 10. Collecting cash or goods and services or levying tax against one's wishes and against the existing law. 11. Any actions that impede or delay the provision of humanitarian assistance or protection to civilians. 12. Any restrictions on the safe, free and unimpeded movement of humanitarian or development agencies undertaking activities approved by the interim government or its successor. 13. All acts and forms of gender-based violence. 14. Any restrictions on the free movement of people and goods. 15. All activities that obstruct the efforts of the UN Mission and amount to a failure to cooperate with the UN Mission, including the prohibition of the UN Mission patrols and flights over any location. 16. Any attempt by a party to disguise its equipment, personnel or activities as those of the UN Mission, other United Nations agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross/Crescent or any other similar organisation. 17. Any attempt to redeploy military forces and equipment or occupation of any positions out of their respective deployment positions without the consent of the Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee. 18. The use of children who are 18 years old and under in the armed forces. 19. All hostile propaganda and incitement to military action. The parties shall also refrain from all activities that are prohibited elsewhere in this agreement. 5.2 Permitted activities The key principle that shall underpin permitted activities for both sides shall be to alleviate the effects of the armed conflict on civilians and the war-affected areas and to galvanise popular support for peace. Permitted www.lawcommission.gov.np 105

www.lawcommission.gov.np

activities for both sides will be conducted as per the decisions of the interim government. Troop, air movements and exercises have to be properly notified and approved by the Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee at least 48-hours in advance. Permitted activities include: (1) De-mining and decommissioning of military hazards; (2) Development activities to include improvement and opening of roads, rehabilitation of bridges and passages and airstrips according to the decisions of the interim government; (3) Humanitarian relief; (4) Socioeconomic activities such as assisting free movement of people, goods and services; (5) Free movement of unarmed soldiers in plain civilian clothes who are on granted leave, medical referrals, or visiting families – no more than 12 percent of the total retained force at a given cantonment or barracks will be on authorised leave at any given time unless mutually agreed by the parties; (6) Supply of non-lethal items to military units, food, water, medicine, petrol, oil and lubricants, stationary, uniforms etc; and, (7) Medical evacuation. 5.3 Violations The following acts shall constitute violations of the agreement: (1) Any act that contravenes this agreement; (2) Unauthorised troop movements; (3) Unauthorised recruitment, conscription or mobilisation; (4) Unauthorised replenishment of military equipment; (5) Violation of human rights, humanitarian law or obstruction of freedom of movement of people, goods and services; (6) Espionage, sabotage, air surveillance and acts of subversion; and,

www.lawcommission.gov.np 106

www.lawcommission.gov.np

(7) Military flights, or military flights utilising civilian aircraft, over cantonment sites without 48-hour notification to the parties and the UN Mission, except in emergency situations or medical evacuations. 6.

The United Nations Mission Monitoring of compliance with this agreement with be carried out: (1) By UN Monitors; or, (2) By Joint Monitoring Teams, if so decided by the JMCC and in keeping with other provisions of this agreement. The UN Mission will submit reports to the parties on compliance with this agreement. It will do so either directly or through the JMCC. 6.1 The Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee The nine-member Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee (JMCC) will have a chairman appointed by the UN Mission. There will be two Vice-Chairman, one each from the Maoist Army and the NA. The remaining six members will be two UN, two NA and two Maoist army, all as selected by the parties respectively. The JMCC shall reach its decisions by consensus. In the event of a deadlock, the representative of the UN Secretary-General shall have final authority for reporting on the compliance of the parties with this agreement to the Secretary-General and to the interim government for resolution. The Chairman shall report regularly to the representative of the SecretaryGeneral and to the designated representatives of the parties regarding the activities of the JMCC. The JMCC shall serve three main functions: (1) To assist the parties in implementing this agreement. The JMCC shall be the central coordinating body for monitoring arms and armies in accordance with the terms of this agreement and to approved, where appropriate those activities specified in section 5.2. (2) To serve as a dispute resolution mechanism. The JMCC shall resolve all disputes and military or operational difficulties, complaints, questions or problems regarding implementation of this agreement.

www.lawcommission.gov.np 107

www.lawcommission.gov.np

(3) To assist in confidence building. The JMCC shall work to gain the trust and confidence of the parties and promote the overall goals of this agreement among the people of Nepal. In order to achieve these goals, the JMCC shall operate according to the following basic principles: (1) Resolve all problems and disputes at the lowest level possible, i.e. delegation of authority to the JMTs; (2) Promote joint problem-solving and build trust and confidence through active efforts to appropriately investigate and report on all incidents of concern to the parties; and, (3) Build on lessons learned in the process. The Joint Monitoring Teams (JMTs), will assist the Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee at the local level and through site visits. The JMTs will comprise one international monitor as the team leader and one monitor from Nepal Army and one monitor from the Maoist Army. The number of JMTs and their deployment will be determined by the Chairman of the JMCC in consultations with that body. The tasks of the JMTs will include: (1) Village and community visits and liaison with the civilian community; (2) Cooperation with other UN-agencies, and liaison with international organisations and non-governmental organisations; (3) Assistance to the parties in creating a favorable operational environment for the conduct of the ceasefire by information sharing and defusing local tension; (4) A pro-active concept for initiation of conflict management at the local level; and, (5) Investigation of complaints linked to possible alleged violations of the agreement, reference paragraph 5.1, and to recommend measures to ensure compliance. Joint Monitoring Teams will not be used for designated weapons storatge inspections. www.lawcommission.gov.np 108

www.lawcommission.gov.np

7.

Miscellaneous This agreement can be revised at any time with the consent of both parties. Both parties agree to provide to each other prior written information if they wish to make any change. The amendments can be made to the agreement with the consent of both parties after receiving the information. The provisions to be made by such an amendment will not fall below the minimum standards of accepted international human rights and humanitarian laws. Both parties consent to sign any complementary understandings, as necessary, for the implementation of the present agreement. This agreement will be signed by both parties in Nepali and English. The United Nations will witness the English language version of this agreement and, accordingly, the English-language version of this agreement will be considered as authoritative in matters of dispute. The spirit of the Comprehensive Peace Accord shall guide the interpretation and implementation of this agreement by all the parties. This agreement shall come into force upon signature, and it supersedes the agreement of the same name done on the 28th day of November 2006 (12 Mangsir 2063 BS). Done in Kathmandu, Nepal on the 8th day of December, 2006 (22 Mangsir 2063

BS) __________________

___________________

Krishna Bahadur Mahara

Krishna Prasad Sitoula

Coordinator

Coordinator

Negotiating team

Negotiating team

CPN (Maoist)

Government of Nepal

__________________ Witnessed by Ian Martin Personal Representative of the Secretary-General United Nations www.lawcommission.gov.np 109