Resume of Introducing Second Language Acquisition, Muriel Sasville-Troike, Cambridge University Press.

Wirdatul Khasanah English Language and Linguistics Universitas Jember, Indonesia [email protected]

CHAPTER 1 and 2 According to Saville all languages learned after L1 called as L2 even though it may be the third, fourth, or tenth to be acquired. 

Sometimes L2 is called as Target Language = aim or goal of language learning.

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SLA

Informal L2 learning (natural context) Formal l2 learning (courses) L2 learning (mixture)

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L1  is language being acquired during early childhood. (before 3 yrs)

Multilingualism

simultaneous (acquiring more than one language during childhood Sequential (learning additional language after establishing L1)

This is the ability to use more two or more languages. Monolingualism  only one language Vivian cook first proposed about multilingual competence. Crystal  there are some motives why people learn L2 : 1. Invention of another country that has different language. 2. Economic factors (need or desire to communicate with others in different language) 3. Immigration to another country 4. Educational factors 5. Interesting in knowing other languages or cultures 6. Occupational factors 7. Religion beliefs Every children has language system in their brain since they were born (innate perspective) Adult who learn language with complex ability in acquiring language rarely can speak as fluent as native but children with limited memories can speak their native fluently.

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Children whatever their mothers tongue are if their environment speak another language instead of his her mother tongue this kid doesn’t know his her own mother tongue language. For instance British baby who lives in Indonesia he will acquire Bahasa Indonesia instead of English. So this cute baby will speak Indonesia fluently and cannot speak English.

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There are 3 phases in acquiring language : initial state  interlanguage  final state

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Interlanguage

negative (when system in L1 applied in L2 but it is inappropriate Positive (when the system in L1 applied in L2 and it is correct)

Fossilization  frozen state of progress

#some approaches are used to study on SLA. They come from some perspectives such as linguistics perspective, psychological perspective and social perspective.

Transformational-generative grammar Principles and paramaters model Internal

minimalist program

External

Functionalist

Linguistics perspective:

Language and the Brain Psychological perspective

neurolinguistics information processing

Learning process

processability connectionism

Individual differences

humanistic model Variation theory

Microsocial Social perspective

accommodation theory sociocultural theory Ethnography of language

Macrosocial

acculturation theory Social psychology

These perspectives will be explained briefly in the next three following chapters.