Basic Waterflooding Program Objectives This 5-day course presents important concepts and techniques to understand waterflooding in oil reservoirs. The course covers the fundamental concepts of fluid flow in porous media, including an overview of rock and fluid properties such as interfacial tension, relative permeability, wettability, and capillary pressure. The course will teach students the impact of these factors on waterflood performance. Participants will learn about immiscible displacement with fractional flow theory. Various waterflooding patterns and their theoretical performance will be discussed. Sweep efficiencies will be discussed in detail. The Block Analysis Template will be introduced and it will be shown as to how simple material balance techniques can be used to analyze waterflood performance. Analytical forecasting techniques will be presented, including Buckley-Leverett model. The importance of reservoir description on waterflooding will be discussed in detail. An introduction to streamline modeling will be presented. Attendees reinforce their learned skills with several in-class exercises.

Course Outline Day 1

Day 3

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Reservoir Mechanisms o Primary recovery o Secondary recovery o Tertiary recovery  Darcy’s Law  Basic Material Balance Techniques  Compensation (injection-withdrawal ratios)  Example of Multi-block analysis with MBAL  Decline curve analysis  Block Analysis Template Day 2 

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Fundamental concepts and definitions o Interfacial tension o Wettability o Relative Permeability Capillary Pressure Mobility Ratio Water-oil Relative permeability Significance of Corey Immiscible Displacement o Fractional Flow theory o Buckley Leverett theory o Welge displacement efficiency calculations Unit Displacement Efficiency

Efficiencies – unit displacement, vertical sweep, areal sweep, volumetric sweep  Waterflood Patterns  Effect of d/a ratios on areal sweep efficiency  Factors affecting pattern selection  Muskat’s pattern flow equations Day 4       

Measures of permeability heterogeneity o Lorenz coefficient o Dykstra-Parsons coefficient Graphical correlations relating permeability heterogeneity to vertical sweep efficiency Stiles vertical sweep efficiency calculation Injectivity Hydraulic fracturing Hall plots Step-rate tests

Day 5  

Introduction to Streamline modeling Various Case Studies

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