TRATAMIENTO DEBUT DE LA DM2

Alberto Ferreras Garcia R2 Medicina

DIAGNOSTICO

•  Entre 110 y 125 mg/dl estamos frente a una intolerancia a la glucosa en ayunas •  Parece claro que los que se sitúan entre 120 y 126 mg/ dl terminarán convirGéndose en diabéGcos

FISIOPATOLOGÍA DE HIPERGLUCEMIA •  3 mecanismos principales:

Resistencia periférica insulina



Alteración secreción insulina

Suscep5bilidad gené5ca

Producción hepá=ca de glucosa excesiva

FISIOPATOLOGÍA DE HIPERGLUCEMIA

•  1. Resistencia periférica insulina

SuscepGbilidad genéGca + Obesidad central Adipocitos ↑ lepGna, TNFalfa, acidosis grasos libres, etc Alteración secreción insulina Alteración acción insulina No captación músculo, grasa, Hiperinsulinismo hígado Resistencia relaGva ↑ gluconeogénesis hepáGca 1ºIGT: Hiperglucemia pospandrial 2º Hiperglucemia ayuno 3º DM Gpo II

FISIOPATOLOGÍA DE HIPERGLUCEMIA •  2. Alteración secreción insulina Resistencia periférica a insulina Hiperinsulinismo compensador

Tolerancia glucosa

Claudicación células beta



-  SuscepGbilidad genéGca -  Depósitos de amiloide -  Ambiente metabólico (gluco/ lipotoxicidad)

FISIOPATOLOGÍA DE HIPERGLUCEMIA •  3. Producción hepá=ca de glucosa excesiva Resistencia hepáGca a insulina Incapacidad hiperinsulinismo suprimir gluconeogénesis

Hiperglucemia en ayunas Disminución almacenamiento pospandrial de glucosa en hígado

Fisiopatología de la hiperglucemia de la DM-2 Sulfonilureas Meglitinidas GLP-1/iDPP4

Inhibidores α-glucosidasa

Glitazonas

Células β

Disminución Secreción Insulina Células α GLP-1/iDPP4

Digestión y absorción de HdC

Menor captación Glucosa Aumento Lipólisis Glitazonas Metfomina

HIPERGLUCEMIA

Menor captación Glucosa

Aumento Secreción Glucagon

Glitazonas Metfomina

iSGLT-2

Aumento reabsorción Glucosa 2. Adapted from DeFronzo RA. Diabetes. 2009;58:773-795. “El Octeto ominoso”

Aumento Producción Glucosa

PERO… •  Es sólo un problema de glucemia? •  Debemos entender la DM2 como parte de un problema metabólico atendiendo así a todos esos parametros además de la glucemia - TA - Peso - Lípidos - Función renal - Otras comorbilidades del paciente

DIETA Y EJERCICIO •  Esta claro que la reducción de peso mejora la DM, incluso la hace desaparecer, SE CURA!! •  Los pacientes son poco colaboradores •  Muy muy escasa adherencia •  Resultados a mas largo plazo

• 

• 

ANTIDIABÉTICOS ORALES

Sulfonilureas —  Incre=nas –  Glibenclamida: Glibenclamida®/Daonil®/Euglucon® —  Inhibidores de DPP4) -glip=nas /Norglicem® – SitaglipGna: Januvia®/Tesavel®/Xelevia –  Glicazida: Gliclazida®/Diamicron®/Unidiamicron® –  VildaglipGna: Galvus®/Icandra®/Xiliarx® –  SaxaglipGna: Onglyza® –  Glimepirida: Glimepirida®/Roname®/Amaryl® – LinaglipGna: Trajenta ® –  Glipizida®/Minodiab®/Glibenese® – AloglipGna: Vipidia® –  StaGcum® —  Análogos de GLP1 –  Glurenor® –  ExenaGda: Byeka® Me=glinidas (-glinidas) –  LiragluGda: Vyctoza® –  Nateglinida: Starlix ®

•  Inhibidores de SGLT2 –  Repaglinida: Prandin®/Novonorm® – Dapaglifozina: Forxiga® •  Biguanidas – Empaglifozina: Jardiance® –  Mehormina: Dianben®, Mehormina® – Canaglifozina: Invokana® •  Inhibidores de las α-glucosidasas —  Combinaciones con meUormina: –  Glucobay®/Glumida® – Mehormina + sitaglipGna: Janumet®, VelmeGa®, –  Diastabol®/Plumarol® Efficib® – Mehormina + vildaglipGna: Eucreas®, Zomarist®, •  Tiazolidinedionas (-glitazonas) Icandra® –  Actos®/GlusGn® – Mehormina + Pioglitazona: Competact®, Glubrava® —  Combinaciones con sulfonilureas: – -Mehormina+Empaglifozina: Synjardy ® Glimepirida + Pioglitazona: Tandemact® – -Mehormina+LinaglipGna: Jentadueto ®

ANTIDIABÉTICOS ORALES •  Biguanidas

–  Mehormina: Dianben®, Mehormina®

• 

Incre=nas

Inhibidores de DPP4) -glip=nas –  SitaglipGna: Januvia®/Tesavel®/Xelevia –  VildaglipGna: Galvus®/Icandra®/Xiliarx® –  SaxaglipGna: Onglyza® –  LinaglipGna: Trajenta ® –  AloglipGna: Vipidia® Análogos de GLP1 –  ExenaGda: Byeka® –  LiragluGda: Vyctoza® –  DulagluGda Trulicity®

•  Inhibidores de SGLT2 –  Dapaglifozina: Forxiga® –  Empaglifozina: Jardiance® –  Canaglifozina: Invokana®

ANTIDIABÉTICOS ORALES —  Combinaciones con meUormina:

–  –  –  – 

Mehormina + sitaglipGna: Janumet®, VelmeGa®, Efficib® Mehormina + vildaglipGna: Eucreas®, Zomarist®, Icandra® Mehormina+Empaglifozina: Synjardy ® Mehormina+LinaglipGna: Jentadueto ®

OBJETIVOS •  Hacer parGcipe al paciente de su DM •  Conseguir el mejor control con una buena calidad de vida •  Ademas de controlar la glucosa conseguir actuar sobre el resto de factores

INDIVIDUALIZACION •  Debemos adecuar el ko para cada paciente concreto en función de los objeGvos mas razonables •  No se debe demorar el inicio •  Perder el miedo a la biterapia inicial •  Si se precisa insulina pensar en pautas basales

AJUSTE •  La HbA1c es el parámetro mas empleado para el seguimiento •  Cada punto porcentual de HbAc1 que bajamos: - Disminuye 37% complicaciones microvasculares - Disminuye 43% complicaciones de grandes vasos que conllevarían amputaciones - Disminuye 21% mortalidad global - Disminuye 14% IAM - Disminuye 12% Accidentes cerebrovasculares

AJUSTE

AJUSTE •  Pero una buena HbA1c no siempre indica buen control… •  HIPOGLUCEMIA

EN RESUMEN •  Los fármacos de elección son: - mehormina - iSGLT2 - aGLP1 - iDPP4 - insulina •  Estrategia de dco y ko •  Abordaje holísGco del paciente •  Evitar complicaciones (hipoglucemias)

BIBLIOGRAFIA •  Up to date

–  IniGal management of blood glucose in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus –  Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus –  Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus –  Overview of medical care in adults with diabetes mellitus

•  Manual de atención al paciente diabéGco hospitalizado •  Manual de endocrinología •  Standars of medical care in diabetes 2017-ADA • 

CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM – 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Dr Ferreras sesres Feb17.pdf

Page 3 of 26. • Entre 110 y 125 mg/dl estamos frente a una. intolerancia a la glucosa en ayunas. • Parece claro que los que se sitúan entre 120 y 126 mg/.

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